Constructing the future of water infrastructures: lessons from the cases of water saving and eco-...
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Transcript of Constructing the future of water infrastructures: lessons from the cases of water saving and eco-...
Constructing the future of water infrastructures: lessons from the cases of water saving and eco-sanitation
Bas van Vliet, Environmental Policy Group Wageningen University
Outline
Questioning the current attempts of shaping future water systems
Representations of water infrastructures Classifying Innovation in water
infrastructures The case of Eco sanitation The future of innovation in water
infrastructures Ways forward in social scientific research
Questioning the change in water infrastructuresHow to change such large technical systems? Which are based on huge technical
infrastructural networks being built from the late 19th century on…
With vested public (public health, national security)…
…and private (water industry) interests. With linkages to intimate aspects of everyday life
(toilet practices) and cultural robust standards of Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience
Current Innovation programmes
Being based on technological variation and selection… But who exactly varies and who selects? What is the dividing line in between?
…and experimentation that should lead to regime changes… As yet not clear how to design pilots as to make them
successful …Many subsidy programmes focus on
technological solutions… …and are geared towards endless experimentation
Lineair flow scheme
Down streamUpstream Upstream
Water supply system Waste water system
Abstraction-purification-storage-supply- consumption - discharge-transport- treatment- drainage-reuse
Purification
Consumption
Sociotechnical approaches
Factor 10
Factor 5
Factor 2
New system
20 years
Improvement in environmental efficiency
Factor 10
Factor 5
New system
20 years
Improvement in environmental efficiency
Time horizon
PredevelopmentTake off
Acceleration
ConsolidationMacro level (landscape)
Meso level (regimes)
Micro level (niches)
Classifying Innovation in water infrastructuresFour Dichotomies and one Mixture Upstream / Downstream Incremental / Radical Grass root / Top-down initiatives Technical / social
Modernised Mixtures
Upstream / downstream (or supply / demand side)
Upstream: new abstraction and purification methods (extraction from river shores, UV), wastewater treatment by nano membranes
Downstream: household water, water saving household devices, composting toilets, combined billing systems
Incremental or radical innovations
Incremental change within existing technological paradigm: storm water control, water saving showers, up-
scaling sewerage and treatment Radical change: break away from existing
regimes: dry toilets, distribution of use water, (& bottled
drinking water), on-site rain water recovery as source for drinking water.
Grass-root / Top-Down
Grass root: indebted to Appropriate Technology and Schumacher movement: citizen-initiatives, mostly with de-centralized,
off-grid, autonomous and easy applicable and manageable solutions.
Top-down: water companies, research institutes or
government initiatives, mostly centralized, high tech solutions, or holistic concepts such as ‘decentralized sanitation and reuse’
Technical / Social innovations
Technical: focus on the hardware, i.e. nano membrane filtration
Social: focus on ‘software’ new systems of cost recovery and billing for
water services
Modernised Mixtures
High-tech next to low-tech solutions in one system
Socio-technical approach Integrated into the mainstream built-
environment Living up to present demands of high Comfort,
cleanliness and convenience levels/ compatible with ‘modern life (styles)’
Developed by (utility) companies/ providers in creative dialogue with end-users as co-producing civilians
Small is Beautiful
Combined water and waste flows
Low cost, flexible systems
Large scale, fixed price systems
Low involvement of end-users
Decentralisedorganisation
Central organisation
High involvement of end-users
Separated water and waste flows
Large is ConventionalModernised Mixtures
Example Eco sanitation
Group of environmental technologists, specialists in on-site systems of waste water treatment. Prominent critics of sewer systems since the early 1970s
While on-site eco-sanitation systems have been successfully implemented in many developing countries, diffusion in Europe is lagging behind
Within project: chance to apply and test such technologies in real settings
Story Line Technology Developers Ecosanitation
Sewer systems are wasting water, energy, nutrients and building matarials
Eco-sanitation keeps waste concentrated, which enables more efficient treatment, and produces energy (methane)
It is simple and proven technology
Some peculiarities
The sewer system is a dominating technological system and is almost everywhere available
Users do not want to be bothered (again) on how their feces and urine are being treated
For which problem is Eco-sanitation a solution? Is it the water saving and do we have a lack of
water? Is it the reuse of nutrients and is there a lack of
them in Dutch agriculture? Is it the vulnerability of the current sewer
system? Then how robust is on-site eco-sanitation?
Is it the high costs of sewer system maintenance? Then can eco-sanitation be cheaper?
Social Scientific Story Line Ecosanitation Implementation of Eco-sanitation
encompasses a socio-technical transition in sanitation, water supply and even in agriculture
The institutional & social & cultural robustness of sanitation practices seems to be highly underestimated
Only technical and environmental arguments will not sell this technology to the public
Multi-level change is not a one-way road! Macro level
(landscape)
Meso level (regimes)
Micro level (niches)
Ways forward in transitions in water infrastructures Redesign niche developments:
Experiment not only with technologies but with different modes of institutional organization along the whole chain
Take into account diverse problem definitions Raised at the upstream (fertiliser industry, agriculture)
and at the down stream level (citizen-consumers) Reframe “closed loop” rhetoric into more
fashionable topics: renewable energy, water stress, or standards of
comfort, cleanliness and convenience
Ways forward in Social scientific researchIn stead of traditional studies on ‘acceptation’ or ‘non-
technical barriers’: Rethinking niche management, and innovation
programmes that are based on technical variation and selection by small networks of techno-scientists (STS approach). Who and what constitutes the ‘variation environment’? How can ‘’selection environments’’ be broadened?
Studying the co-evolution of technology, institutions, cultural standards and social practices in domains of everyday life to obtain a reference to study experiments and innovation at
large (social practices approach, Spaargaren et al) To reveal today’s built-in futures of water infrastructures