Constructing High Tunnels - Integrated Pest Management High... · 2016. 11. 18. · Constructing...
Transcript of Constructing High Tunnels - Integrated Pest Management High... · 2016. 11. 18. · Constructing...
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Constructing High Tunnelsand
upgrades on farms around New England
John W. Bartok, Jr.Agricultural Engineer -Emeritus
University of Connecticut
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High Tunnel - Greenhouse
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Placement of the tunnel
• Zoning• Location• Orientation• Shading• Drainage
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Zoning/Building code regulations
• Local regulations– Zoning– Wetlands– Building code
• Setbacks
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Location
• Consider– Light– Temperature– Water– Electricity– Access
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Poor choice
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OrientationEast-West ridge• More winter sun• Greater heat
collection
North-South ridge• More uniform light• More early
morning light
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Shading
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Drainage
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Design
• Hoop vs gothic• Movable• Vertical sides• Truss/collar ties• Bracing• Wind loads• Snowloads
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Hoop vs gothic
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Movable tunnels
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Wheels/rollers
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Snow loads
• Light and fluffy – 12” snow = 1” rain• Heavy and wet – 3” snow = 1” rain• 1” rain = 5.2 pounds/sq ft• January 2011 after snow storms –I had 39 psf snow load on the ground at my house in Ashford CT
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Snow damage
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Snow loads
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2” x 4” Bracing
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Effect of a 90 mph wind on 18’ x 48’ tunnel
4032#
2937#
3384#
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Wind loads
Bow failure Racking
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Construction
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Attachment to the ground
• Anchor posts 2’ into the ground
• Screw anchors• Duckbill anchor• Deadmen
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Truss/collar tie
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Bracing/connectors
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Endwalls
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Many choices in plastic
• Thickness• Sheet size• Life• Additives• Light transmission• Color• Single/double layer
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Thickness
3 mil 4 mil6 mil8 mil
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Sheet size• Widths to 52’ wide• Tubes – 20’ – 24’• Folds – for ease of
installation• Lengths to 500’
– Standard lengths• 100’• 110• 150’
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Anti-condensate Control
• Condensation– Reduces A.M. light– Greater disease potential– Burning of leaves – droplet acts as lens
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Infrared Inhibitor - winter
• Traps infrared part of the short wave radiation (heat)
• Reduces heat needed by 10 – 20-%
• Best on clear nights• Always placed as inner
layer
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Infrared inhibitor
• Penn State Research on high tunnels– Mixed results– Increased night temperature – 2 - 3ºF– Did not increase daytime overheating– Yield of colored bell peppers was higher with
standard poly– No difference in sunflowers
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Infrared reflecting - summer
• Reflected near IR radiation
• Controlled diffusion• Reduces daytime
temperature inside• Reduced watering• Reduced Botrytis
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Light Transmission
• UV stabilized – 88 - 91%• IR-AC film 82 - 87%• IR_AC with diffusion 77 – 88%• White 55 or 70%
• Rule of thumb – one percent increase in light = one percent increase in plant growth
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Single or Double Layer?
• Single layer– Spring, Fall– One time use poly
• Double layer– Higher night
temperature– Heated tunnel– Winter operation– Windy locations– Requires electricity
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Secure poly
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Wear
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Shading
Black polyproplyene Pink plastic
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Ventilation
• Large endwall doors• Roll-up sidewalls• Solar vents• Fans
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Rollup vent closure
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Roof vent
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Solar powered vent
• Top or side• 60º - 75ºF• Wax or oil motor• No power needed• $50 - $75
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Root zone heat speedspropagation & growth
• Floor heat• Provides 25 – 100% of heat needs• Lower air temperature• Saves energy• More uniform temperature• Easy to install
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Domestic Hot Water Heater
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In-line propane water heater
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Piping installation
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Pipe installation• Pipe spacing – 9” to 12” on center• Tomatoes – one line under each row• Depth – 4” to 6”• 12” or more if rototilled• Single pipe – 10 Btu/linear foot• Bed – 15 to 25 Btu/sq ft• Insulate below pipe if water table < 6’• Unheated tunnel – antifreeze or blow out
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Reverse Return Headers
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Circulating pumps• Low pressure• Flow – 2.5
feet/minute (5 -10ºF difference)
• Place on return line• Need expansion
tank
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Temperature sensor• Thermostat or
controller• Remote bulb sensor• Place in flat or bed• Small differential
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Modine Effinity heater
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Wood heat
• Renewable resource• Readily available• Low cost• Large selection of
equipment
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Bubble wrap wall insulation
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Air Circulation
• Eliminates cold/hot spots
• Reduce disease• More uniform
carbon dioxide
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Use small circulating fans
• 1/15 hp• Create horizontal air
pattern• Space 40’-50’ apart• Operate
continuously
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Summary
• Select a good site• Decide the season of
use• Is heat needed?• Type of ventilation• Automate where
possible
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Greenhouse engineering info sheets
• http://www.ipm.uconn.edu/pa_greenhouse