Constitutional Criminal Procedure

8/18/2019 Constitutional Criminal Procedure

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Constitutional Criminal Procedure – Notes

January 12, 2015Introduction

14th Amendment• Source of constitutional rotections

o !"# coerced confessions, su$$esti%e id

• Incororator of ri$hts reco$ni&ed in other amendments

o 'ill of (i$hts and the states

)ri$inally alica*le only to fed $o% Potential chan$e +ith adotion of 14th Amendment

Criminal la+ as state matter until mid20th century

Incororation de*ate

• -undamental ri$hts – no necessary relation of 'ill of (i$hts to due rocess

• .otal Incororation – all of the 'ill of (i$hts *ut no more

• Selecti%e Incororation – the not %ery selecti%e synthesiso /oes not mean all fed comonents aly

th Amendment ri$ht of ury alies to all nonetty criminal trials state and fed3

'ut 12 ersons eole min36 7nanimous

4th Amendment

• .he ri$ht of the eole to *e secure in their ersons, houses, aers, and effects, a$ainst unreasona*le

searches and sei&ures, shall not *e %iolated and no +arrants shall issue, *ut uon ro*a*ly cause,suorted *y )ath or affirmation, and articularly descri*in$ the lace to *e searched, and the ersons or thin$s to *e sei&ed

• 4th Amendment !"clusionary (ule

o 8olff % C) 19493# 4th Amendment incororated *ut no fed e"clusionary rule

o :a % )hio 1913# 8arren Court ma;es e"clusionary rule alica*le to states

o 7S %


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• Police ;noc;ed, announced, *ut only +aited F5 seconds

• Not all %iolations of the 4th amendment reDuire e"clusions

o Court# not the case for e"clusionary rule remedy e%en thou$h %iolated 4 th amendmento Not causal relationshi

o If didn@t %iolate ;noc; and announce, then they +ould ha%e found contra*and any+ay

• No reasona*le e"ectation of ri%acy

• )ens door to ic; and choose unreasona*le and really unreasona*le search and sei&ures

.G !"clusionary (ule F=2Fa3 No e%idence o*tained *y an officer or other erson in %iolation of any ro%isions of the Constitution or la+s

of the State of .e"as, or of the Constitution or la+s of the 7S, shall *e admitted in e%idence a$ainst theaccused on the trial of any criminal case

a 'roader rule* Hee .G e"clusionary rule in mind should cite this in e"clusion, as +ell as the 4th Amendment3

*3 Jury issuea In any case +here the le$al e%idence raises an issues hereunder, the ury shall *e instructed that if

it *elie%es or has a reasona*le dou*t that the e%idence +as o*tained in %iolation of the ro%isionsof this Article, then and in such e%ent, the ury shall disre$ard any such e%idence so o*tained

January 21, 2015.hreshold Issues for 4th Amendment alica*ility>(eDuirements#?

State action

o Pri%ate arty searches do not imlicate 4 th Amendment a*sent a$ency relationshi

o Need la+ enforcement stateEfed $o% actor3

7S % Jaco*sen 19=43 F=o 4th amendment no alica*le +hen olice search $oes no further than search already conducted *y

ri%ate arty (e$ardless of +hether it +as reasona*le, tort action, etc does not mean you ha%e a 4 th

amendment claim6 don@t ha%e e"clusionary rule remedyo -ed!" +or;ers ri%ate carrier3 found cocaine in ac;a$e, re+raed ac;a$e, and alerted /!A of

the issues Conclusion# no 4th amendment alica*ility *Ec the search of the $o% actor did not $o

further than the ri%ate arty actors !%en thou$h /!A did field test to ma;e sure it +as cocaine that -ed!" did not

/on@t ha%e reasona*le e"ectation of ri%acy *Ec it is an ille$al dru$ as +ell

o .G has different aroach

'Ec .G e"tends to the action of la+ enforcement officer or Bother erson, e%idence

ille$ally o*tained *y ri%ate ersons is su*ect to e"clusion under .G la+ e%en thou$h 4 th

amendment not alica*le• Pri%ate indi%iduals can disco%er and may still $i%e claim to suress e%idence

• Sufficient connection to 7S

• (easona*le e"ectation of ri%acy

• Standin$ ersonal e"ectation of ri%acy3

7S % /e-illio, Hrull?


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o /e-illio# / is arrested *y ordinance %iolation at time of arrest6 later found unconstitutional

Statute authori&ed arrest

8hen case +ent to trial, rulin$ of statute *ein$ unconstitutional came out

o Hrull#

Statute that authori&ed searches

(easona*ly *elie%e the statute authori&es olice intrusion

• Clear ast recedent >/a%is?

o Prior to /a%is % 7S 20113

'elton case# )fficer may ha%e automatic search if ro*a*le cause on ersonEimmediate

area of the erson +hen threat of an officer in automo*ile

• Includin$ assen$er comartment ant# fear officers +ould use traffic arrests to ma;e searches and sei&ures +ithout

ro*a*le causeo /a%is# olice aly 'elton and found firearm durin$ traffic offense

Allo+ed to search the car

)fficer follo+in$ la+ as it e"isted at the time, *ut chan$ed *y the time case +ent to trial

• Inaccurate information ro%ided *y nonla+ enforcement a$ency >!%ans?o Court mo%es a+ay from udicialEle$islati%e statutes

• Inaccurate olice info unless systematically fla+ed3 >errin$?

o Comuter error done *y olice deartment, not court

January 2, 2015 After errin$ 20093

• !"clusionary rule if olice officer reasona*ly *elie%es that ro*a*le cause e"ists or that la+ allo+s

+arrantless search *ut the officer is +ron$ and there is no reliance on a statute +arrant, rior clear recedent

o Police ust has to *e reasona*le, e%en if mista;en

• )nly unreasona*ly unreasona*le factual or le$al conclusionso !$re$ious searches and sei&ures

eien % North Carolina 20143 see .8!N ost3

• .raffic sto of car +ith only one +or;in$ *ra;e li$ht6 / consented to car search, +hich had cocaine

• Aellate state3# re%ersed denial of suression motion holdin$ that rele%ant code reDuirin$ that cars *eBeDuied +ith a sto lam means that a sin$le functionin$ lam suffices

• No unreasona*le searchEsei&ure +hen it is *ased uon >officer@s o+n? reasona*le mista;e of la+

• .he %ehicle code reDuirin$ a sto lam also ro%ides that the Blam may *e incororated into a unit +ith 1 or more other rear lams and that Ball lams must *e in $ood +or;in$ order

o Althou$h the State Court of Aeals held that Brear lams do not include *ra;e li$hts, the lac; of recedent interretin$ the ro%ision made it o*ecti%ely reasona*le to thin; that a faulty *ra;e li$htconstituted a %iolations

.e"as !"clusionary (ule# Article F=2F >ood -aith?*3 It is an e"cetion to the ro%isions of Su*section a3 of this Article that the e%idence +as o*tained *y la+enforcement officer actin$ in o*ecti%e $ood faith reliance uon a +arrant issued *y a neutral ma$istrate *ased onro*a*le cause

• ordon % State of .e"as 19903

o ood faith only if +arrant *ased on ro*a*le cause allo+in$ defense to disute the Duestion of

ro*a*le cause to issue, foreclosed under the 4th Amendment $ood faith doctrine of Leono Still ar$ue +hether there +as ro*a*le cause, e%en thou$h there +as a +arrant issued *y

ma$istrate if not issued *y ro*a*le cause *3 does not aly

o

• o+ard % State of .e"as 19=13

o :ichi$an % /efillio does not aly in .G Police ha%e ri$ht to rely on $ood faith on resumed %alidity of statute authori&ed arrest not

alica*le under .G state la+

!"loratory urose officer@s intent3

.hreshold Issues for 4th Amendment alica*ility>(eDuirements#? >Cont?

• State action

Sufficient connection to US

o 7S % erdu$o7rDuide&

7S a$ents search :e"ican home of forei$n national in%oluntarily *rou$ht to the 7S for trial


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No 4th Amendment rotection *Ec it is a ri$ht of the >American? eole, citi&ens, and those

+ho ha%e a sufficient connection to America Not alica*le to aliens outside American territory6

• /@s recent in%oluntary resence for trial not sufficient connection

• (easona*le e"ectation of ri%acy

• Standin$ ersonal e"ectation of ri%acy3

Chater F# 8hat is a SearchKatz v. US 19K3

• -acts# a$ents taed into hone *ooth throu$h electronic de%ice

o Prior la+# hysical intrusion of area rotected *y 4 th Amendment• the curtila$e? an area adacent tothe home and to +hich the acti%ity of the home life e"tends

o

• Intrusiono -< % (iley# helicoter +as nuisance, etco -< % Jardines

.ouchin$ is more intrusi%e than loo;in$


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isual o*ser%ation of home from Bu*lic na%i$a*le airsace not a search *Ec Bhysically

nonintrusi%e *ut Bdetecti%es had all four of their feet and all four of their comanion@sfirmly lanted on /@s curtila$e

• .actile thin$s are more intrusi%e6 hysicality matters

• :oti%e that influences ermitted scoeo 8hat is the urose of the officer o 'ond % 7S

'a$$a$e of assen$er of the *us can *e touched *y any mem*er of the u*lic

.he officer touched and maniulated it in an e"loratory manner

• )*ecti%e effect of officer@s actions, N). hi su*ecti%e state of mind

o -< % Jardines

Imlied license for u*lic to +al; u to a home

If limited license L

Su*ecti%e intent of officers reeatedly stated to *e irrele%ant in determinin$ the 4th

Amendment issues

• .hus, Bsearch that is o*ecti%ely reasona*le is not %itiated *y the fact that theofficer@s real reason for ma;in$ the sto or search has nothin$ to do +ith the%alidatin$ reason

:oti%e irrele%ant +hen there is a search for +hich there is an o*ecti%ely reasona*le *asis6

ulterior moti%e does not ma;e a %alid search *ad 8hether there +as an o*ecti%ely reasona*le search Bdeends uon +hether the officers

had an imlied license to enter the orch, +hich in turn deends uon the MMMM

• 7ncommon enhancement of senses

o .he more routine and commonlace, the more li;ely the court +ill say it is not a search and sei&ure• .resass re%i%al

o PreKatz reasonin$ is not a*andoned6 see Jardines

Concurrin$ ud$es# under Katz and reasona*le e"ectation

If there is a tresass, then 4 th Amendment alies

o Jones # PS de%ice installed +hen car ar;ed in u*lic

8hat if +e didn@t ha%e to install the de%ice that is to *e monitored

o .echnical %ie+

• oluntary con%eyance

o CA % reen+ood# dru$ e%idence in trash

Chater 4# search

Hyllo % 7S• .hermal ima$in$ to detect heat emanatin$ from a house

• 8arrantless use +as unreasona*le *Ec the thermal ima$in$ de%ice, +hich is Bnot in a $eneral u*lic use+as used to Be"lore details of the home that +ould re%iously ha%e *een un;no+a*le +ithout hysicalintrusion

• ot +arrant after fi$ured out +as ro*a*ly $ro+in$ mariuana

o If ro*a*le cause is *ased on ille$al search, then in *ad faith and +on@t hold

• /efense +ould +ant to use Katz # reasona*le e"ectation of ri%acy

• Prosecution +ould use# US v. Place# emanation outside, heat +a%es floatin$ do$ sniffed odor3

• /e%ice con%eys information of intimacy of the home

(easona*le• reat %ariation to +hat is acceta*le and +hat is not

Smith % :/• Pen re$istry installed on ro**er@s hone at the hone comany@s lace of *usiness

o /ecihers the hone num*er *ein$ dialed

• )*tainin$ info +ithout a +arrant

o No e"ectation of ri%acy *Ec hone comanies use en re$istries freDuently

CA % reen+ood• )fficials $o throu$h $ar*a$e, findin$ incriminatin$ dru$ e%idence

• reen+ood %oluntarily sets it out there and a*andons the trasho No reasona*le e"ectation of ri%acy

7S % Jones• (edisco%ery of hysical tresass


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• .echnical installation of PS de%ice +as a sei&ure, e%en thou$h it didn@t affect oeration of the car, car +asin a u*lic lace, etc

• .echnical tresass reDuires a ustification

• Alito# If $o% monitors that information from %oluntary PS3 for short eriod of time, then o;ayo 8here should +e dra+ that line 8hat is shortE*rief time eriodo Cumulati%e effect of monitorin$ can *ecome a search or a sei&ure

urcher % Stanford /aily• /emonstration at the hosital6 Stanford /aily mem*er +as ta;in$ ictures

• Police o*tained +arrant6 don@t ha%e to rely on Stanford /aily to hel

o /id not $et a su*oena, e%en thou$h Stanford /aily +asn@t *ein$ accused of a crime :ere e%idence# ro*ati%e e%idence, not fruit of crime, contra*and, etc

/isad%anta$e of $ettin$ a su*oena# erson may *e hostile, destroyElose e%idence, etc

Ad%anta$e of su*oena# don@t need ro*a*le cause

o Ad%anta$e of +arrant# surrise attac;, don@t ha%e to rely on the arty

/isad%anta$e# sho+ ro*a*le cause

• Are there areas immune from searcho !%en if ha%e ro*a*le cause

If unreasona*le, then court +ill o%erride desite +arrant *ased ro*a*le cause or

e"cetiono .here should *e 1st Amendment rotection freedom of the ress3 and not allo+ officials to loo; for

themsel%es6 should ha%e to issue su*oena Confidential sources

PP.#• :ere e%idence searches6 8arden % ayden 255 7S 29= 19=3 formally a*andoned

o ere, Photo$raher only had mere e%idence6 he +asn@t in%ol%ed +ith assaultin$ olice

o Police shouldn@t *e allo+ed to do this, e%en if they thin; they ha%e ro*a*le cause

o :aority reects it

• Ad%anta$es of search# surrise, officers don@t ha%e to deend on ossi*le hostile F rd arty +ho may assert5th Amendment

o 5th amendment ri%ile$e# comelled *y the state

Production

• Ad%anta$es of su*oena# $rand ury doesn@t ha%e to ha%e ro*a*le cause to summon +itness

-e*ruary 2, 2015Chater 5# Standin$

• Standin$ reDuirement@s urose# ersonal state in the matter, don@t ha%e fri%olous la+ suits

• Can the erson assert the claim

7S % Payner • 4th Amendment is a ersonal ri$ht6 e"clusionary rule alied only to indi%iduals +hose ri$hts are %iolated

Suer%isory authority cannot circum%ent standin$ rules of 4 th Amendmento -ederal court not state3

o Standin$ is imortant limitation *Ec re%ents some eole from 4 th Amendment claim

o Simmons v. US # if char$ed +ith ossession and +ant to esta*lish standin$

Shouldn@t ha%e to $i%e u 5th Amendment ri$ht to $et 4th Amendment claim

!"clusionary rule# testimony in suression hearin$ can@t

-acts# Payner con%eyed documents to the *an;, so doesn@t ha%e ri%acy

o% did not ha%e ro*a*le cause to articular indi%iduals@ documents, since a lot of eole ha%e *an;

accounts in the 'ahamas'an;er@s 4th Amendment ri$hts Frd arty ri$hts %iolate3

o% sei&ed and coied documents +hile *an; P +as at dinner, includin$ Payner@s

Standin$ a*olished

• )nly the +ord not the concet

• (easona*le e"ectation of ri%acy in $eneral# +ould olice in%esti$atory action infrin$e societal notions of reasona*le ri%acy >Hat&?

• (easona*le e"ectation of ri%acy ersonal3# is this / the one +hose e"ectation of ri%acy +as %iolated>(a;as?

'rendlin % CA

:N % Carter


7/35

• Olson# in%ited o%erni$ht $uests had standin$ and reasona*le e"ectation of ri%acy

• Carter # in%ited *usiness associates do not

o Police $ot ti and loo;ed throu$h +indo+6 sa+ eole ac;a$in$ cocaineo 're%ity of %isit .hey +ere only at the aartment for 25 hours

o Commercial urose Not social $uests

o :on;ey *usiness Scalia su$$ested that it +as mon;ey *usiness

• No+ ha%e to analy&e the connection to the roerty

• Standin$ is more am*i$uous than it +as *efore6 somethin$ the state +anted to ar$ueo Prosecution ar$ument6 limits num*er of defenses to assert 4 th Amendment claimso

Standin$ or ersonal ri%acy e"ectation

-e*ruary 4, 2015:erits of 4th Amendment Issues

Ch # Pro*a*le Cause

'rine$ar % 7S >not in *oo;?#

• Parahrased3# Pro*a*le cause e"ists +here arrestin$ or searchin$ officers know of facts andcircumstances based upon reasonably trustworthy info which is sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution in the *elief that an offense has *een or is *ein$ committed >*y the erson to *earrested? or that e%idence of a criminal offense +ill *e disco%ered in a articular lace

o Not %ery helful6 does not ro%ide much $uidance A$uilarOPro*a*le Cause

•

)fficers s+ore they had Brecei%ed relia*le info from a credi*le erson and do *elie%e that narcotics areresent at descri*ed remises

SinelliOPro*a*le Cause• )n 4 of 5 days, / crossed *rid$e and ar;ed in ar; lot of aartment *uildin$s

o Aartment had 2 hones listed in another name

o Hno+n to affiant other officers as a $am*ler and *oo;ie >hearsay?

o Confidential informant said / oeratin$ an ille$al $am*lin$ oeration from the at

•


8/35

:/ % Prin$leOPro*a*le Cause• Car stoed for seedin$ +ith F assen$ers6 $ets a +arnin$

• Consent search disco%ered cocaine under *ac; armrest6 all are arrestedo / later confesses that cocaine +as his alone *ut mo%es to suress confession as fruit of ille$al

arrest

• Possession case for Prin$le no rorietary interest or ro"imate to the dru$s3

8hren % 7S

• 8on@t ro*e su*ecti%e moti%ation of the olice officer

• Cars are er%asi%ely re$ulated that co can al+ays sto a car and then find somethin$ else +ron$ *esides

traffic %iolation• :ore difficult to decide o*ecti%ely +hat a similar olice officer +ould do under the same circumstances

• As lon$ as there is an o*ecti%ely reasona*le *asis for arrestEsearch, you +ill not *e a*le to defeat the%alidity of arrestEsearch *y tryin$ to demonstrate there +as an imroer moti%e

-e*ruary 9, 2015:isc Pro*a*le Cause issues

• Collecti%e ro*a*le cause – secific officer ma;in$ arrest or search may lac; it

• Pro*a*le cause to arrest or search – cases are interchan$ea*le e"cet for staleness issue

Ch K# 8arrants'enefits of 8arrants

• /etermination of ro*a*le cause *y neutral and detached ma$istrate

• -ree&es info a*out +hat +as ;no+n, facilitatin$ fair re%ie+

• )ortunity for olice to disco%ery deficiencies in info relied uon for ro*a*le cause• Proof of authori&ation to search and notice of scoe of search ermitted

o )fficer $i%en o+er6 +hat and +here they may loo;o Peole su*ect to search ha%e notice of +hat is allo+ed or not

• (eturn on +arrant facilitatin$ re%ie+ of reasona*leness of e"ecution of the search

See a$e 210 re$ardin$ arts of +arrant8arrants and *urden of roof

• :y hi$hli$hted section on a$e 210

(eDuirements#

• Neutral and detached ma$istrate

• Particularityo roh % (amire +arrant lac;s articularity *Ec of olice error uttin$ descrition of lace to *e

searched in sot for secification of the search o*ect Secification in the suortin$ affida%it is insufficient

No crossreference and affida%it +as not included +ith the +arrant6 no descrition of the

items to *e sei&ed 8arrant :7S.#

• 'e *ased on ro*a*le cause

• Suorted *y oathEaffirmation

• Particularly descri*in$ lace to *e searched

• Particularly descri*in$ thin$s to *e sei&ed

)nly the last is missin$ in the +arrant *ut included in suortin$ affida%it

o

• No Dualified immunity or $ood faith3o -ootnote = 21=3# Dualified immunity +ith $ood faith e"cetion

Leon not alica*le *Ec Bno reasona*le olice officer could *elie%e that +arrantauthori&ed sei&ure

Herring # $ood faith reliance on erroneous comuter entry statin$ that there +as an

outstandin$ +arrant6 no suression desite lac; of ro*a*le cause or +arranto Herring has all these defects and no ro*a*le cause

:/ % arrison

• Scoe of +arrant and reasona*le mista;e in e"ecution

o (easona*le mista;e

o )fficers search aartment outside coe of remises named in +arrant 2 aartments on that storyinstead of 13

o Sei&ure of contra*and in lain %ie+ reasona*le *Ec mista;e is reasona*le

Q*arra % I<• /oes the scoe of the +arrant for ta%ern include e%eryone resent


9/35

• Safety concerns for officer

o 8hat can *e done +ith *ystanders +ho mi$ht *e hostile to olice in%esti$ation or imlicated incriminal acti%ity

o Just *ecause you@re in an area +here olice ha%e +arrant, doesn@t mean you ha%e to $i%e u your

4th amendment ri$hts• No rior ;no+led$e of Q*arra6 mere resence at scene that susected lace not sufficient to ustify a search

of that erson• /ISS!N.# rotection of the olice officers

• Statute# follo+ statute R $ood faith

8ilson % Ar;ansas•

ainin$ !ntry

• 8ilson % Ar;ansas# common la+ ;noc; and announce reDuirement art of 4 th Amendment reasona*leness*ut unannounced entry may *e reasona*le

o )fficer eril, destruction of e%idence, escaed arrestee

• 'ut no e"clusionary rule remedy for ;noc; and announce %iolations udson % :I3

• (ichards % 8I# no *lan;et e"cet to ;noc; and announce for dru$ offenses *ut entry here +as ustified *ye%ents at /@s door

o (easona*le susicion

-e*ruary 11, 2015• >If only thin$ o*tained ille$ally in criminal cases is the defendant, criminal rosecution cannot *e dismissed

as lon$ as ro*a*le cause +as made later on? Arrest +as ille$al6 not ossi*le for / to *e as;ed to *e suressed

Ch =# Arrests and Plain ie+ !"cetion8arrants and arrests

7S % 8atson

• Arrest for felony in u*lic lace not constitutionally reDuired e%en if there +as time to o*tain a +arrant

8arrants reDuired

• !ntry into home of erson to *e arrested

o Payton % NQ# search +arrant not reDuired +hen entry is into the home of the erson named in thearrest +arrant

Payton not there6 oened and +eaons in lain %ie+6 sei&ed

/on@t need search +arranto (iddic;# son oened door, not %alid consent to enter

Court# did need a +arrant, arrest +arrant is sufficient

• /on@t need search +arrant as +ell

o Stea$ald % 7S# entry into hoe of third arty to arrest nonhomeo+ner

Arrest +arrant not sufficient to rotect homeo+ners@ ri%acy interests

Search +arrant also reDuired *Ec named a different erson

If olice ha%e ro*a*le cause to arrest someone +ho is inside a d+ellin$

• 8ait +hile another officer $ets +arrant

• ot ursuit# if erson emer$es and then flees, then they can ma;e +arrantlessarrest ro*a*le cause3

• 8arrants can no+ *e o*tained *y hone.G Code of Criminal Procedure

• 1404# +hen felony has *een committed +here it is sho+n *y satisfactory roof to a eace officer, uon the

re of a credi*le erson, that a felony has *een committed and that the offender is a*out to escae, so thatthere is no time to rocure +arrant, such eace officer may, +ithout +arrant, ursue and arrest the accused

• 1401#

o 8arrantless arrest

o Peace officer or any other erson can ma;e the rest if a felony is committed in resence or %ie+

)( misdemeanor MMMM

• 140F# eace officer may arrest +ithout +arranto 13 ersons found in susicious laces and under circumstances +ith reasona*ly sho+ such

ersons ha%e *een $uilty of some felony L or are a*out to commit some offense a$ainst the la+s 8arrantless arrest

Am*i$uous hrases for interretation susicisou lace3


10/35

o 23 ersons +ho the eace officer has ro*a*le cause to *elie%e ha%e committed an assaultresultin$ in *odily inury to another erson and the eace officer has ro*a*le cause to *elie%e thatthere is dan$er of further *odily inury

Susicious laceJohnson % State# anitor, murder at at comle"

• Janitor +as not susect until he started tal;in$ to the olice more freDuently6 arrested him latero /e%eloed ro*a*le cause *ased on his conduct and +ords

o Susicious lace *Ec murder +as committedo

•

Arrest occurred in a lace +here / had no reasona*le e"ectation of ri%acy/yar % State# / ta;en to hosital after one car accident

• osital +as susicious lace for +arrantless arrest *ased on facts esta*lishin$ ro*a*le cause to *elie%e /+as dri%in$ +hile into"icated

Cooer % State• 140F# ridiculous case,

• Par;in$ lot fender *ender at *ar +as susicious lace +here olice could ma;e a +arrantless /8I arrest,e%en thou$h it did not haen in resence of the officer

o / admitted drin;in$6 had cut his chin aarently in accident in ar;in$ loto Par;in$ lot in front of *ar Bin +ee hours of mornin$ +ith into"icated *leedin$ eole +al;in$ around

+rec;ed cars constituted a susicious lace At+ater % City of


11/35

o !ntry ustified to loo; for $un shooter6 scoe of lain %ie+ limited *y this uroseo /isco%ery of the serial num*ers is not immediately aarent *Ec it occurs durin$ a search *eyond

the scoe of the ustification for the entry ie findin$ the shooter

• Court# cannot ust start searchin$

o /o other thin$s first# +arrant, consent to search, etc

o 8orth it to rotect our li*erty

:issin$ -e*ruary 1K and 1=

-e*ruary 2F, 2015Chater 11# Car In%entory, (oad*loc; 'oarder Stos and Searches Automo*ile In%entory searches

• /on@t need ro*a*le cause or +arrant *Ec automo*ile e"cetion

• Not criminal in%esti$ation

• Arrest dri%e or le$al imoundment of car

• .he intrusion is small and the need is $reat

)erman

• Second o%ertime ar;in$ tic;et +arned# B%ehicles in %iolation L may *e to+ed L

• Police unloc;ed the card door and usin$ standard in%entory form ursuant to standard olice rocedures,the officer in%entoried the contents of the car, includin$ L the $lo%e comartment, +hich +as unloc;ed.here he found mariuana contained in a lastic *a$

• .his standardi&ed careta;in$ rocedure B+as >not? a rete"t concealin$ an in%esti$atory olice moti%e

o Not criminal in%esti$ation• B.he in%entory +as not unreasona*le in scoe )nce the oliceman +as la+fully inside the car to secure

the ersonal roerty in lain %ie+, L

In%entory uroses

• Protect o+ner@s roerty

• Protect a$ainst false claims of mishandlin$ roerty

• Protect a$ainst misuse of any dan$erous items

No ro*a*le cause or +arrant needed• 8hat@s left

• Pursuant to olicy Imoundment %alid Scoe Prete"t

• C) % 'ertine

o 'ertine@s ar$ument R unreasona*le and more intrusi%e than necessary

8hy did they not ust ar; the car some+here Administrati%e olicy is really imortant

o See F=1

o -< % 8ells# unreasona*le to oen a closed container as art of in%entory search *ecause there+as no admin olicy authori&in$ search

o Court un+illin$ to sanction the aroach if no olicy at all?

Imoundment

• Imoundment is ustified# ille$al ar;in$, etc

o /ealt +ith in admin olicy

• 'ena%ides % .G# imoundment of car le$ally ar;ed 2 *loc;s from +here / +as arrested

o In%entory in%alid *ecause of no need for imoundment

o B'esides remo%al from an accident scene or imoundment for ar;in$ %iolations L .he olice mayla+fully imound %ehicles L +here the o+ner or dri%er reDuests or consents to the imoundmentL

Court# no ustification for imoundment6 +anted to see if there +as e%idence in the car

• -ound suicide note and other thin$s >+as $oin$ to ;ill +ife and then self?

• No ro*a*le cause or +arranto L .he imoundment is la+ful if the automo*ile is stolen L a*andoned, ha&ard, mechanically

defecti%e that it is a dan$er L BScoe of in%entory search


12/35

• 8arrant not reDuired

• Autran % .G# lurality oinion holds that search of closed container in in%entory search of car %iolates .Gconstitution Article I, Section 9 EE 4th Amendment

o B.he interest in the rotection of the susect@s roerty, as +ell as the rotection of the olice fromclaims of theft, can *e satisfied *y recordin$ the e"istence of and descri*in$ andEor hoto$rahin$the closed container L

Court# not reasona*le in in%entory search

o

•

Prete"t

• 8hren case#• ill % .G# e%idence from in%entory search of car in%alid +here *ac;seat is remo%ed

o Police $ot MMM comany to oen *ac;seat to $et into the loc;ed trun;

(oad*loc;6 so*riety chec;s

• !%eryone is *ein$ stoed neutrality and similarly situated3 and minimal intrusion

:ichi$an /et of State Police % Sit&• .here +ere administrati%e $uidelines set u on +here, +hen, etc

o :a;es it more reasona*le

• .hose stoed R reasona*le susiciono


13/35

• (easona*leness *ased on neutrality of treatment6 e%eryone is treated the same +ay rimarilyEinitially3.he cornerstone of the 4th Amendment is that indi%iduali&ed susicion ustifies official intrusion a$ainst a articular erson or lace *ut admin search reasona*leness deends on treatin$ similarly situated ersons the same

Camara *alancin$ test

• 8ei$hs the need for search +ith de$ree of intrusion

• Search may *e reasona*le +ithout ro*a*le cause or +arrant if minimally intrusi%e and necessary for re$ulatory ro$ram

Intrusion %s need•

Intrusion is small in most admin searches *Eco Neutrally aly all similarly situated

o Nonsti$mati&in$ dayli$ht hours, nonuniformed officer3

o )ften imlied consent

o Search usually *rief not ersonal

o Pursuant to re$ulations that control discretion of the officer

Camara % San -rancisco)rdinance %iolation to refuse safety insection of *uildin$6 Su Ct uholds admin searches not *ased onindi%iduali&ed susicion *ut reDuires +arrant if consent is refused

• Puroses of admin +arrant

o Assurance of authori&ation to search

o Notice of scoe of searcho BPro*a*le cause meanin$ +arrant issued *Ec of neutral reasons3

•Camara lost in lo+er courts6

• Admin +arrants

o Pro%ides assurance, search scoe, ro*a*le cause for the search

o /oin$ this to e%eryone +ho is similarly situated

7nli;e search and arrest +arrants allo+in$ to sin$le out erson

NQ % 'ur$er • No Camara +arrant +hen

o Need for freDuent unannounced insections to further re$ulatory scheme

(easona*le to disense +ith +arrant reDuirement

o Statute or re$ulations ro%ide +arrant su*stitute

o Closely re$ulated industry history

• Auto cho sho6 ma;e sure it is not a mar;et for stolen carsE$oods

• (e$ular insection ro$ram, statute that no +arrant is needed, cannot refuse search,

>Colonnade'is+ell?(educed e"ectation of ri%acy *y an o+ner of commercial remises in a Bclosely re$ulated industry

Secial needs• (easona*le search# no +arrant, no susicion,

• Pu*lic schools

o :inors ha%e less than e"ectation ri%acy

o NJ % .


14/35

Students reDuired to ta;e an initial dru$ test and are su*ected to ossi*ility of further

testin$ on random *asis and if there is reasona*le susicion of dru$ use• Pro*ation or arolees

Intrusion – use of info is limited6 method of collection is not intrusi%eNeed – is the local school district e%idence necessary B/ru$ a*use ro*lem amon$ Nation@s youth has hardlya*ated since ernonia +as decided in 1995 L it has only $ro+n +orseSecial needs

• Children

•

Committed to care of school

!fficacyEtailorin$B>8e? must consider the nature L

• /ru$s are nationally a ro*lem6 ta;es little to sin$le outEtailorin$ to the secific school

-er$uson % City of Charleston• Pre$nant +omen@s urine secimen ta;en as art of medical care at hosital turned o%er to la+ enforcement

for criminal rosecution for dru$ offenses and child ne$lecto Staff# for health of mother and fetus, needed to $et +omen off crac;Ecocaine

o /e%ised a ro$ram +ith ad%iceEassistance from la+ enforcement

o .hreatened +ith criminal rosecution if re$nant dru$ addict did not $et clean dru$ treatmentro$ram3

•


15/35

o Not ractical to reDuire officers actin$ on reasona*le susicion to o*tain a +arrant and constitutiondoes not allo+ +arrants on less than ro*a*le cause

• Justification of -(ISH

o /ou*le susicion reDuired# 13 sto or detain and 23 fris;

No automatic ri$ht as in search incident to arrest

• -ris; allo+ed +hen officer has reasona*le susicion to detain AN/ has reason to*elie%e that he is dealin$ +ith an armed and dan$erous indi%idual

Sole ustification is rotection of officer

• Not destruction of e%idence as +ith search incident to arrest

• !"ecution of -ris;o )uter $arment atdo+n desi$ned to disco%er +eaons only uon reasona*le susicion

Pat do+n must recede and ro%ide reason to reach and ta;e item that mi$ht *e a

+eaon ere, officer ne%er reached into oc;ets of one man *Ec did not detect anythin$ that could

*e a +eaon durin$ at do+no Not for e%idence *ut the safety of the officer

o Alternati%es to a fris;# as; for I/ see if there is outstandin$ +arrant3, as; Duestions, as; for consent for search, do$ sniff

-< % 'ostic;

• 'us ride from :iami to Atlanta6 officers come on *us at -t


16/35

o !ye+itness o*ser%ation of ossi*ly criminal act drun; dri%in$3, credi*ility ar$ument *y usin$ 911system, +hich can *e traced not anonymous and more relia*le3, and crime and safety concern *Ecof rec;less and ossi*le drun; dri%in$

o N). li;e -lorida % J<

• /issent# location only li;e -lorida % J<

o Caller may still *e un;no+n, sontaneity of ti Duestiona*le *Ec had time to record comlete licenselate num*er, imaired dri%er assumtion is seculati%e and not suorted *y olice sur%eillance

Is .erry sto a%aila*le for comleted crimes• Terry # need for officers to act no+ or re%ent erson +ho ust committed crime from lea%in$ the scene

•Na%arette# issue not addressed *Ec reasona*le susicion of on$oin$ crime

o /issent su$$ests in%esti$atory sto for claim of discrete incident is *eyond scoe of Terry

• 7S % ensley# allo+ed Terry detention *ased uon susect@s resem*lance to erson +anted for ast crime

7S % So;olo+

• 8hen / +as stoed in airort, /!A a$ents ;ne+#

o e aid T2100 for 2 lane tic;ets in cash

o .ra%eled under a name that did not match the name of his listed hone num*er

Phone +as under roommates name

o is destination +as :iami dru$ source city3o Stayed for 4= hours, +hen fli$ht from onolulu to :iami ta;es 20 hours

o Aeared ner%ous

o Chec;ed none of his lu$$a$e

• /!A rofileo B.he fact that factors may *e set forth in a Brofile does not someho+ detract from their e%identiary

si$nificance >for? a trained a$ent Narcotics e"erts reco$ni&ed

.erry# e"ertise of la+ enforcement may *e entitled to $reater +ei$ht than someone +ho

didn@t ha%e that trainin$o /issent# Brefle"i%e reliance on a rofile of dru$ courier characteristics runs a far $reater ris; of L

su*ectin$ innocent indi%iduals to un+arranted olice L detention .his ris; is enhanced *y therofile@s Uchameleonli;e +ay of adatin$ to any articular set of o*ser%ations@

•


17/35

o /isclosin$ name

o

• A6sldf

Si*ron % NQ

• Terry cases# +as there a detention -orce or authority +here the indi%idual has admitted /id officer ha%ereasona*le susicion to detain (easona*le *ounds of detention )fficers ta;in$ reasona*le measure toconfirmEdisel sto in the first lace

• Second le%el of reasonal* susicion armed and dan$erous3 to ustify outer $arment atdo+n fris; for

+eaos for rotection of officero If +ent further, did officer reason in and erform ta;in$

• -acts# officer o*ser%ed Si*ron +ith ;no+n dru$ addicts for hours6 did not see dru$ e"chan$e, etc

o oluntary detainment +hen as;ed Si*ron to $o outside

o )fficer# do you ;no+ +hat I@m after Si*ron uts hands in oc;et, officer immediately reaches inSi*ron@s oc;et no atdo+n3, and found dru$s

• Search cannot *e ustified as incident to a la+ful arrest

Adams % 8illiams

• .i that / had dru$s and $un on his +aist6 officer aroached %ehicle and immediately reaches for $un+hen / rolls do+n +indo+ of car

o

•

:I % dissent# they +eren@t $oin$ to let him *ac; in the car any+ay *ecause he +as imaired, ho+ can

the huntin$ ;nife hurt the officer if they do let him *ac; in the car?

• Allo+s car fris; +hen officer has reasona*le susicion that indi%idual is armed or has +eaons in automo*ile

o :ay conduct search interiorEarts of %ehicle +here there are +eaons for their safety

Includes closed containers that may hold +eaons

• .erry e"ands# reasona*le susicion of / *ein$ armed and dan$erous

:arch 1, 2015Chapter 15: Consent to searchConsent searches# most common issues

• 8as it %oluntarily $i%en or coercedo Coerced consent does not comly +ith 4 th amendment unless some other ustification

• 'y erson +ith >aarent? authority

o If $i%en *y Frd arty and e%idence is o*tained and used a$ainst /

Qes Frd arty can $i%e %alid consent

• Search +ithin limits of consent

o -acts secific

Scoe of search• (easona*le for officer to *elie%e that consent to search car allo+s oenin$ containers +ithin car *ut the

nature of the container may *e rele%anto 'rea;in$ oen loc;ed *riefcase +ithout as;in$ for further consent or for a ;ey +ould *e

unreasona*le

Voluntary consentSchnec;loth % 'ustamonte

• 8as consent %oluntary :ust the State ro%e that the susect ;ne+ that heEshe could refuse

• Hno+led$e of ri$ht to refuse merely one factor to *e considered in determinin$ %oluntariness

• A*sence of coercion rather than %oluntary consent +ould *e more accurate descrition of %oluntarinessreDuirement

-acts# traffic sto +ith men in car6 usin$ *rother@s car, dri%er consents to search6 found F stolen chec;s

• Court# difficult for State to meet *urden of ;no+led$e of ri$ht to refuse consent

o EE due rocess %oluntariness la+ re$ardin$ confession coerced confessions rior to :iranda3

8hy not ha%e somethin$ li;e :iranda +arnin$

• Court says it is not ractica*le for searches

• Searches normally occur in home, office, or on hi$h+ay in informal situations notinherently coerci%e atmoshere of custodial interro$ation


18/35

• 7nli;e :iranda6 in olice station surrounded *y officers, directin$ Duestions atyou that call for incriminatin$ resonse

o -roth +ith coercion in that en%ironment that needs trial ri$ht rotectionthrou$h the :iranda +arnin$

• "er#st standard of %oluntary +ai%er of ;no+n ri$ht alies to trial ri$hts

o uilty leas, +ai%er of counsel

'umer % NC AcDuiescence to authority is not consent

• B$o ahead +hen told there is a search +arrant is not free and %oluntary choice

• 8hat should an officer ans+er if as;ed B+hat +ill haen if I refuse to consent

o 'ad ans+er# BI +ill $et a search +arrant Sho+s olice authority

o (i$ht ans+er# BI +ill see; a search +arrant

'etter in court for olice officer

-acts# $randmother consented to search, not ;no+in$ $randson +as *ein$ char$ed +ith a crime

• Court# State had to ro%e consent +as actually freely and %oluntarily $i%en

Third party consent

• Police officers may search ointly occuied remises if one of the occuants consent

o If the other is not resent, it is allo+ed

o If the other is resent and o*ects, there is not actual authority

See $A v. Randol%!# unreasona*le if one says yes and other says no

o o+e%er, factors and relationshi of occuants to the roerty may chan$e allo+ances

No reDuirement that olice consult near*y :atloc; a*sent throu$h olice arrest3 or +a;e

sleein$ (odri$ue& to as; his oinion-ernande& % CA

• Authority to consent does not deend on o+nershi of the roerty if the F rd arty has use, control, access,etc o%er the roerty then they can consent

o Assumes the ris;

• -acts# +ife aears to *e %ictim of domestic %iolence ro*a*le cause3 and arrested -ernande&6 olice came*ac; later and $ot consent from +ife to search

o us*and@s instruction not to search rior to his arrest does not re%ent +ife@s %alid consent

o !%en if a*sence is deli*erately rocured throu$h arrest to o*tain consent from remainin$ tenant

• Court# there +as o*ecti%ely reasona*le *asis to remo%e -ernande&, then his rior o*ectin$ of the searchconsent does not matter

o No %iolation if arrest is o*ecti%ely reasona*le

o 8on@t Duestion moti%e of olice officers

• :aority# irrele%ant +hether olice could ha%e $otten a +arrant, since consent is an e"cetion to ro*a*le

cause and +arrantso omeo+ner may desire immediate olice search to eliminate susicion and allo+ officers to focus

attention else+hereo Should not in%alidate consent ust *ecause a +arrant could *e o*tained if consent to a search

allo+ed• /issent# could ha%e $otten a +arrant, since they came *ac; later

o 'y a%oidin$ o*tainin$ a +arrant, state actors should assume ris; of relyin$ uon consento /omestic a*use a%oided *y e"i$ent circumstances allo+in$ arrest and securin$ remises

I< % (odri$ue&Issue# +hether a reasona*le olice officer +ould *elie%e that the erson consentin$ has that authority

• N). +hether the erson consentin$ has sufficient use, access, and control of the roerty

o >It +ould *e in%alid?

• 4th amendment does not reDuire the olice to *e ri$ht *ut only reasona*le

• -acts# +oman a*used and *rin$s olice to the aartment, ma;in$ it seem li;e she li%ed thereo Sei&ed contra*and and used a$ainst sleein$ (odri$ue& in trial

o 8oman +as e"$f +ho mo%ed out a month *efore, ;et ;ey to aartment

• Court# reasona*le for olice to *elie%e +oman had authority circumstantial3

o In%itation may *e reasona*le *ut Bfurther inDuiry may *e reDuired in other cases

• /issent# reasona*le mista;e *uilt into ro*a*le cause standard *ut home entry +ithout a +arrant is adifferent Duestion

o 8hen +arrant could ha%e *een o*tained, state should assume ris; of actin$ +ithout one

Consent by deception

• /ecetion as to identity does not destroy the %alidity of consent

• /ecetion that lea%es no choice not %oluntary

o US v.$iraldo6 consent to enter not %alid +hen olice officer ose as $as comany emloyees andfalsely +arn / of dan$erous $as lea; to $et into home


19/35

.his decetion to $et consent is in%alid *Ec it $oes too far and $i%es homeo+ner no choice

• 8hen you ;no+in$ly in%itin$ someone in, you lose a sense of ri%acyoffa % 7S-acts# $o% laces secret a$ent in defense cam durin$ on$oin$ trial6 offa char$ed +ith %iolations of .aftartley Actunion acti%ities36 Partin o%erheard lans of offa to *ri*e ury

• offa raises#o 4th Amendment# assumtion of ris;

offa $a%e consent for Partin as a .eamster to han$ out

o 5th Amendment# statements made *y off +ere not comelled

offa himself made statements a*out $ettin$ one uror

o th

Amendment# not in adudicatory hase for uror tamerin$

8ired a$ents• uman *u$$in$ de%ices not +ithin scoe of federal +ireta statute

• 4th Amendment not alica*le on *asis of consent and assumtion of ris; as +ith un+ired a$entso Assume ris; that L AN/ con%ersation +ill *e *roadcasted

:arch 1=, 2015:idterm re%ie+

:arch 2F, 2015Ch 1 Confessions5th Amendment# can@t *e comelled to selfincriminate

• 'urden of State to ro%e6 don@t ut the erson on the stand

Confessions• /ue rocess – in%oluntary confession

o CoercedEin%oluntary confessions are not admissi*le for any urose in criminal rocess, includin$imeachment

No deri%ati%e e%idence

(e$ardless of the sta$e in the roceedin$

o Alica*le to any statement unli;e &iranda reDuirin$ custodial interro$ation and &assia! thatalies only after the adudicatory rocess has *e$un

'roadest alica*ility

'roadest discretion

Confessions ha%e hu$e effect on trials

• &iranda – insufficient or no +arnin$s +hen reDuired or failure to honor in%ocation

• &assia! – inducin$ statement after adudicatory rocess has *e$un +ithout %alid counsel +ai%er

• F=22 .G CCP# :iranda codification +ith additions recordin$, +ritin$, more +arnin$s3

In%oluntariness• Common e"amles

o Physical *rutality or threats of %iolenceo Prolon$ed incommunicado interro$ation +ithout food, slee, clothin$, etc

o Promises of leniency *y olice officers

o -a*ricated e%idence resented to susect

• /ifficult to ro%e6 indi%idual is isolated surrounded *y olice officers +hen detained

:iller % -enton

• .G F=22# confessions *e admissi*le in +ritin$ or recorded

o Common to ha%e a transcrition then si$ned *y defendant to ma;e it a +ritten confession

•

A % -ulminante• armless error

o Claims immune from harmless error#

Coerced confession a$ainst / in criminal trial

/eri%in$ / of counsel

.ryin$ a / *efore a *iased ud$e

o

• If constitutional error, the con%iction has to *e re%ersed unless state can sho+ it did not attri*ute to thecon%iction

• Structural error

:arch 25, 2015


20/35

C 1K# .he Path to :irandath AmendmentSano % NQ

• /ecided on *asis of due rocess in%oluntariness rolon$ed interro$ation, reDuest for counsel i$nored,deceti%e use of friend3

o -act *ased, due rocess analysis

o Jud$es ur$e th Amendment theory ri$ht to counsel3 *Ec of interro$ation +ithout counsel after indictment for caital offense

.he confession should ha%e *een inadmissi*le *ased on th Amendment

:assiah % 7S

•

.here had *een an indictmento Prior had rolon$ed interro$ation, other a*use

o :assiah, ho+e%er, had not ;no+n that

8asn@t %oluntarily ma;in$ a statement *ecause artner +as underco%er and +ired +hile

tal;in$ a*out the incidento 8hen there is a char$e, thin$s chan$e

Not ust interro$ation

Need to o*ey more formal rules

• Postindictment use of +ired secret a$ent to induce / to ma;e incriminatin$ statements

• .his tactic does not %iolate the 4th Amendment on an assumtion of ris; theory

o Not considered comelled for 5th Amendment uroseso After indictment, the th Amendment re%ents deli*erate elicitation of statements +ithout counsel or

+ai%er 8ai%er in this case +as not ossi*le *Ec of secreti%e nature of the olice action

• /issent# MMM doesn@t alyo Police officers, not attorneys

• /ifferences#

o Sano and !sco*edo as;ed for attorney to *e resent

:assiah +as tal;in$ to his friend in a car

o Comlete a*sence of olice coerci%e acti%ity

e has no idea olice +ere +or;in$ +ith his friend

!sco*edo• :assiah for$otten

o )%ershado+ed *y !sco*edo 2 +ee;s later, +hich aeared to ush the ri$ht to counsel *ac; to anearlier oint, ostarrest custody

o !sco*edo had not *een indicted *ut he affirmati%ely reDuested counsel and olice officersre%ented counsel from %isitin$ +ith client

I$norin$ this reDuest +hen / had *ecome the Bfocus of the in%esti$ation %iolated his th

Amendment ri$ht to counsel• !sco*edo +as not indicted, *ut ta;en into custody and *ecame the focus of the in%esti$ation

o No lon$er $eneral Duestionin$

• !sco*edo said he did not shoot the %ictim, +hich +as admittance to *ein$ at the scene of the crime:iranda % A

•


21/35

Judicial le$islation, an in%ention of idea of 5 ud$es

Prof (eamey slide• 'ri$ht line rule6 if don@t $i%e +arnin$ +hen it is reDuired, they +ill not let you state your claim end of

analysis3o )ther factors are irrele%ant6 er se rule

o :iranda +as critici&ed on this *asis

5th Amendment had not *een mentioned

• :assiah and !sco*edo *ased on th Amendment

(easonin$# rotect trial ri$ht and ma;e sure that the confession +as not comelled

• Presumtion that custodial interro$ation +as coerci%e if no +arnin$s

Partial +arnin$s• If $a%e only art of the :iranda ri$hts, not adeDuate

o :ust $i%e all arts of the :iranda +arnin$

• 8arnin$s are reinforcin$6 failure to $i%e art of it is a failure of $i%in$ the :iranda ri$htso ery technical rule

Custody slide• eneral, on the scene Duestionin$ is o;ay olice at scene of incident at a *ar3

o Not in comellin$Eintimidatin$ atmoshere li;e olice stationo If not *een ta;en into custody

8hat if olice arrest and fail to $i%e +arnin$

• Sometimes o;ay if don@t Duestion indi%idual +hen arrested

• )nly ha%e to $i%e :iranda +arnin$s rior to interro$ation

o If arrested and $i%e :iranda +arnin$, *ut interro$ated later, should $i%e +arnin$ a$ain

• Any %oluntary statement not romted *y olice of any ;ind is not *arred *y inadmissi*ility

o Not state action inducin$ a statementIf $i%en in !n$lish +hen the erson doesn@t understand the lan$ua$e

• No, not sufficient

o Person did not comrehend6 the +ords are suosed to mean somethin$

• /eaf erson, into"icatedIf susect ma;es a statement denyin$ $uilt

• Sometimes +hen eole deny $uilt, they end u sayin$ somethin$ useful to incriminate

• If :iranda roerly recited, can use statementIf 5th Amendment ri$ht to remain silent is in%o;ed

• If remain silent and tells they are in%o;in$, then interro$ation must sei&e

• 'ut for ho+ lon$ must the Duestionin$ cease

o Certain circumstances +here rene+ed Duestionin$ is allo+ed

• If indi%idual as;s for attorney, interro$ation must cease until attorney is resent

8hat is reDuired to sho+ a +ai%er• !"ress statement that indi%idual is +illin$ to ma;e a statement and does not +ant an attorney C)7


22/35

• Codifies :iranda

o Adds to :iranda ri$hts that one can in%o;e ri$hts at any time if one did not +ai%e it

• If electronically recorded, must record $i%in$ the +arnin$

• If +ritten, :iranda +arnin$ must *e on that document

• Sec Fc# -ruit of the oisonous tree rule

o .a;es *ac; some of +hat the statute $i%es to the /

o o+ statement can still *ecome admissi*le

If %iolate only Sec Fc and in that statement, the / says somethin$ true

• If it esta*lishes the $uilt of the /, the statement is admissi*le

o Corro*oration can ma;e the confession and the e%idence deri%ed from it admissi*le only if %iolationof F=22 is art of the statute that e"ceeds :iranda, not the art that codifies it

•

:arch F0, 2015Ch 1=# Interro$ations>a lot of cases stren$thenin$ &iranda?

Custody

• 'ec()it! v. US# / +as the Bfocus of the in%esti$ation *ut not in custody durin$ I(S audit ta" fraud3 at /@shome

o -ailure of :iranda +arnin$s did not matter

o No characteristics of olice domination, custodial interro$ation

• Orozoco v. T* # / +as in custody at his home +hen multile olice officers resent late at 4 am +ith / in

handcuffs

)( % :athiason• !%en if there is la+ enforcement officer resent, doesn@t mean custody

• / not in custody desite olice station interro$ation *Ec / a$reed to meet olice officer at station not theofficer@s lace of emloyment3 *Ec it +as con%enient for /

o / came %oluntarily6 told he +as free to lea%e and allo+ed to lea%e at end of inter%ie+

o No custody6 thus no :iranda reDuirement

• )fficer@s false statement a*out ha%in$ disco%ered /@s fin$errints at the scene of crime

o )( Su Ct# contri*utes to coerci%e en%ironment +hich ma;es :iranda rationale alica*le

8hate%er rele%ance this fact may ha%e to other issues in case has nothin$ to do +ith

+hether resondent +as in custody for urose of :iranda rule• /ue rocess issue

o 'road %ie+ of :iranda

No Custody

• CA % 'eheler# / not in custody althou$h he +as ta;en to olice station *y officers for Duestionin$

o / %oluntarily a$reed to $o

• :N % :urhy# /@s interro$ation *y his ro*ation officer not custodial *Ec / %oluntarily arri%ed at an a$reedtime that +as arran$ed for /@s con%enience and / +as familiar +ith office *Ec of re%ious meetin$s

o -ree to lea%e

o Pro*ation officer is not li;e a friend

o -ailure to reort or comly can *e *asis for re%ocation, e%en if it doesn@t in%ol%e criminal conduct

I< % Per;ins

• F underco%er officers osin$ as inmates discuss lans for sham escae and as; / if he +as e%er Bdoneanyone6 / in ail for different offense *ut tal;s a*out a murder he committed

o /esite direct Duestion, susect in ailo iolation of th amendment

o Not %iolation of 5th amendment# susect doesn@t ;no+ he@s dealin$ +ith an a$ent

No coercion of ail en%ironment or olice officer

Not comelled selfincrimination

• No olice dominated en%ironment# no Binterlay *et+een olice interro$ation and custodyo offa# selfincrimination is not comelled merely *Ec of mislaced confidence

o .he only difference +ith offa# ail custody doesn@t matter +hen / is una+are of state officials

Strate$ic /ecetion• :iranda for*ids coercion, not mere strate$ic decetion *y ta;in$ ad%anta$e

• If in in%esti$atory hase, :iranda may aly if custody and interro$ation e%en if no char$es filedo Secret in%esti$ation does not include custody


23/35

• If in adudicatory hase and a+aitin$ trial for the articular case of that hase

o Arm@s len$th ad%ersarial7nderco%er a$ent interro$ation

•

• I< % Per;ins# no char$es had *een filed +ith the su*ect of the in%esti$ationo Per;ins in the in%esti$atory hase

o+es % -ields•

o (ele%ant factors

• /eterminin$ +hether an indi%idaul@s freedom of mo%ement +asome in rison

• Person already ser%in$ rison sentence $enerally not shoc;ed +hen Duestioned in ailo s someone +ho is arrested at home and ta;en a+ay

•

-actors for custody

• / did not in%ite inter%ie+ or consent to interro$ation and +as not ad%ised that he +as free to decline tosea;

•


24/35

• B8hen +as your th *irthday see;s testimonial content

o / +as laced in redicament of admittin$ he did not ;no+ or $i%in$ incorrect info *othincriminatin$3

o Court# ans+er to this Duestion is not a testimonial resonse

• Physical characteristics hair samle, s+a*, *reathaly&er, etc3 are not testimonial in nature

o Not under rotection of the 5th amendment

• /issent (ehnDuist3# field so*riety tests are nontestimonial and see; to test a*ility of *ody to function

o 8hy shouldn@t the th *day Duestion *e allo+ed *Ec it merely tests the susect@s mental a$ilityrather than see;in$ the content of the ans+er

Aril 1, 2015Ch 19# Administration of :iranda

No e"tension to :irandaC) % Srin$

• After interro$atin$ / once only a*out a firearms offense, officers in a 2nd interro$ation *e$an +ith firearms*ut chan$ed the su*ect to murder +ithout rior +arnin$ to Srin$ that this +ould *e discussed and +ithoutne+ :iranda +arnin$s

o / claimed that ne+ toic needed ne+ :iranda +arnin$s

• Such additional info Bcould affect only the +isdom of a :iranda +ai%er, not its essentially %oluntary and;no+in$ nature

o Court refused any e"tension of the :iranda +arnin$s

Precision reDuired for susects *ut not olice officers/uc;+orth % !a$an

•

BL 8e ha%e no +ay of $i%in$ you a la+yer *ut one +ill *e aointed for you, if you +ish, if and +hen you $oto court L you ha%e the ri$ht to sto ans+erin$ at any time until you@%e L tal;ed to a la+yero Su$$ests that you can@t ha%e a la+yer no+, *ut you can later on +hen you $o to court

• Court# ha%e ne%er insisted that :iranda +arnin$s *e $i%en in the e"act form descri*ed in that decision

o Prohylactic :iranda +arnin$s are not themsel%es ri$hts rotected *y Constitution, *ut insteadmeasures to insure that the ri$ht a$ainst comulsory selfincrimination is rotected6 therefore,courts re%ie+in$ need not e"amine :iranda +arnin$s as if construin$ a +ill or definin$ the terms of an easement

Not itself reDuired *y the constitution6 court created

• Po+er only e"ists until con$ress acts to chan$e the rules

o Not o%errule, *ut $reatly diminish :iranda *Ec oor +arnin$s are uheld

-are % :ichael C• 1 year old +ai%ed and did not in%o;e a :iranda ri$ht throu$h dialo$ue

o After :iranda +arnin$s, officer as;ed if +anted to ha%e attorney resent

o 'oy as;ed for ro*ation officer, *ut officer said he had a ri$ht to coo )fficer reeats :iranda +arnin$ and *oy chooses to sea; to them

• Court# :iranda rules inform olice +ith secificity and +hato :iranda is a standardi&ed aroach, aly in same +ay and has same effect

'er$uis % .hom;ins/a%is % 7SImeachment +ith silence and +ith statements o*tained in %iolation of :irandaarris % NQ

• Custodial interro$ation statement not introduced in rosecution)( % ass

• Court# :iranda %iolation *ut doesn@t mean ass could ta;e the stand and

• /issent# no incenti%e of olice to honor ri$ht to counsel>Can silence *e incriminiatin$?/oyle % )

• At trial, first time he testified he had *een framed• Prosecutors# ho+ come you didn@t say that olice officers if it +as true

o /ue rocess %iolation

o 'een told that silence is a safe har*or, *ut usin$ it a$ainst him %iolateJen;ins % Anderson

• Pre:iranda6 rearrest situation

• Acted in selfdefense

• No due rocess %iolation6 in a*sence of state e%identiary rule, there is no constitutional %iolation for / usin$silence

-letcher % 8eir

• Postarrest silence +ithout :iranda +arnin$s simly arrested3

• Silence not controlled *y /oyle *Ec no :iranda +arnin$ +as $i%en

• /ue rocess


25/35

Sanche& % .GSalinas % .G

• Interro$ation not durin$ :iranda custody / a$reed to sea; to officers at olice station and ro%ideBelimination rints3

• .oo; silence as $uilt6 silence as affirmati%e e%idence

• Court# if had in%o;ed ri$hts affirmati%ely, it couldn@t ha%e *een used

o Just remainin$ silent does not ;ic; in :iranda

• Asdf !asin$ the State@s *urden of sho+in$ +ai%er of :iranda ri$htsC. % 'arrett

• State esta*lished +ai%er in case +here after / had recei%ed :iranda +arnin$s, he stated# Bhe +ould not$i%e the olice any +ritten statements *ut he had no ro*lem in tal;in$ a*out the incident

o )ral statement +as admitted a$ainst him

o Court# :iranda +as not %iolated e%en thou$h it seems Duestiona*le that susect understood the

+arnin$ that Banythin$ you say may *e used a$ainst youNC % 'utler

• 8ai%er althou$h / +ould not allo+ recordin$Enote ta;in$

•


26/35

Primary ri$ht R ri$ht to remain silent and not ma;in$ a criminatin$ statement

o Police don@t %iolate :iranda +hen ceasin$ interro$ation

• iolated *Ec an attorney +as in%o;ed rather than the ri$ht to remain silento :ore o+erful than the ri$ht to remain silento Court created rule that olice cannot initiate any further interro$ation

Initiatin$ is enou$h to %iolate :iranda

/ can initiate and *e used in e%idence

A % (o*erson

• / in%o;es counsel clearly re$ardin$ *ur$lary interro$ation at the scene of the *ur$lary3

o F days later +hile / is in custody, he is interro$ated a*out different *ur$lary *y different officer • / +asn@t actually $i%en an attorney

• /oesn@t matter of different crimes6 rior in%ocation, focus +hether on / is MMM and not %oluntary

>missin$ slide?

:innic; % :S

• !scaed rison and ;illed eole, finally fleein$ to CA

• !%en after attorney ro%ided, noninitiation rule continues after initial in%ocation

o Counsel in%ocation honored *y -'I a$ents6 2 days later, ne+ +arnin$s $i%en and aointedcounsel so;e +ith / at least t+ice3 rior to interro$ation *y :S officer

• .he noninitiation rule ersists6 etitioner@s statement +as not admissi*le at trial

• Clarity of !d+ards rule desira*le and dan$er of olice *ad$erin$ of / still ersists

o Court# +hen counsel is reDuested, interro$ation must cease and officials may not reinitiate

interro$ation +ithout counsel resent (e$ardless of +hether / has consulted +ith his attorney

• /issent# *ad$erin$ concern none"istent

o !d+ards rule alies until counsel consultation

o After actual consultation, / ;no+s that ne+ in%ocation of counsel that / ;no+s +ill *e honored +illroduce ne+ noninitiation *ar

Pro*a*ilities chan$e6 hei$htened a+areness of ri$ht to remain silent after sea;in$ +ith

attorneyo arder to esta*lish +ai%er for :innic; tye of / than a ne+ly arrested / +ithout counsel

)( % 'radsha+

• / ro%ided alcohol to minor that +as later ;illed as assen$er in car +rec;

o In%o;ed ri$ht to counsel6 / +as transferred to ail facility and as;ed B+ell, +hat@s $oin$ to haen to

me no+ )fficer# stay +ith your decision to remain silent and ha%e attorney resent, *ut if you +ant

to, you can ma;e a statement and hel self *y ta;in$ oly$rah test )fficers told him he failed6 / then made incriminatin$ statement a*out dri%in$E+rec;in$

car • Plurality# e%inced a +illin$ness and desire for $enerali&ed discussion a*out in%esti$ation

o No %iolation of !d+ardso Statements made to oly$rah e"aminer +ere %oluntary and result of ;no+in$ +ai%er of ri$ht to

remain silent

• /issent# !d+ards defeated only if accused initiates a desire to discuss the su*ect matter of the in%esti$ation

• / can chan$e his mind in re$ards to sea;in$ +ithout attorney resent after in%o;in$ ri$ht to counsel

/a%is % 7S•

:/ % Shat&er • (esumed interro$ation 25 years after counsel in%ocation of same offense se"ual child a*use3

o Ne+ :iranda +arnin$s

• !d+ards rule does not eretually disa*le la+ enforcement officers from initiatin$ interro$ation

o 'ecause clear $uidance is reDuired, 14 days +ithout :iranda custody is sufficient for noninitiation

rule Sufficient eriod of time to rotect indi%idual +ho has asserted ri$ht to counsel

Can al+ays as; for counsel a$ain +hen $i%en ne+ :iranda ri$hts

'urden of state to sho+ +ai%er

o Note# ail or rison confinement is not the same as :iranda custody


27/35


28/35

Aril =, 2015Ch 21 :assiah (edisco%ered>:assiah % 7S 1943?

• Postindictment use of +ired secret a$ent codefendant3 to induce / to ma;e incriminatin$ statements

• :iranda +arnin$s are not reDuired *Ec / is not in custody6 una+are that he is dealin$ +ith state a$ent

o Statement is not resumti%ely comelled under :iranda and not actually comelled *ut there is

also a th Amendment ri$ht're+er % 8illiams

• -acts# mental atient a*ducted $irl6 fled to another city and $ot cau$ht6 :iranda ri$hts told and chose tosea; to attorneys6 +hile *ein$ transferred olice tal;ed a*out Christian *urial for the $irl *efore sno+

comin$ ino Court# /@s ri$ht to counsel +as %iolated

• >ar$ued as :iranda?

• :iranda ar$ued as th Amendment case *ut decided on 5 th Amendment $rounds

• 8illiams ar$ued as 5th Amendment case *ut decided on th Amendment $rounds

• Court#

• >Analy&e under :iranda6 ma;es more sense for this case?#

o Custody Q!S

o Interro$ationo 8arnin$s Q!S, 5 times6 tal;ed to 2 attorneys

/issent# ho+ much more effecti%e +arnin$ can you $et than that

Pro*lem# +hen +as the last +arnin$ $i%en Sometime ri$ht *efore the Christian *urial

seech If there is $a, then that is a ro*lem +ithout $i%in$ :iranda a$aino In%ocation *y counsel andEor *y /

/ +ill tal; to olice after tal;in$ to attorney6 %ery clear !%en had indication *y /@s attorney to olice to a$ree to not Duestion

• o+ to +ai%e th Amendment ri$hts?

o (7

• / indicted +ith others informed that articular $an$ mem*er +as not indicted

o / as;ed B+hy not, he did e%erythin$

o / had not *een aointed counsel6 recei%ed :iranda +arnin$s and +ai%ed then

o Su*seDuently made a statement

o Ne%er in%o;ed ri$ht to counsel

• Initiation *y / not a oint that is stress *y Courto )fficers may initiate e%en in adudicatory hase


29/35

o Is Code of Prof (es for*iddin$ counsel from contactin$ reresented arty +ithout notice tocounsel rele%ant

.!GASollo+ay % .G

• -acts# / aointed attorney, *ut attorney didn@t +ant case6 later attorney sho+s u sayin$ he is /@s attorneyo / did not in%o;e ri$ht to an attorney

o

• :ore restricti%e .e"as +ai%er rule *ased uon footnotes F and 9 of Patterson case

• No +ai%er of th Amendment counsel ri$ht in a*sence of notice to counsel rior to any attemt to deli*erately

elicit e%idence from cliento /@s unilateral +ai%er +as not sufficient

• Vualification for ollo+ay *enefit is a different line than adudicatory haseo .he e"istence of an attorneyclient relationshi

• Court# once there is an attorneyclient relationshi,

:iranda :assiah

• (eDuires custody • No custody reDuired

• (eDuires interro$ation • )fficer must deli*erately elicit

• Not alica*le to secret a$ent Per;ins case3 • (i$ht alies +hen secret a$ent elicits

• Pu*lic safety e"cetion • No such u*lic safety e"cetion

• Attorney can@t in%o;e • Attorney interference

• /eri%ati%e e%idence admissi*le • -ruit of oisonous tree rule alies

• Alies to custodial interro$ation in either hase

•)nly alies in the adudicatory hase tosecific offense

Aril 1F, 2015Ch 22# Scoe of &assia! and Comarisons +ith &iranda

7S % enry

• o% a$ent in ail told to listen *ut not to Duestion / a*out crime

• th Amendment %iolated *Ec deli*erate elicitation standard met *y *ac; and forth con%ersations in closeDuarters of ail durin$ continuous association +hen $o% a$ent comensated on contin$ent fee *asis

o ot aid on usefulness of information

o Passi%e listenin$ ost that does not elicit statements from / mi$ht *e different

• Court# consistent resence +ith moti%ation contin$ent fee3 made it li;ely that this situation +ould induce

statementso /issent# not deli*erately illicit, alication not suorted *y facts *Ec a$ent did not %iolate *Ec did

not interro$ate or initiate con%ersation +ith /Huhlman % 8ilson

• Similar facts *ut different solutions

• State court found that state a$ent +as assi%ely listenin$o th Amendment N). %iolated +ithout deli*erate elicitation

• 8hen / told a$ent story that he told olice, the a$ent stated Bthat didn@t sound too $oodo State court affirmed findin$ that state a$ent had o*eyed instructions only to listen

o -ed ha*eas denial re%ersed *y Ct of Aeals under enry

o 7S Su Ct# deference to state factfindin$ +as reDuired

•


30/35

• Bunrelated offenses

Bclosely related R same %ictim, sets of acts, e%idence, or moti%ation

o i%e rosecution le%era$e

• >Alication slide?

• 7nder 'loc;*ur$er6 same or different offense

o Caital murderEmurder All of lesser in $reater o :urderEmanslau$hter i$her mental state includes lesser

o A$$ra%ated assaultEassault reater harm includes lesser harm

o :urderEattemted murder Comleted crime includes inchoate

o (o**eryE*ur$lary /ifferent elements e%en if one transaction

:onteo %


31/35

o 2nd confession also %iolates :iranda *Ec of ineffecti%eness of +arnin$s under circumstanceso*ecti%ely %ie+ed from /@s ersecti%e

o .his analysis a%oids creatin$ e"cetion to nonalica*ility of fruit of oisonous tree to :iranda anddoes not o%errule Elstad

• !%en thou$h not fruit of oisonous tree, still %iolation of :iranda

o Statement R rimary e%idence

• yothetical %ie+ as sin$le interro$ation +ith a *rea;o !%en if sin$le interro$ation, aroach

• Concurrence# should ha%e $ood faith reDuirement6 if lac; of $ood faith, should chan$e rules re$ardin$ fruit of oisonous tree

• /issent# second confession admissi*le e%en if rior confession did not comly +ith :irandao Elstad controllin$ *ut dissenter refer lurality to $ood faith aroach of the concurrences *Ec

lurality reser%es the rule that fruit of oisonous tree analysis is inalica*le to :iranda %iolationsand a%oids ma;in$ determinations of su*ecti%e *ad moti%es of officers

Su*ecti%e intent of officer should not ha%e anythin$ to do +ith it

8hat a reasona*le erson under that circumstance should do

-ruit tests• Aside from :iranda, the usual rule of fruit of oisonous tree or inadmissi*ility of deri%ati%e e%idence re%ails

unless the State can sho+ that the fruit is not oisoned in one of these +ays#o Indeendent source

-act Duestion

Not directly from olice in%esti$ation

o Ine%ita*le /isco%eryo Attenuated Connection

7sed most often +hen testimonial e%idence raises Duestions of human moti%ation 'ro)n and Taylor cases created four factors

• :iranda +arnin$s

• .emoral ro"imity

• Inter%enin$ circumstances

• Purose and fla$rancy of olice conduct

/ue rocess also %iolated if ;ee in custody +ithout ro*a*le cause

o

•

NQ % arris

•

•

!%en thou$h arrested +ithout +arrant, the ille$ality ends once ta;en from the home• No attenuated connection

• /issent# loo; at +hether the ille$ality influenced the conduct of the / in%ol%ed

'ro+n % I<• Police *ro;e into home and ointed $un +hen / entered his at, arrested him +ithout arrest +arrant or

ro*a*le cause•


32/35

o (esultin$ that th Amendment rule alieso Aly fruit of oisonous tree test

• Ine%ita*le disco%ery doctrine similar to indeendent source doctrine

o o+e%er it is hyothetical6 +ould the e%idence *e e%entually found

o

• Concurrence# *ecause in%esti$ation actually haenin$, he concurred6 if it had *e seculati%e that they +ere$oin$ to search for the *ody, then he +ould ha%e dissented

o 'urden is on the State6 reonderance of the e%idence

.yical +hen it is re$ardin$ factual issues

o /on@t need hi$her standard, as dissent +ants

• /issent# seculati%e nature6 needs clear and con%incin$ e%idence hi$her standard3

.G (ule• .G has reected ine%ita*le disco%ery under F=2F CCP +hich reDuires suression *Ec e%idence is deri%ed

from a constitutional %iolationo arcia % State, =29 S82d K9 19923

• Need to cite F=2F in .G cases, other+ise, .G court +ill only use federal

>Imeachment?

• Althou$h :iranda is the e"cetion to the fruit of the oisonous tree rule for deri%ati%e e%idence, allo+in$imeachment use of e%idence o*tained in %iolation of :iranda see Harris and Hass3 is the norm for constitutional %iolations

o 7S % a%ens# 4th Amendment ille$al search

o arris % NQ# 5th Amendment :iranda %iolation

o HS % entris# th Amendment :assiah %iolation• !"cetion R due rocess

o Imeachment rohi*ited

o !"cetion is the /ue Process %iolation of an in%oluntary coerced confession +hich may not *eused for any urose includin$ imeachment

Aril 20, 2015Ch 24 Identification

!ye+itness Identification• 'efore 19K there +as no constitutional ar$ument a%aila*le a$ainst admissi*ility of identification rocedures

o /efense could only ar$ue +ei$ht

• 8ade and Sto%all create 2 $rounds of attac;

o /ue rocess concern that unnecessarily su$$esti%e rocedures could lead to mista;en

identificationo 8ade th amendment rule3 li;e :iranda is courtmade rule concernin$ counsel to re%ent real e%il

of su$$esti%enesso 8ade # Sto%all EE :iranda # /ue Process coerced confession cases

• Pro*lems +ith eye+itness

o Can easily mista;e or remem*er incorrectly retrie%al or ercetion3o Sufficiency of the e%idence to ro%e $uilty

o

•

7S % 8ade• / is arrested and indicted6 made to articiate in a lineu in +hich he +as reDuired to +ear tae on his face

li;e the ro**er and sea; so;en +ordso Adudicatory hase

o 7nrecedentedo Purose# tryin$ to deal +ith su$$esti%e rocedures durin$ identification6 re%ent unfairness

Can@t sto identification rocess

a%e attorney resent

• (eason# can ha%e attorney at trial and any critical sta$e rior to trial

No +ai%er

o

• 5th Amendment claim reected

o Aearance is nontestimonial li;e *lood in Schmer*er case

o No interest in content of +ords *ut %oice Duality

o /issent# sayin$ +ords and +earin$ tae on face li;e ro**er %iolates 5 th Amendment ri$hts

• th Amendment ri$hts to counsel and meanin$ful crosse"amination reDuire resence of counsel atidentification roceedin$s


33/35

o 7nli;e scientific testin$ +here techniDues are standardi&ed and rocedures can *e recreated oncrosse"amination su$$estion in identification rocedures may $o undetected

o Court# ri$ht to ha%e attorney resent durin$ identification

Su$$esti%eness arises inad%ertently and is ne%er recreated

Need to ha%e someone resent at the id roceedin$

Primarily there to o*ser%e

• Cannot direct the id rocess6 does not +ai%e o*ection *y not %oicin$ comlaints

Present e%idence on crosse"amination re$ardin$ su$$esti%e features

• Hno+ if +itness identified or did not identify client)r file motion re$ardin$ due rocess to suress e%idence re$ardin$ actual

su$$esti%eness• Need for th Amendment Protecti%e (ule

o :ista;en id is most common cause of erroneous con%ictionso )nce id is made, +itness rarely +ill chan$e testimony or ;no+ source of id

ossi*ly the su$$esti%e lineu rather than remem*er / from scene of crime3

• Incourt ido State should ha%e chance to ro%e indeendent source *ased on factors

)ortunity to o*ser%e

/iscreancy of rior descrition

Incorrect id or failure to id

.ime *et+een crime and identification

o Need clear and con%incin$ e%idence

o :a;e sure +itness is recallin$ / from crime scene, not at id rocess

• 8ai%er of counselo 8ade mentions +ai%er of counsel in assin$ *ut issue not addressed

No 8ade cases discussin$ +ai%er in star; contrast to 5th and th Amendment confession

la+ Counsel +ill usually re%ent interro$ation, *ut counsel can@t re%ent lineu that roduces

nontestimonial e%idence 8ade counsel can hel assure fairness *ut not rohi*it the id

• /issent#

o 'road er se rule e"cludin$ id e%idence +hen counsel not ro%ided +ithout re$ard tocircumstances

o Predicts imossi*ility of demonstratin$ indeendent source *y clear and con%incin$ standards

o 8hite# inconsistency of 8ade, +hich +ouldn@t for*id first id in courtroom e"tremely su$$esti%esettin$3

•

8ade diminished in 2 caseso Ash and Hir*y case

I< % Hir*y

• -acts# 2 days after crime, sho+ u hoto$rahic id3 haens after arrest *ut '!-)(! indictment

o ictim +al;s throu$h door and sees t+o men, *lamin$ them seems to *e su$$esti%e3

o+e%er, e"cused *Ec it +as romt

o Sho+ us $enerally critici&ed

• 8ade alies only to id rocedures in adudicatory hase

• Court# resence of counsel ri$ht attaches only in adudicatory hase

o /ifferent *Ec 8ade had *een indicted and in adudicatory hase

o 8ill not e"tendin$ in in%esti$atory hase here3

• /issent# ossi*ility of su$$esti%eness, ina*ility to reconstruct, and imortance of id testimony aly to *othre and ost indictment rocedures

o 8ade had *een indicted, *ut this fact +as *arely mentionedo (is; of misidentification and still need for attorney resent +hether in in%esti$atory or adudicatory

hase

• :ost of the time, identification *efore indictment

7S % Ash• Photo$rahic id F years after crime +ith no attorney resent

o


34/35

• Photos reser%ed

o 5th Circuit reDuires hotos *e reser%ed or e%idence of retrial hoto id is not admissi*le

Sto%all % /enno

• -acts# criminal sta**ed hus*and, tried to sta* +ife6 she sur%i%ed *ut in critical condition in hosital

o Police *rou$ht / to her hosital room, only *lac; erson in the room, +ife identified / as criminal

• /ue rocess claim can *e resented re$ardless +hen id rocedure occurs

o /ue rocess %iolation alies to any rocedure, includin$ hoto$rahic, +here there is#

Su$$esti%eness

.hat is unnecessary

Causin$ su*stantial li;elihood of misidentification• Imortant to sho+

• If lac; sho+in$ of su*stantial li;elihood of misid, see follo+in$ :anson casere$ardin$ 5 art test

• Sin$le resentation encounter in olice custody is su$$esti%e, *ut not unnecessary *Ec of ossi*leimendin$ death of +itness in Sto%all

Ch 25 Identification# -ruit of the Poisonous .ree and State Action

:anson % 'rath+aite

• Su$$esti%e and unnecessary to resent sin$le hoto of accused 2 days after encounter

o /ue rocess only occurs if the unnecessary su$$esti%eness $i%es rise to a su*stantial li;elihood of

mista;en id

• )nly 2 days after sale of dru$s, underco%er officer had $ood oortunity to %ie+

Aril 22, 2015

Perry % N

• Not olice arran$ed identification, so no th amendment due rocess claim

Ne+ .G statute 20123

• (eDuires la+ enforcement a$encies to de%elo olicy for hoto$rahic and li%e lineus

• No indication if %iolate or don@t ha%e olicy

• Person +ho is conductin$ rocedure can unconsciously roduce outcomeo 'lind rocedure encoura$ed

Su Ct case decided yesterday

• )fficer sa+ erson dri%e on shoulder for a little *it• ad canine in co car

• /ri%er stayed in car +hen ulled o%er *y co, o%ero+erin$ air freshener, dri%er aeared ner%ous, dro%e to)maha, N! to loo; at for sale -ord :ustan$ for sale *ut hadn@t seen a icture of it or +orried a*out titleissues

• Co hands +arnin$ tic;et to dri%er, as;in$ Bdo you mind if I ha%e do$ +al; around car

• Co reDuested *ac; u

• Aellate# rolon$ed encounter for K= minutes6 4th Amendment ro*lem if do$ sniff increases amount of time for detention

o No serious enou$h or lon$ enou$ho Con%icted of 5 years affirmed

• Su Ct# re%ersed

o Can ta;e time to do traffic related thin$s is o;ay

o .a;in$ time for do$ sniff, etc that is not traffic related %iolates

In%esti$atory criminal urose

o No reasona*le susicion

o 4th amendment %iolation R rolon$in$ traffic sto

(ather than use of do$

o /issent#

29 minutes total +as reasona*le

Susicion of dru$ dealin$E+eaons made it reasona*le to +ait for *ac; u co

Pro*a*le cause *Ec dri%in$ on shoulder

o

• /id not ma;e custodial arrest

• Note to tell cos# don@t +rite the tic;et yet, and ha%e do$ smello If smells nothin$, ust +rite tic;et and you@re o;ay


35/35

o If smells somethin$, then ma;e arrest

(e%ie+

• 25 :C Duestions K5 minutes3

• !ssay starts at the same time for e%eryone 90 minutes3

o )ne fact attern

• ard coy oen *oo;

• :iranda, Hat&, 8ade,

• Aly la+ to articular fact attern

.e"as#• .G F=22 confession3 and F=2F e"clusionary3 and

• ollo+ay caseo If rosecutor# it should *e o%erruled

o /efense# use ollo+ay, and mi$ht not reflect th Amendment la+ anymore

• Constitution creates floor, not ceilin$

• )en fields doctrine does not aly in .e"as

o o**es

o Similar to )li%er

o )fficers +ho did that in .G +ere tresassers

If %iolate la+s or .G Constitution, then e%idence not admissi*le

• 8ill try to ans+er Duestions %ia email

Constitutional Criminal Procedure

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