Constructed Wetlands - chapter 2

8/14/2019 Constructed Wetlands - chapter 2

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1

Constructed Wetlands

2.1

)Constructed Wetlands( / .

// .

Polishing wetlands .

20 .

// .

. Polishing.

/) . ( 2-1 .

//

// .

.

. .

.

.


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2

F S )(

.

2-2

F S.

F S . berms

. .

VSB . 3-2 VSB. VSB F S berms

. ) (

.

2-1: .

2-2: F S.

/

/


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2-3: V B.

.

. .

.

.

. .

.

.

) ( .

V B

W. / /

.

2.2


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5

.

. . .

.

2.3.1

.

.

.

.

) ( . .

)Wittgren & Maehlum, 1996( /

.

2.3.2

W. ) (

W. .

DO.

.

Duckweed

)2-1. ( T

. DO .


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6

.

) 5% ( .

Duckweed

. .

2.3.3 )(

.

. : lenticels) ( aerenchymous /

/ / buttresses knees pneumatophores

Adventitious roots

/ /.

W .

)Wittgren and Maehlum, 1996. (

/ . W Iron

Bridge, lorida /. Bulrush Cattail BODT TN TP.

.

. 2-2

.


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2-1:

. .

.

.Duckweed

.

.

.

Duckweed .

.

. .

.

.

.

.

)

(

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)(

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Shrubs 6

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6.

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2.3.4


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/

. MitschGosselink)1993(

KadlecKnight)1996. (

. .

. .

/ .

/lignin CattailBulrush Common reed

. W

.

.

/ /.

.

.

.

)Kadlec & Knight, 1996. (

. Common reed

) ( .


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2.4

W.

.

. )carp (

.

ColumbiaMissouri . .

2-2:

/

.

.

.

)Allelopathic( . .

. / .

. .

)Perennial( )Annual( .

)Persistent( ) emi-Persistent( )Non-Persistent( .

. ) :

Plugs( ) : Rootstock( .

.


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/

// .

. .

*Allelopathic/: .

Perennial/ : .Annual/: .

Persistent/: .Semi-Persistent/ : .Non-Persistent/ : .

Bare rootplant/ :

Plug/ : .Rootstock/ : ) /rhizome. (

2-3:

.

.

.

.

)

mosquito fish, mudminnow(

)bowfin, catfish,killifish, carp(.

/

) (

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)3563(

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) ( )

( )(

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muskrat Nutia

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. ) 2.6. (

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: ) ( . 2-3

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2.5

.

.

.

. .

.

.

2.5.1


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. .

.

.

. )eierabend, 1989; ather, 1989; Knight, 1992(.

2.5.2

/ )EPA, 1993a. (

. Beaver Nutria Muskrat berms

carp T

.

.

/ /

. / .

.

.

.

.

.

.


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)Knight, 1997;Worrall et al., 1996. (

2.5.3/

. //

.

. .

.

)Dill, 1989. (

. .

. .

.

)Dill, 1989. ( .2-4 .

. .

/

.

/ )Dill, 1989. ( .Cattails

Bulrushes

)Martin & Eldridge, 1989. (

.

. )sphaericus(

culex .


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culex )WaterWorld, 1996. (

.

. .

2-4: W .

2.6

.

.

.

. W

. .

.

.


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W )

30 mg/LBODT. ( .

)Knight, 1997. ( .

.

theencephalitis mosquito tarssalis

)Dill, 1989. (

) ( ) . (

V B .

2.7 ) (

) ( . ) (

V B

. . ) (

V B) ( .

) ( . .

V B ) ( .

V B) ( V B V B V B .

.

. V B .


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)( BOD

T ecal califorms )Burgan and ievers, 1994; Huang et al., 1994; Johns et al.,

1998; Mankin and Powell, 1998; Neralla et al., 1998; White and hirk, 1998. (

2.8

.

.

Polishing wetlands .

. .

.

/ W) ( V B) (

)AEE(" . " /

V B . )AEE(

. )

. ( EPA.

.

. )EPA,

1993 b; EPA, 1997 b; Living Technologies, 1996; Reed et al., 1995; Todd andJosephson, 1994. (

//

. duckweed /. /

BODT.

)Zirschky & Reed, 1988. (


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2.9

1.

" " .

. . Anthropogenic

.

.

2.

" " )passive. ( W

) CattailBulrushReed ( ) DuckweedHyacinth ( )

ago Widgeon. ( W

. / .

. " V B"

. V B .

. . )rhizomes(

.

V B.

3

.

. BOD

. .

4.


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.

) . (

/detritus .5.

.

.

/ .

6. W

V B 30/30/ BOD) (T) ( . /) ( .

7.

10/ BODT TN

. W )EPA, 1999. ( V B

.

.

8.

) (

. 2200 /acre/MGD)4530

/L/m2-d. (

.

9.


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/ . porous)

( .

.

peat/ ) ( . " "

.

10.

W .

) Duckweed( .

W. .

/humic soil /lignin .

V B .

V B . .

V B

V B.11.

W .

/.

.

V B

. V B W .

V B .

12. W


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W 1015

. .

.

. 1025% .

13.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

1 )MGD) (3,880 /m3/d( .

14.

.

sludge.

.

.

15.


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V B . W.

W )4060% (/

.

/ .

)( ) dragon flies damsel flies( )

minnow sticklebacksgobis( ) ( )(

. . .

Bti . )Bti( .

. methoprene

. .

16.

1999 200 .

lagoons .

PhoenixArizona Orange County lorida. W

5000 50000.

40

)WRC, 2000. ( .

17.

W V B New England

Rocky . .

.


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18.

. CanadaNorth

DakotaMontanaVermontColorado .

. 0,10.5

. .

19.

W .

/. .

.

W .

.

.

V B. .

.

2.10

Abiotic/ : / / .

Adsorption/: .

Adventitious roots/ : ) ( ) (

.


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Aerenchymous tissues/ : .

.

Aerobic/: .

Algae/: . .

Anaerobic/: .

Aspect ratio/ : )L/W. (

Atmospheric reaction/ : .

Autotrophic/: .

Biochemicaloxygendemand (BOD)/ : .

BOD . / /

"BOD" .

Biomass/ : .

Biotic/ : /. /

BOD removal/ :

BOD removal )V B. (

Bulrush/: cirpus . /Bulrush/

. .validus.californicus.acutus

. ciptus Three-square

.amercanus (olynei).fluviatilis.robustus .

Canopy/ : .


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Cattail/: Typha :T.latifolia

T.domingensisT.angustifolia. .

Cattail

.

Common reed (Phragmites)/ : .

/ / // .

.

Constructed wetlands/ : //

.

Deciduous/ : .

Dentrification/: .

Detritus/: .

Dike/ : // .

Dissolved Oxygen/ :

(DO) .

Dominantplant species/ )(: // .

Duckweed/: )macrophytes(

. W . .

.

Emergent herbaceous wetlandplants/ )(: .

) ( .

.


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Emergentvegetation/ ) (: macrophytes

Evapotranspiration/ : .

Exotic species/ : .

Fecal caliform/ : . 100 )/100 mL. (

Filtration/: .

Floating Aquatic Plants/ : )Eichhornia crassipes( )Lemna spp., pirodela spp. ,

and Wolffia spp.( )Azolla caroliniana, Asalvinia rotundifolia( )Pistia stratiotes. (

pennywort)Hydrocotlyle spp.( ) Nymphaea spp.( rog's bit)Limnobium spongia( patterdock)Nuphar spp.( )Potemogeton spp.(

Floating Aquatic Systems/ : .

. .

Flocculation/: .

.

Free water surface (FWS)/ : locculation

. .

/. / W " urface low ystems".

Function/: .

T BOD .

Herbaceous/: .

Herbivores/ : .


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Hydric soils/ : .

.

Hydrophyte/ : .

Indigenous species/ : .

Inorganics/ : .

Lagoons/ : . ..

.

Limiting nutrient/ : . .

Limnetic/: W .

Macrophytes/ : / . /

. Macrophytes .

Marsh/ : .

Microbes/: Microorganisms )

( protozoans .

Nitrification/: .

Nuisance species/ : .

On-site constructed wetland systems/ : . /

) . (

Organics/: ) (

Oxygendemand/ : BOD) ( .


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Photosynthesis/ :

.

Phytoplankton/ :

.Pneumatophores/: .

Polishing wetlands/ : )NPDE. (

.

Primary effluent/ : lagoon.

Primary production/ : ) ( .

Primary treatment/ : /) ( .

Rhizome/ : .

Secondary effluent/ : .

Secondary treatment/ : BOD T

/ 30/ .

Sediment/: ) ludge.(

Seepage/: .

Senescence/ : .

Solar insolation/ : .

W.

Standing biomass/ : . " "


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.

Structure/: . )( .

marsh bog bottomland forest.Submerged aquatic plants or submergent vegetation/ :

.

.

Subsurface flow (SF) wetlands/ ) : V B.(

Tertiary treatment/ ) : . (

Totalnitrogen (TN)/ :

(mg/L).

Totalphosphorus (TP)/: (mg/L).

Total suspended solids (TSS)/ : .

.

.Vascular plant/ : .

Vegetated submerged bed (VSB)/ : )(

. V B " ubsurface low wetlands"

/microbial/. V B /

.

Vegetative reproduction/ : .

Wastewater treatment/ : . /)

(


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// . .

Wetland hydraulics/ : .

Woody plants/ : .

/ . hrubs Trees (canopy or subcanoby)

) (Woody vines .

Wrack/: .

Zooplankton/ : .

:


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y / ....... / /..... ) .....(..

.y

.

BulrushCattail

Duckweedpatterdockcirpus

Typharog's bit

Constructed Wetlands - chapter 2

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