Construction Edited New 27-03-2013

7/30/2019 Construction Edited New 27-03-2013

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Construction Company Management System

UIT, Kollam 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Construction software is a catch-all term to describe the wide range of

applications available for contractors, building owners and construction managers.

There are full-suite software solutions that can automate an entire construction firm

from estimating, to project management, to service management, and finally to

accounting. There are also hundreds of specialized departmental tools that address one

or more of the aforementioned functions

The estimation module helps estimators measure plans, calculate costs anddevelop accurate bids. Functions include linear measures, volume measures scaling,

costs database, assembly management, and proposal generation

The Project Scheduling module enables project managers to efficiently

schedule people, resources and tasks. Functions include critical path management,

Gantt charts, resource scheduling, subcontractor scheduling, and collaboration.

The project Management supports project managers and related parties in the

effective management of construction projects. Functions include budgeting, cost

tracking, document management, scheduling and collaboration.

The Accounting module handles core accounting and job costing for

construction companies. Functions include job costing, general ledger, accounts

payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and insurance tracking.

1.1 About the Project

The project is entitled as CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM is based on the automation of Building Construction

site. In this system we have employee details, their daily wages details, material

purchase details, stock details, dispatch details and salary calculation forms. This

system is useful to save data and also maintain a paperless system. The purpose of

developing the project is to automate the existing system. The existing system of


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Construction site Management System is not computerized. All the data

processing is done manually and hence the system is very slow. The data are stored in

different types of registers. Getting a particular data and calculations are difficult. In

the existing system the calculations needs a lot of time and resources and also

calculations are very much prone to errors. This system causes very much difficulty

both to the employees and to the managers. In order to avoid the above-mentioned

disadvantages we decide to develop the software Construction site Management

System.

The following necessary details are stored in the system. The objective of this

system is:

Storing material purchase detailsThis module stores the details of purchases from various suppliers.

Adding New material stock detailsThis module stores the details of stock.

Material supply detailsThis module stores supply details and billing details.

Employee details and wage calculationThis module stores employee details and their wages calculation.

1.2 Review of Literature

Sometimes a researcher makes the mistake of rushing into planning and

carrying out the study before making a thorough survey of the literature. You, the

researcher, must relate your topic to existing knowledge in your area of interest. It is

important for you as a person engaged in research to be able to locate, organize, and

use the literature in your field.

1.3 Research Problem

The research process consists of a number of steps. The first step in any

research is selecting the topic, which could start from the broad area of interest. There

is no set formula for the identification of a topic of research. The best guide is to

conduct research on something that interest you. Nevertheless, there could be a

variety of sources like: Personal experiences, emerging curiosities from the issues


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being reported in the mass media, developments in the knowledge, solving problems

(relating to an organization, a family, education, and economy), and hot issues

pertaining to every day life.

1.4 Need & Significance of The Study

For the purchase of raw materials, components and spares To pay wages and salaries To incur day to day expenses and overhead costs such as fuel, power and

other office expenses.

For meeting selling costs as packing advertising etc.

To provide credit facilities to customers. To maintain the inventories of raw materials, work in progress, stores&

spares and finished stock.

1.5 Objectives

1. To study the existing system.

2. The software helps to Construction Works

3. To present conclusions and suggestions

1.6 Research Methodology

A system of principles and procedures that help us work in an orderly ,

systematic and logical way is often called methodology. With a methodology we

mean the system of rules, practices and procedures we apply to a specific branch of

knowledge.

Software process methodologies encompass a framework for the tasks that

required build high - quality software. A good methodology lets the developer for

producing high quality software within the expected budget and within the required

time limit.

The procedure carried out for the project work is as follows:

1. Detailed study of the existing system.2. Collection of various types of data.


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3. Study about various types of data flow in the system.4. Design of the data files.5. Determine how the output is to be produced and in what format.6. Program development.7. Modification and test implementation of the system.8. Preparation of reports.

We are using two languages to design this project work. They are VB.Net as

front end and SQL Server as back end.


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CHAPTER 2

ORGANISATION PROFILE

SuniTech has been in the construction industry for the last 37 years with an

excellent track record of quality construction and finishing projects well on time.

The company has given distinct contribution to the infrastructure development of

Kerala. As a matter of fact SuniTech has got rewards for execution of the projects

well ahead of time. SuniTech has a full fledged construction division in Dubai which

undertakes civil works in both public and private sectors. SuniTech Homes is the real-

estate division of the company, which is into substantial expansion.

In 1985 SuniTech started in full fledged real estate division with its maiden

project SuniTech Castle, a super luxury apartment project followed by magnificent

villas. Currently 3 major projects, viz. Haven, Apex and Planet X are in various stages

of construction. These projects are highly appreciated for their architectural features,

quality of construction and excellent finishes.

SuniTech has the entire gamut of construction machinery / equipment to

ensure quality construction and on the time delivery.

SuniTech Constructions Private Limited was established in the year 2000 by

Shri Binu John, a civil engineer with experience of more than two decades in the

construction industry in various positions. During his 16-year stint with DLF

Universal Ltd as Chief manager estate of one of the largest townships in the country,

DLF Qutab Enclave in Gurgaon, Shri. Binu John acquired deep insight into the

difficulties faced by people while constructing their homes. Thereby germinated the

idea of providing a single-window service right from planning and design, obtaining

various clearances, construction and interiors. In a short span of a decade the

company successfully completed 20 projects, leaving a trail of satisfied customers.


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2.1 ORGANIZATION CHART

DIRECTOR

GERNERAL

MANAGER

ACCOUNTAN

TMANAGER ARCHITECT MARKETING

MANAGER

ACCOUNTING

STAFFSSUPERVISOR DESIGNER MARKETING

EXECUTIVE

SITE

SUPERVISOR


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CHAPTER 3

PURCHASE MANAGEMET

3.1 PURCHASE

Purchasing refers to a business or organization attempting to acquiring goods

or services to accomplish the goals of its enterprise. Though there are several

organizations that attempt to set standards in the purchasing process, processes can

vary greatly between organizations. Typically the word purchasing is not used

interchangeably with the word procurement, since procurement typically

includes Expediting, Supplier Quality, and Traffic and Logistics (T&L) in addition to

Purchasing.

PURCHASE DEPARTMENT

The purchase department plays a very important role in an organization

because purchasing has its effect on every vital factor concerning the manufacture,

quality, cost, efficiency and prompt delivery of goods to customers. Its function is to

procure materials, supplies, services, machines and tools at the most favorable terms

consistent with maintaining the desired standard of quality. Purchasing is the most

important function of materials management as the moment an order is placed for the

purchase of materials, a substantial part of the company's finance is committed which

affects cash flow position of the company. Thus, if the size of a business concern

permits, there should be a separate purchasing department and the responsibility for

purchasing all types of materials should be entrusted to this department. The head of

this department is usually known as the Purchase manager or the supply manager or

the chief buyer.

Following are the basic objectives behind establishing a separate purchasing

department:

1. To make continuous availability of materials so that there may beuninterrupted flow of materials for production.

2. To make purchase competitively and wisely at the most economical prices.


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3. To make purchase in reasonable quantities to keep investment in materials atminimum.

4. To purchase proper quality of materials to have minimum possible wastage ofmaterials and loss in production.

5. To develop good supplier relationship this will ensure the best terms of supplyof materials.

6. To develop alternate sources of supply so that materials may be purchasedfrom those alternate sources if a particular supplier fails to supply the

materials.

7. To adopt the most advantageous method of purchase to ensure smoothdelivery of materials from suppliers and to avoid the risks of any disputes or

financial loss.

8. To serve as an information centre on the materials knowledge relating toprices, sources of supply, specifications, mode of delivery etc.

PURCHASE MANAGER

Purchasing Manager is an employee within a company, business or

other organization who is responsible at some level for buying or approving the

acquisition of goods and services needed by the company. The position

responsibilities may be the same as that of a buyeror purchasing agent, or may

include wider supervisory or managerial responsibilities. A Purchasing Manager may

oversee the acquisition of materials needed for production, general supplies for offices

and facilities, equipment, or construction contracts. A Purchasing Manager often

supervises purchasing agents and buyers, but in small companies the Purchasing

Manager may also be the purchasing agent or buyer. The term Purchasing Manager is

also known as "Procurement Manager".

A Purchasing Manager's responsibilities may include:

seeking reliable vendors or suppliers to provide quality goods at reasonable prices negotiating prices and contracts reviewing technical specifications forraw materials, components, equipment or

buildings
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyer


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determining quantity and timing of deliveries (more commonly in smallcompanies)

Forecasting upcoming demand.

QUALIFICATION OF THE PURCHASE MANAGER

Purchasing managers ensure the effective supply of machinery, raw materials

and services to enterprises by buying items, which are used or processed by the

company. The main duty of purchasing managers is to find suppliers that offer the

best value. They compare catalogues and journals, telephone suppliers, examine

samples and attend demonstrations and conferences. Consultation with employees in

the various departments helps determine the specifications of the items needed.

Purchasing managers need to establish good business relationships with

suppliers to obtain satisfactory payment plans, quick delivery for emergency orders

and cost savings. They are required to check delivered goods before payment can be

authorized and therefore a sound knowledge of every aspect of the company is

needed. He should possess the following qualification.

Satisfying Aspects

having variety and excitement in the work.helping to establish buying trends.experiencing the excitement of the work.

Demanding aspects

the pressure to keep sales increasing by wise merchandise selection. in some cases, relatively long and irregular hours the personality conflicts that sometimes arise in a competitive fast-pace

field

and the necessity of travelling, in some instancesRequirements

A purchasing manager should:


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have good verbal and written expression;be able to work with others;be alert to recognize and make use of favourable opportunities;negotiate in a tactful but decisive manner;have confidence, persuasiveness and resilience.

CENTRALIZED PURCHASING

Centralized purchasing is the control by one headquarters department of all

purchasing that is undertaken by a business. This allows for central management and

volume purchases that lead to better prices and terms as well as the ability to work

with larger suppliers.

This central control enables more efficient inventory control, lower staffing

costs and a decrease in overheads. Staff also benefit with better training and support

and the ability to build better relationships with suppliers.

While this may seem obvious, many large companies either have grown

quickly and organically or have grown via mergers and acquisitions. This means that

they often have several separate purchasing departments that are each responsible for

purchasing a group of products.

Advantages of centralized purchasing:

Allows for fewer overheads. Duplication of staff efforts and resulting costs are negated and all activities are

standardized. Many staff no longer have to spend time on low level ad hoc purchasing. Volume purchasing means that better prices, greater discounts and more

agreeable terms can be obtained.

Volume deliveries cut down on delivery charges and staffing costs to moveand store the goods.

Computerized systems can be used to automate much of the work as well asintegrate the purchasing systems with accounting and stock control.

Centralized records can be kept of all purchases.


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Staff can be trained in purchasing and how to minimize costs. Suppliers know where and whom to contact which makes supplier contact

much easier.

Purchasing staff can build good relationships with the buyers that enable thesupplier to understand the business need and suggest other products that may

be more suitable and cost effective.

It allows for better control of inventories so that they can be kept at optimumlevels.

Disadvantages of centralized purchasing:

Purchase requisitions for ad hoc goods have to be sent from other areas to the

purchasing department causing delays and some irritations.

If the company is very geographically diverse, it may not be able to takeadvantage of local discounts.

The centralized purchasing department may become too large and complex tomanage.

Conversely, with a small company it may not be cost effective to have staffand a computer system that only deals with purchasing.

As you can see if you are a large company that is not too geographicallydispersed the advantages of a centralized purchasing department far outweigh

the disadvantages.

CENTRALIZED PURCHASING

Decentralized purchasing refers to purchasing materials by all departments and

branches independently to fulfill their needs. Such a purchasing occurs when

departments and branches purchase separately and individually. Under decentralized

purchasing, there is no one purchasing manager who has the right to purchase

materials for all departments and divisions. The defects of centralized purchasing can

be overcome by decentralized purchasing system. Decentralized purchasing helps to

purchase the materials immediately in case of an urgent situation.


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Advantages Of Decentralized Purchasing.

Materials can be purchased by each department locally as and whenrequired.

Materials are purchased in right quantity of right quality for eachdepartment easily.

No heavy investment is required initially. Purchase orders can be placed quickly. The replacement of defective materials takes little time.

Disadvantages Of Decentralized Purchasing

Organization losses the benefit of a bulk purchases. Specialized knowledge may be lacking in purchasing staff. There is a chance of over and under-purchasing of materials. Fewer chances of effective control of materials. Lack of proper co-operation and co-ordination among various

departments.

Purchase Procedure

Provision of adequate and timely supply of material to scientists is of prime

importance for carrying out meaningful scientific research as well as for meeting the

targets set for completion of various in house & sponsored projects in our labs./Instt.

On the other hand, any public procurement wiII not only have to be made in fair and

transparent manner but wiII also have to fall in line with the canons of financial

propriety. The purchase procedure given in the succeeding paragraphs strives to

achieve both these ends.

Stages of Purchase Procedure

The procurement of material in our Labs./lnstt. can be divided into the following

distinct stages :

a) Finding the Budget


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b) Prioritizations of purchase of equipment, machinery etc. for the financial year for

CSIR budget on project needs & priorities of sponsored projects.

c) Placing of the Indent by the scientist and other officers concerned after verifying

the non availability in stock.

d) Consideration of the indents by the respective SPC.

e) Calling for tender/ quotations and processing of tender papers by the purchase

department.

f) Evaluation of the tenders/ quotations by the respective SPC.

g) Submission of the papers to the competent authority for sanction.

h) Placement of orders.

i) Arrival of equipment and its installation.

Purchase Requisition

Purchase Requisition orPurchase Request is a precise document generated

by an internal organization or external to notify the purchasing department of items it

needs to order, their quantity, and the time frame that will be given in the future. It

may also contain the authorization to proceed with the purchase. It is also

called Purchase Order Request.

As part of an organization's internal financial controls, the accounting

department may institute a purchase requisition process to help manage requests for

purchases. Requests for the creation of purchase of goods and services are

documented and routed for approval within the organization and then delivered to the

accounting group.

Typically an account staff member is assigned responsibility for purchase

order management, referred to commonly as the PO (purchase order) Coordinator.

Purchase requests are tracked against both internal departmental budgets as well

as general ledger (GL) categories.


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Bill of Material

The bills of all ordered material have to be made in the stores section and a

report of such bills must be sent to the Purchase, indenting scientist next day.

Similarly informations like transit of materials, clearance from Air/Sea port/

transporter/ vendors go-down etc. has to be intimated to the user depts. Heavy and

large items can be unloaded by the stores at the place of its final installation. Stores

should maintain a Daily Bill Register (DRR) centrally which should include all

relevant information about the bill of materials in a computer. A print out can be sent

to the User Group and the Purchase immediately and a copy of the same can be

retained as DRR.

Purchase Order

A purchase order (PO) is a commercial document issued by a buyerto a seller,

indicating types, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller will

provide to the buyer. Sending a purchase order to a supplier constitutes a legal offer to

buy products or services. Acceptance of a purchase order by a seller usually forms

a contractbetween the buyer and seller, so no contract exists until the purchase order

is accepted. It is used to control the purchasing of products and services from external

suppliers. Creating a purchase order is typically the first step of the Order-to-cash

process in an ERP system.

Receiving and inspection

The receiving department receives the materials supplied by the vendor. The quantity

is verified and tallied with the purchase order. The receipt of the materials is recorded

on the specially designed receiving slips or forms which also specify the name of the

vendor and the purchase order number or into a computer. It also records any

discrepancy, damaged condition of the consignment or inferiority of the materials.

The purchase department is informed immediately about the receipt of the materials.

Usually a copy of the receiving slip is sent to purchase department. In computerized

system the Purchase department concerned staff member is supposed to keep a track

of all the receipts through the computer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_(supply_chain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_to_cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_to_cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERP_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERP_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_to_cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_to_cashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_(supply_chain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade


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If the materials require any quality control or inspection, they are sent for such

testing. The inspection department tries to verify that the incoming materials comply

with the standard quality as specified in the purchase order. It may involve

mechanical, electrical, chemical or such types of testing. The accept reject decision

may be taken on the basis of either sample testing or testing the entire lot. The

inspection may involve in house testing or testing done at the vendors plant.

The inspection report along with the Test certificate and the recommended

acceptance or rejection should be sent to the purchasing department. On the basis of

the recommendations made by the inspection department, the purchase department

arranges for the segregation of the rejected materials. They are sidetracked from the

normal flow towards the stores or production departments. If they involve some

further shipments at suppliers end, they are suspended immediately. The concerned

departments such as stores department, production department, accounting

department, scrap and waste disposal section etc. are immediately informed about the

rejections. If the defectives are within the established tolerance limits, they may be

accepted as their returning to the vendor may disrupt the production schedule.

However, the vendor should be informed about this and if possible, the credit should

be claimed from him.

Receiving function is usually of a routine nature and sometimes it is kept

independent of purchase department but within Material department usually Stores.

However, it is desirable to treat the receiving departments as a subordinate function of

purchase department due to following reasons:

1) Before the settlement of the invoices, the purchase department has to verify thatthe consignment agrees with the purchase order in all respects. This can beverified only with the help of the receiving department.

2) When the shipment is received in damaged condition, the purchase departmentmust have first hand prompt information about this, so that it can initiate

immediate legal action against the vendor or the carrier. It can also take

necessary action for tapping the substitute sources of the supply for the urgently

needed materials.


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3) In case of the short shipment from the suppliers, the rush orders can bemanaged so that the work stoppages caused by the lack of materials can be

eliminated.

Payment of the invoice: When the goods are received in satisfactory condition,

the invoice is checked before it is approved for the payment. Generally the invoice is

checked to see that the goods were duly authorized to purchase, they were properly

ordered, they are priced as per the agreed terms, the quantity and quality conform to

the order, the calculations are arithmetically correct etc. It is a matter of controversy,

whether the invoice should be checked by the purchase department or by the

accounting department.

The popular arguments in favor of purchase department are:

1) It is the purchaser who can accurately verify that the consignment is billedproperly.

2) As he is familiar with the routine details and terms and conditions of the order,he can correct and adjust any discrepancy in the execution of the order before

an invoice is paid.

3) It allows the purchaser to watch the price of the materials closely increasinghis consciousness for the future purchase.


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3.2 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Inventory management is primarily about specifying the shape and percentage

of stocked goods. It is required at different locations within a facility or within many

locations of a supply network to precede the regular and planned course of production

and stock of materials.

The scope of inventory management concerns the fine lines between

replenishment lead time, carrying costs of inventory, asset management, inventory

forecasting, inventory valuation, inventory visibility, future inventory price

forecasting, physical inventory, available physical space for inventory, quality

management, replenishment, returns and defective goods, and demand forecasting.

Balancing these competing requirements leads to optimal inventory levels, which isan on-going process as the business needs shift and react to the wider environment.

Inventory management involves a retailer seeking to acquire and maintain a

proper merchandise assortment while ordering, shipping, handling, and related costs

are kept in check. It also involves systems and processes that identify inventory

requirements, set targets, provide replenishment techniques, report actual and

projected inventory status and handle all functions related to the tracking and

management of material. This would include the monitoring of material moved intoand out of stockroom locations and the reconciling of the inventory balances. It also

may include ABC analysis, lot tracking, cycle counting support, etc. Management of

the inventories, with the primary objective of determining/controlling stock levels

within the physical distribution system, functions to balance the need for product

availability against the need for minimizing stock holding and handling costs.
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INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM

An inventory control system is a set of hardware and software based tools that

automate the process of tracking inventory. The kinds of inventory tracked with an

inventory control system can include almost any type of quantifiable good, includingfood, clothing, books, equipment, and any other item that consumers, retailers, or

wholesalers may purchase. Modern inventory control systems are almost exclusively

based on barcode technology. Though barcodes were initially developed to automate

the process of grocery store checkout, their ability to encode a wide variety of

alphabetic and numeric symbols makes them ideal for encoding merchandise for

inventory applications. Inventory control systems work in real-time using wireless

technology to transmit information to a central computer system as transactions occur.

Inventory control systems are employed in a wide variety of applications, but

they all revolve around tracking delivery of goods to customers. Inventory control is

crucial in retail stores, especially those with a large number or variety of merchandise

items for sale. Inventory control is also used in warehouses to track orders and

shipments, and for automated order processing. Other important applications of

inventory control systems are in manufacturing, shipping, and receiving.

INVENTORY CONTROL FEATURES

i. Monitor and report stock level, costs and averages.ii. Scan in barcodes toad new items.iii. Import current inventory with CSV file.iv. Add notes, URLS and photos to item descriptions.v. Set sails unit for items that are sold by weight or in bundles. vi. Group items in two categories for organized stock control.vii. Configure sales tax, VAT and GST rates.viii. Set low level stock warnings so you know when it to record or reorder.ix. View overall inventory levels, or by location and category.x. Transfer stock between locations.


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xi. Simple, easy to use interface.xii. Manage multiple business simultaneouslyxiii. Assign appropriate access levels to different users.xiv. Web access lets multiple users within the organization use inventories data

and features.

xv. Mobile access to the program through the web interface.xvi. Maintain a data base of your customers and suppliers.

Stock Control

A stock control system should keep you aware of the quantity of each kind of

merchandise on hand. An effective system will provide you with a guide for what,

when, and how much to buy of each style, color, size, price and brand. It will reduce

the number of lost sales resulting from being out of stock of merchandise in popular

demand. The system will also locate slow selling articles and help indicate changes in

customer preferences.

The size of your establishment and the number of people employed are

determining factors in devising an effective stock control plan. Can you keep control

by observation? Should you use on-hand/on order/sold records? Detachable ticket

stubs? Checklists? And/or physical inventory? If so, how often? With the observation

method (the eyeball system), unless the people using it have an unusually sharp sense

of quantity and sales patterns, it is difficult to keep a satisfactory check on

merchandise depletion. It means that you record shortages of goods or reorders as theneed for them occurs to you. Without a better checking system, orders may only be

placed at the time of the salesman's regular visit, regardless of when they are actually

needed. Although it may be the simplest system, it also can often result in lost sales or

production delays. Detachable stubs or tickets placed on merchandise provide a good

means of control. The stubs, containing information identifying the articles, are

removed at the time the items are sold.

The accumulated stubs are then posted regularly to the perpetual inventory

system by hand or through the use of an optical scanner. A checklist, often provided


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by wholesalers, is another counting tool. The checklist provides space to record the

items carried, the selling price, cost price, and minimum quantities to be ordered of

each. It also contains a column in which to note whether the stock on hand is

sufficient and when to reorder. This is another very simple device that provides the

level of information required to make knowledgeable decisions about effective

inventory management. Most smaller operations today, except for the very smallest,

are using some form of a perpetual online system to record the movement of

inventories into and out of their facilities. In a retail operation, the clerk at the register

merely scans the ticket with a reader, and the system shows the current price and

removes the item from the inventory control system.

A similar process occurs in a manufacturing operation, except that the "sale" is

actually a transfer of the inventory from control to production. This is a particularly

critical system in a large operation such as a grocery store where they regularly

maintain 12,000 plus items. Often a vendor will provide on-site or computerized

assistance needed to help their smaller customers maintain a good understanding of

their own inventory levels and so keep them in balance

Inventory Control RecordsInventory control records are essential to making buy-and-sell decisions. Some

companies control their stock by taking physical inventories at regular intervals,

monthly or quarterly. Others use a dollar inventory record that gives a rough idea of

what the inventory may be from day to day in terms of dollars. If your stock is made

up of thousands of items, as it is for a convenience type store, dollar control may be

more practical than physical control. However, even with this method, an inventory

count must be taken periodically to verify the levels of inventory by item. Perpetualinventory control records are most practical for big-ticket items. With such items it is

quite suitable to hand count the starting inventory, maintain a card for each item or

group of items, and reduce the item count each time a unit is sold or transferred out of

inventory. Periodic physical counts are taken to verify the accuracy of the inventory

card.

Out-of-stock sheets, sometimes called want sheets, notify the buyer that it is

time to reorder an item. Experience with the rate of turnover of an item will help

indicate the level of inventory at which the unit should be reordered to make sure that


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the new merchandise arrives before the stock is totally exhausted. Open-to-buy

records help to prevent ordering more than is needed to meet demand or to stay within

a budget. These records adjust your order rate to the sales rate. They provide a

running account of the dollar amount that may be bought without departing

significantly from the pre- established inventory levels. An open-to-buy record is

related to the inventory budget. It is the difference between what has been budgeted

and what has been spent. Each time a sale is made, open-to-buy is increased

(inventory is reduced). Each time merchandise is purchased; open-to-buy is reduced

(inventory is increased).

The net effect is to help maintain a balance among product lies within the

business, and to keep the business from getting overloaded in one particular area.

Purchase order files keep track of what has been ordered and the status or expected

receipt date of materials. It is convenient to maintain these files by using a copy of

each purchase order that is written. Notations can be added or merchandise needs

updated directly on the copy of the purchase order with respect to changes in price or

delivery dates. Supplier files are valuable references on suppliers and can be very

helpful in negotiating price, delivery and terms.

Extra copies of purchase orders can be used to create these files, organized

alphabetically by supplier, and can provide a fast way to determine how much

business is done with each vendor. Purchase order copies also serve to document

ordering habits and procedures and so may be used to help reveal and/or resolve

future potential problems. Returned goods files provide a continuous record of

merchandise that has been returned to suppliers. They should indicate amounts, dates

and reasons for the returns. This information is useful in controlling debits, credits

and quality Issues. Price books, maintained in alphabetical order according to

supplier, provide a record of purchase prices, selling prices, markdowns, and

markups. It is important to keep this record completely up to date in order to be able

to access the latest price and profit information on materials purchased for resale.


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Working of inventory management system

Automated inventory control systems work by scanning a barcode either on

the item. A barcode scanneris used to read the barcode, and the information encoded

by the barcode is read by the machine. This information is then tracked by a centralcomputer system. For example, a purchase order may contain a list of items to be

pulled for packing and shipping. The inventory control system can serve a variety of

functions in this case. It can help a worker locate the items on the order list in the

warehouse, it can encode shipping information like tracking numbers and delivery

addresses, and it can remove these purchased items from the inventory tally to keep

an accurate count of in-stock items. All of this data works in tandem to provide

businesses with real-time inventory tracking information. Inventory control systems

make it simple to locate and analyze inventory information in real-time with a simple

database search.

Importance of Inventory Control

Inventory control is important to ensure quality control in businesses that

handle transactions revolving around consumer goods. Without proper inventory

control, a large retail store may run out of stock on an important item. A goodinventory control system will alert the retailer when it is time to reorder. Inventory

control is also an important means of automatically tracking large shipments. For

example, if a business orders ten pairs of socks for retail resale, but only receives nine

pairs, this will be obvious upon inspecting the contents of the package, and error is

not likely. On the other hand, say a wholesaler orders 100,000 pairs of socks and

10,000 are missing. Manually counting each pair of socks is likely to result in error.

An automated inventory control system helps to minimize the risk of error. In retail

stores, an inventory control system also helps track theft of retail merchandise,

providing valuable information about store profits and the need for theft-prevention

systems.
http://www.barcodesinc.com/cats/barcode-scanners/http://www.barcodesinc.com/cats/barcode-scanners/


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Stock Levels of Materials

One of the objectives of material control is maintain the stock of low material

as low as possible and to ensure the availability of material is and when required.

Over stocking and under stocking lead to unnecessary blocking up of working capital

and under stocking may interrupt production. The object of fixing stock levels for

each item of materials in the store and there by the expenses may be reduced. The

different stock levels are:

1. Minimum stock level

2. Maximum stock level

3.reorder stock level

4. Average stock level and

5. Danger level.

1. Minimum stock Level

It represents the minimum quantity of an item of material to be kept in the

store at any time. Material should not be allowed to fall below this level. If the stock

gives the below the this level., production may be held up for want of materials. This

stock is also known as safety stock level or buffer stock

Formula: Minimum stock level= Recorder level-(Normal consumption * Material

Reorder period)

2. Maximum stock Level

It represents the maximum quantity of an item of material that can be held in

stock at any time. Stock should not be exceeding this level if the quantities of the

materials go beyond this level it may lead to over stocking and it has following

disadvantages:

1. Un necessary blocking up of working capital2. Moe space is needed3. Loss due to obsolescence


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4. Danger of depreciation in value.Formula: Maximum stock level = Recorder level+ Recorder Quantity-(Minimum

consumption * Minimum Reorder period)

3. Reorder stock Level

This level lies between the maximum and minimum levels. It is the point at which the

store keeper should intiate purchase requisition for each supply. When an item of

materials reaches at a particular level, the store keeper should proceed for purchase of

that item of materials. Reorder level is slightly above the minimum level.

Formula: Recorder level = Maximum Consumption * Maximum Reorder period

4. Average stock Level

This stock level shows the average quantity of materials kept in the store. This

is regarded as the average of maximum and minimum stock levels.

Formula: Average stock Level= Maximum level+ Minimum Level/2.

Average stock Level= Minimum level+ Recorder quantity.

5. Danger Level

This is below the minimum quantity of materials. It is a level at which the

normal issue of materials are stopped, but issued under special instructions. When the

materials reaches below minimum level, i.e.; danger level, the store keeper must make

special arrangements to get fresh issues, so that production may not be interrupted due

to non-availability of materials.

Formula:

Danger Level= Average stock consumption *Energy supply time

Stock Turn Over/Inventory Turn over

Inventory turn over is one of the important methods of material control. The

objectives of stock turn over is to ensure the availability of all types of materials

required and to avoid over or under investments in material stocks turn over


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establishes the relation between each item of material consumed and average quantity

of material kept in the store during the period.

INVENTORY SYSTEM/STOCK TAKING

The physical balance of material is to be verified and compared with the balances

as shown by the material recorders. These are two inventory systems to serve the

purpose:

1. Periodic Inventory System2. Perpetual inventory System

1. Periodic inventory systemIn periodic inventory system stock taking (stock verification) is done usually at the

end of an accounting year for the preparation of final accountants. During this stock

taking the factory will be closed for a few days.

2. Perpetual inventory SystemICMA London defines perpetual inventory system as As a system of records

maintained by the controlling department which reflects the physical movement of

stocks and their current balance. in this method physical balances of materials will be

ascertained after every receipts and issue and is compared with the stores records

balance. In perpetual inventory system, the process of verification is done through

continuous stock taking. Continuous stock taking means the physical verifications of

the stock records with actual stocks.

Stores Records

To ensure proper control over the material kept in the source store certain

documents or records are to be maintained. There are two important inventory

records viz, Bin card and stored ledger.

Bin card or bin Tag or Stock Card

Bin is a place where literals are kept in. It may be a rack container, shelf or

space whose stores are kept. Bin card is a document showing the particulars of


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material kept in the Bin. It is a document attacjhed to the bon disclosing the

quantitative details of materials received, issued and the closing balance.

Double Bin System

Some concerns divide the bin in to two parts viz, the smaller part to store the

quantity equal to minimum level of stock and the other part to store the remaining

quantity.

Advantages of Bin Cards :

(i) There would be less chances of mistakes being made as entries will be made at the

same time as goods are received or issued by the person actually handling the

materials.

(ii) Control over stock can be more effective, in as much as comparison of the actual

quantity in hand at any time with the book balance is possible.

(iii) Identification of the different items of materials is facilitated by reference to the

Bin Card the bin or storage receptacle.

Disadvantages of Bin Cards :

(i) Store records are dispersed over a wide area.

(ii) The cards are liable to be smeared with dirt and grease because of proximity to

material and also because of handling materials.

(iii) People handling materials are not ordinarily suitable for the clerical work

involved in writing Bin Cards.

Stores Ledger

Stores ledger is another stored recorder kept in the closing department. It is a

document showing the quantity and the value of materials received, issued and in

balance at the end. One stores ledger is allotted to each component of material.

Types of Store

The size nature and financial position of the factory will determine the

types of store to be used. They are:


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1. Centralised stores2. Decentralised stores3. Cenralised stores with substores

1. Centralised storesIn case of central stores, materials are received by and issued from are stores

department. All item of materials purchased for the entire concern is stored in the

single store.

Advantages of Centralised Stores

Better supercision of stores Better layout Less space is required Economy in staff,stationary etc. Investment in stock Physical verification is more simpler

Disadvantages

Material handling charges will be high. There is risk of loss by fire. Specific requirements of individual department. Breakdown of transportation There may be delay in supplying materials.

Decentralised Stores

In this type of store each department has its own stores. Materials required by

each department is purchased by the respective department s and issues are made

as per the department requirements . Each store of the department will be under

the control of a store keeper.

Central Stores with Substores:

It is combination of both centralized and decentralized stores. In big factorieswhere production departments are situated at distance from the central stores


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inorder to minimize the material handling charges, a substore is established near

the production.

Store Keeper or Store manager

After receiving the purchased materials by the goods receiving department and

inspect by the inspection department, the materials are sent to the store for safe

custody till they are issued for production,store is a service department headed by

the store keeper.

Duties of Store keeper

1. Receive the materials into the store after verification.2. Classify the materials according to their size, shape, quantity etc.3. Finding the place for keeping sub item of materials.4. Loss due to evaporation, theft must be minimum5. Take necessary steps to get fresh delivery of materials.6. Ensure that available space in the store.7. Periodic comparision of physical stock with book figures.8. Main stores record viz,bincard for each items.

The Store Keeper Meaning and Responsibility.

Store keeper is the important person for the store. He is the in charge of the

store department and also responsible for store control. He must be a skilled person

and takes care of the store. He keeps a watch full eye on the movement of the

materials with a view to control the materials in the store. He is known as chief-store

keeper or store superintendent. A store keeper should have technical knowledge and

experience in the maintenance of the store. He should have organizing ability and

undoubted integrity.

Duties and responsibility: The primary duty of the store keeper is various and varied

according to the organisation structure. A store keeper is being the head of a store

dept. He is entrusted the following duties & responsibility.

Receiving material: The primary duty of the store keeper is to receive the material

from the supplier. At the time of receipt of material, he has to see that the materials

have been sent by the supplier on the basis of purchase order.


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Arranging materials: The materials received by the store keeper must be arranged in

a proper manner. Bins should be allotted to each and every item.

Preservation of the material: After the receipt of material they are to be preserved

properly. It is the duty of the store-keeper to keep the material in store on safe

custody. Unless the quality may deteriorate loss of material may be possible.

Recording: It is the duty of the store keeper to record the receipt and issue of material

in the respective bin card regularly. It will indicate the quantity of stock held by the

store every time. For recording, the store keeper maintains store ledger and bin cards.

Issue of material: The store keeper issues the material as per the requisition of the

production. When store keeper received requisition he issues material from the store.

Issuing purchasing requisition: When the stock reaches at ordering level the store

keeper sends purchase requisition to the purchasing department for the fresh purchase

of the materials. Accordingly, the purchasing departments purchases materials as per

quantity and quality stated there in.

Supervision: The store keeper must be coordinate and supervise the duty of the staff

under his control. As he is the head of the store department, he manages the entire

department.


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Stock Turnover/ Inventory Turnover

In accounting, the Inventory turnover is a measure of the number of times

inventory is sold or used in a time period such as a year. The equation for inventory

turnover equals the Cost of goods sold divided by the average inventory. Inventory

turnover is also known as inventory turns, stock turn, stock turns, turns, and stock

turnover.

Inventory System/ Stock Taking

The physical balance of material is to be verified and compared with the

balance s as shown by the material records. There are two inventory systems to serve

the purpose.

1) Periodic Inventory SystemIn periodic inventory system, merchandise inventory and cost of goods sold

are not updated continuously. Instead purchases are recorded in Purchases account

and each sale transaction is recorded via a single journal entry. Thus cost of goods

sold account does not exist during the accounting period. It is determined at the end of

accounting period via a closing entry.

2) Perpetual Inventory SystemIn perpetual inventory system, merchandise inventory and cost of goods sold

are updated continuously on each sale and purchase transaction. Some other

transactions may also require an update to inventory account for example,

sale/purchase return, purchase discounts etc. Purchases are directly debited to

inventory account whereas for each sale two journal entries are made: one to record

sale value of inventory and other to record cost of goods sold. Purchases account is

not used in perpetual inventory system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_goods_soldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventoryhttp://accountingexplained.com/financial/inventories/periodic-journal-entrieshttp://accountingexplained.com/financial/inventories/perpetual-journal-entrieshttp://accountingexplained.com/financial/inventories/perpetual-journal-entrieshttp://accountingexplained.com/financial/inventories/periodic-journal-entrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_goods_soldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountancy


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BACKGROUND

WINDOWS 7

An Operating System may be viewed as an organized collection of softwareextensions of hardware, consisting of control routines for operating a computer and

for providing an environment for execution of programs. Programs rely on facilities

provided by the operating system to gain access to computer-system resources such as

files and input/output devices. I.e. the operating system acts as interface between

users and the hardware of a computer system.

Internally an operating system acts as a manger of resources of the computer

system, such as processor, memory, files and I/O devices. In general the primary

objective of operating system is to increase productivity of a processing resource such

as computer hardware or computer users. In other words, an operating system is a

master control program that runs the computer and acts as a scheduler. It controls the

flow of signals from the CPU to various parts of the computer. Popular operating

systems are MS_DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT Windows 7 and

UNIX etc.

Windows 7 is an operating system that uses pre-emptive, multitasking and

multi threading to perform several actions at the same time. The advantage are

powerful mobile computing features using the Microsoft Network, a Recycle Bin for

storing the deleted files which can be cleared later and the inbox which can be used

for communications like FAX, E-MAIL etc.

Windows 7 includes a suite of programs designed to optimize our computers

efficiency, especially when used toposther. It improves computer reliability by


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introducing new wizards, utilities, and resources that help keep our system running

smoothly. The key features are:

A very advanced set of multimedia programs are shipped along with theoperating system that just doesnt sing or run animations but can create and edit

these applications.

The Operating System automatically detects network cards and user has to justspecify the name of the network and the computer can be logged o the specified

network.

The computer can be connected to the internet if the user has access to it and the

operating system needed to log o and run applications on the internet.

About .NET

.Net is a Software platform. It is a language-neutral environment for writing

programs that can easily and securely interoperate. Rather than targeting a particular

hardware/operating system combination, programs will instead target . NET, and

will run wherever .NET is implemented.

.NET is also the collective name given to various bits of software built upon

the .NET platform. The components that make up .NET -the platform are called the

.NET Framework.

The .NET framework is a new computing platform that simplifies application

development in the highly distributed environment of the Internet. The .NET

framework is designed to fulfill the following objectives.

To provide a consistent object-oriented programming environmentwhether object code is stored and executed locally, but Internet-distributed or

executed remotely.

To provide a code-execution environment that minimizes softwaredeployment and versioning conflicts.

To provide a code-execution environment that guarantees safeexecution of code including code created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party.


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To provide a code-execution environment that eliminates theperformance problems of scripted or interpreted environments.

To make the developer experience consistent across widely varyingtypes of applications, such as Windows-based application and web-basedapplications.

To build all communication on industry standards to ensure that codebased on the .net framework can integrate with any other code.


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The .NET framework has two main components:

1. The Common Language Runtime

2. A hierarchical set of Class Libraries

Common Language Runtime (CLR)

CLR is described as the execution engine of .NET. It provides the

environment within which programs run. The most important features are:

Conversion from a low-level assembler-style language called IntermediateLanguage (IL), into code native to the platform being executed on

Memory Management, notably including garbage collection. Checking and enforcing security restrictions on the running code. Loading and executing programs with version control and other such

features.

Rich class framework: Application features that used to be hard to implement

or required a third party component, can now be added in just a few lines of code

using the .net framework. The .net framework offers over 4500 classes that

encapsulated rich functionality like XML, data access, file upload, regular

expressions, image generation, performance monitoring and logging, transactions,message queuing, SMTP mail and much more!

Rich output caching: VB.NET output caching could dramatically improve

the performance and scalability of your application. When output caching is enabled

as a page, VB.NET executes the page just once, and saves the result in memory.

Output caching is configurable and can be used to cache individual regions or an

entire page. Output caching can dramatically improve the performance of data-driven

pages by eliminating the need to query the database on every request.

Enhanced reliability: VB.NET ensures that your application is always

available to your users.

Memory leak, Dead Lock and Crash Protection: VB.NET automatically

detects and recovers from errors like deadlocks and memory leaks to ensure your

application is always available to your users. For example, say that your application

has a small memory leak, and that after a week the leak has tied up a significant


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percentage of your servers virtual memory. VB.NET will detect these conditions,

automatically start up another copy of the VB.NET worker process, and direct all new

requests to the new process. Once the old process has finished processing its pending

requests, it is gracefully disposed and the leaked memory is released. Automatically,

without administrator intervention or any interruption of service, VB.NET has

recovered from the error.

Easy deployment: VB.NET takes the pain out of deploying server

applications. No touch application deployment. VB.NET dramatically simplifies

installations of our application.

Dynamic update of running application: VB.NET now lets you updatecompiled components without restarting the SQL server. In the past with classic COM

components, the developer would have to restart the SQL server each time he

deployed an update.

Easy Migration Path: You dont have to migrate your existing applications to

start using VB.NET. VB.NET runs on IIS side-by-side with classic VB on Windows

2000 and Windows XP platforms. Your existing VB applications

Continue to be processed by VB.DLL.

About SQL

SQL stand for structured query language. SQL is a non-procedural language.

Non-procedural means that you can state what you want done without stating how to

do it. Microsoft was able to demonstrate SQL, which could be used to control

relational databases. The SQL implemented by Microsoft is 100% compatible with

standard SQL data language.

SQL database stores and retrieves information. A table is a primary database

object of SQL, is used to store data. A table holds data in the form of rows &

columns. Every table is defined with a table name and a set of columns. Each column

is given a column name and data type and a width. Using SQL we can perform

calculation, list column definitions for any table and can also format query results in

the form of a report. SQL determines the best way to carry out your request.


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To communicate with the database, SQL support the following commands:

DDL -> Data Definition Language (Create, Alter, Drop) DML-> Data Manipulation language (Select, Insert, Delete, Update) DCL -> Data Control Language (Grand, Revoke) TCL -> Transaction Control Language (Commit, Save Point, Rollback)


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CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS

System analysis is a detailed study of various operation performed by asystem and their relationship with this and outside the system.

Analysis begins when a user or manager begins a study of the various

files, decision points and transaction handled by the present system. The commonly

used tools in system are DFD, Interviews and in site abbreviations etc. Training,

Experience and Commonsense are required to collect relevant information needed to

develop a system.

The analysis must study the problem definition carefully to determine

the strength and weakness of existing manual system. Once analysis is complete, the

analyst must have firm understanding of what is to be done to overcome the current

weakness.

4.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

The major activities in the system study are studying the ways an organization

currently retrieving and processing data to produce information. It involves the study

of various operation performed by the system and their relationship within and outside

the system. The system study is usually done on the basic approaches of

understanding the problem or user requirements. To understand the user requirements

the analyst communicates with the user or customer and studies the basic

requirements of the customer. The study of the existing system was necessary to carry

out the preliminary investigation.

Limitation of existing system

1. Designing is not good.2. User interaction is less.3. Complex updating.4. Poor customer service.5. Time consuming process6. Difficulty in data retrieval.


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All these are rectified in the proposed system. Much emphasis is given upon

the process of customer servicing.

4.2 NEED FOR NEW SOFTWARE

The software CONSTRUCTION SITE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM is an

integration of various activities in the construction site. The proposed system is

designed to eliminate all the disadvantages of the existing one. It is designed keeping

in mind all the drawbacks of the present system and to provide a permanent solution

to the existing problems.

The objective is to determine whether the request is valid and feasible. The

processing speed and accuracy of the new system is remarkable. The new system is

almost error free and guides the user in every stage of data inputs to avoid mistakes.

The system is menu driven therefore no software-based training is required to

operate the system. All these features make the software an ideal choice.

Some notable advantages of the proposed system are:

User FriendlyThis proposed system is this much user friendly that anyone having a

little computer knowledge can work with this system.

Security.To avoid unauthorized access to the application here is a Security

facility with password protection.

Search facility.There is a facility to search for a particular employee-using employee Id.

Various reports.Reports are there to take the hard copy of salary employee details.

4.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY

All projects are feasible-given unlimited resources and infinite Time!

Unfortunately, the development of a computer-based system or product is more likely

plagued by scarcity of resources, difficulty of delivery dates. It is both necessary and

prudent to evaluate the feasibility of a project at the earliest possible time. Months or

years of effort, thousands or millions of dollars, and untold professional


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embarrassment can be averted if an ill-conceived is recognized early in the definition

phase.

Feasibility study is a test of the system proposed made to identify whether

the user needs may be satisfied using the current software and hardware technologies,

whether the system will be cost effective from a business point of view and whether it

can be develop with the given budgetary constraints. A feasibility study should be

relatively cheap and done at the earliest possible time. Depending on the study, the

decision is made whether to go ahead with a more detailed analysis.

Feasibility and risk analysis are related in many ways. If project risk is

great, the feasibility of the producing quality software is reduced. Thus during

feasibility analysis for this, following primary areas of interest were considered very

carefully.

Three types of feasibility are discussed here they are technical

feasibility, economic feasibility and operational feasibility.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

A study of function, performance and constraints may affect the ability to

achieve an acceptable system. A feasibility system is not warranted for systems in

which economic justification is obvious, technical risk is low, few legal problems are

expected, and no reasonable alternative exists. However, if any of the preceding

conditions fail, a study of that area should be conducted. Feasibility study was

conducted and found to be technically sound.

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

An evaluation of development cost weighed against the ultimate income or

benefit derived from the developed system or product. Since only initial investment is

required and cost of labour can be greatly reduced, the project is economically

feasible.

OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

Proposed projects are of course beneficial only if they can be turned into

information systems that will meet the organisations operating requirements. Simply


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stated, this best of feasibility asks if the system will work when developed and

installed. The project is having different look from the current system. It will be well

accepted by everyone including the staff members and there wont be any resistant.

In order to develop the software, it should be ensured that all the

objectives that are identified could be converted into software modules. The technical

feasibility is also analyzed so that after selecting proper developing components all

the objectives are converting into working software components.

4.4 TESTING

System testing of software or hardware is testing conducted on a complete,

integrated system to evaluate the system's compliance with its specified requirements.

System testing falls within the scope of black box testing, and as such, should require

no knowledge of the inner design of the code or logic. As a rule, system testing takes,

as its input, all of the "integrated" software components that have successfully passed

integration testing and also the software system itself integrated with any applicable

hardware system(s). The purpose of integration testing is to detect any inconsistencies

between the software units that are integrated together (called assemblages) or

between any of the assemblages and the hardware. System testing is a more limited

type of testing; it seeks to detect defects both within the "inter-assemblages" and also

within the system as a whole.

Unit testing:Unit testing is a method by which individual units ofsource code are tested to

determine if they are fit for use. A unit is the smallest testable part of an application.

In procedural programming a unit may be an individual function or procedure. Unit

tests are created by programmers or occasionally by testers. Ideally, each test case is

independent from the others: substitutes like method stubs, mock objects,[1] fakes and

test harnesses can be used to assist testing a module in isolation. Unit tests are

typically written and run by software developers to ensure that code meets its design

and behaves as intended. Its implementation can vary from being very manual (pencil

and paper) to being formalized as part ofbuild automation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_stubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing#cite_note-mocksarentstubs-0#cite_note-mocksarentstubs-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing#cite_note-mocksarentstubs-0#cite_note-mocksarentstubs-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_object#Mocks_and_fakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_harnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_harnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_object#Mocks_and_fakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing#cite_note-mocksarentstubs-0#cite_note-mocksarentstubs-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_stubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code


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Integration TestingIntegration testing (sometimes called Integration and Testing, abbreviated

"I&T") is the phase in software testing in which individual software modules are

combined and tested as a group. It occurs afterunit testing and before system testing.

Integration testing takes as its input modules that have been unit tested, groups them

in larger aggregates, applies tests defined in an integration test plan to those

aggregates, and delivers as its output the integrated system ready for system testing.

The purpose of integration testing is to verify functional, performance, and

reliability requirements placed on major design items. These "design items", i.e.

assemblages (or groups of units), are exercised through their interfaces using Black

box testing, success and error cases being simulated via appropriate parameter and

data inputs. Simulated usage of shared data areas and inter-process communication is

tested and individual subsystems are exercised through their input interface. Test

cases are constructed to test that all components within assemblages interact correctly,

for example across procedure calls or process activations, and this is done after testing

individual modules, i.e. unit testing. The overall idea is a "building block" approach,

in which verified assemblages are added to a verified base which is then used to

support the integration testing of further assemblages.

System TestingThe sub systems are integrated to make up the entire system. The testing

process is concerned with finding the errors, which result from unanticipated

interactions between the subsystems and system components. It is also concerned with

validating that the system needs its functions non functional requirements.

Validation TestingThis is the final stage in the testing before the system is accepted for

operational use. An acceptance test has the objective of ensuring the user the validity

and reliability of the system. It verifies that the system procedures operate the system

specification and that the integrity of the vital data is maintained. Performance of the

acceptance test is actually the users show. Acceptance test may reveal errors and

omissions or dissatisfaction in the system requirement definition.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(programming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(programming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing


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TECHNICAL & FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY

Technical Feasibility

The goal of technical feasibility is to understand the organizations ability to

construct the proposed system. This analysis should include an assessment of the

development group understanding of the possible target software, hardware and

operating environments to be used as well as system size, complexity and group

experience with similar systems.

Financial Feasibility

In case of a new project, financial viability can be judged on the following

parameters:

Total estimated cost of the project Financing of the project in terms of its capital structure, debt equity ratio and

promoter's share of total cost

Existing investment by the promoter in any other business Projected cash flow and profitability

The financial viability of a project should provide the following information.

Full details of the assets to be financed and how liquid those assets are. Rate of conversion to cash-liquidity (i.e. how easily can the various assets be

converted to cash?).

Project's funding potential and repayment terms. Sensitivity in the repayments capability to the following factors: Time delays. Mild slowing of sales. Acute reduction/slowing of sales. Small increase in cost. Large increase in cost. Adverse economic conditions.


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4.5 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

HARDWARE SPECIFICATION

Processor : Intel(R) CPU

RAM : 1 GB

Hard Disk : 80 GB

CD-ROM : 700MB

Keyboard : Standard 101/102 key

Mouse : Optical mouse

Monitor : Plug and Play monitor

Printer : Ink jet

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

Operating System : Windows 7

Front End : VB.NET

Back End : SQL SERVER


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4.6 SETTING PROPOSED SOFTWARE

The creation of the designed system takes place in the implementation phase.

This phase activities do the following:

Development phase overview, preparing of implementation, computer

program development, development phase report and overview. It also performs

activities like writing, testing, debugging and documenting the programs.

There are three types of implementations:

1. Implementation of a computer system to replace a manual system. Theproblems encountered are converting files, training users, creating accurate

files and verifying printouts for integrity.

2. Implementation of a new computer system to replace an existing one. This isusually a difficult conversion. If not properly planned, there can be many

problems. Some large computer systems have taken as long as a year to

convert.

3. Implementation of a modified application to replace the existing one, usingthe same computer. This type of conversion is relatively easy to handle,

provided there are no major changes in the files. Every system requires

periodic evaluation after implementation.

This is to review the performance of the system and to evaluate againstestablished standard or criteria. A study is conducted for measuring the performance

of the system against pre-defined requirements. This study results a post

implementation review that determines how well the system continues to meet the

performance specification.


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CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY

The new system has overcome most of the limitations of the existing system

and works according to the design specification given. The developed systems

dispense the problem and meet the needs of by providing reliable and comprehensive

information. All the requirements projected by the user have been met by the system.

The newly developed system consumes less processing time and all the details

are updated and processed immediately. Since the screen provides online help

messages and is very user-friendly, any user will get familiarized with its usage.

Modules are designed to be highly flexible so that any failure requirements can be

easily added to the modules without facing many problems.

Suggestions:

The system is developed in such a way that if any modifications and

enhancements are needed in future, can be done at ease without disturbing the proper

working of the system.


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5.1 SCREEN SHOTSlogin


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add new item


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edit item


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view items


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add new supplier


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edit supplier


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view suppliers


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add purchase


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edit purchase


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add purchase return


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view retuned


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add used items


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view used items


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new user


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user update


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APPENDIX

CODING OF THE SYSTEM

Public Class addprdct

Private Sub bind()

openDb()

search("select max(PID)+1 from Prod")

If dr.Read Then

If Not (dr.IsDBNull(0)) Then

Label6.Text = dr(0).ToString()

Else

Label6.Text = 1

End If

End If

End Sub

Private Sub addprdct_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load

bind()'If Label6.Text = " " Or Label6.Text = 0 Then

' Label5.Visible = False

' Label6.Visible = False

'End If

End Sub

Private Sub Button3_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button3.Click

Me.Close()

End Sub



For Each ctrl As Control In Panel2.Controls

If TypeOf ctrl Is TextBox Then

ctrl.Text = ""

End If


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Next

End Sub



If Not iscomplete(Panel2) Then

MsgBox("all fields are mandatory")

Exit Sub

End If

Dim q As String

openDb()

q = "insert into Prod values('" + TextBox1.Text + "','" + TextBox2.Text + "','" +

TextBox3.Text + "')"

insert(q)

MsgBox("saved")

clearall(Panel2)

bind()

End S

Construction Edited New 27-03-2013

Documents

Transcript of Construction Edited New 27-03-2013