Constitution of the Philippines Cases

8/20/2019 Constitution of the Philippines Cases

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The Constitution of the Philippines1. De Leon v. Esguerra, 153 SCRA 6!, August, 31, 1"#$%a&ts: On May 17, 1982, petitioner Alfredo M. De Leon was elected Barangay aptain toget!erwit! t!e ot!er petitioners as Barangay o"ncil#en of Barangay Dolores, M"ncipality of $aytay,%ro&ince of 'i(al in a Barangay election !eld "nder Batas %a#)ansa Blg. 222, ot!erwise *nownas Barangay +lection Act of 1982.

On e)r"ary 9, 1987, petitioner De Leon recei&ed a Me#orand"# antedated Dece#)er 1,

198- )"t signed )y respondent O /o&ernor Ben0a#in +sg"erra on e)r"ary 8, 1987designating respondent lorentino /. Magno as Barangay aptain of Barangay Dolores and t!eot!er respondents as #e#)ers of Barangay o"ncil of t!e sa#e Barangay and M"nicipality.

%etitoners prayed to t!e "pre#e o"rt t!at t!e s")0ect Me#oranda of e)r"ary 8, 1987 )edeclared n"ll and &oid and t!at respondents )e pro!i)ited )y ta*ing o&er t!eir positions ofBarangay aptain and Barangay o"ncil#en.

%etitioners #aintain t!at p"rs"ant to ection of t!e Barangay +lection Act of 1982 3B% Blg.2224, t!eir ter#s of o5ce s!all )e si6 years w!ic! s!all co##ence on "ne 7, 1988 and s!allcontin"e "ntil t!eir s"ccessors s!all !a&e elected and s!all !a&e "alied. t was also t!eirposition t!at wit! t!e ratication of t!e 1987 %!ilippine onstit"tion, respondent O /o&ernor

no longer !as t!e a"t!ority to replace t!e# and to designate t!eir s"ccessors.

On t!e ot!er !and, respondents contend t!at t!e ter#s of o5ce of electi&e and appointi&eo5cials were a)olis!ed and t!at petitioners contin"ed in o5ce )y &irt"e of ec. 2, Art. of t!e%ro&isional onstit"tion and not )eca"se t!eir ter# of si6 years !ad not yet e6pired and t!att!e pro&ision in t!e Barangay +lection Act 6ing t!e ter# of o5ce of Barangay o5cials to si6years #"st )e dee#ed to !a&e )een repealed for )eing inconsistent wit! ec. 2, Art. of t!e%ro&isional onstit"tion.

'ssue( ;!et!er or not t!e designation of respondents to replace petitioners was &alidly #aded"ring t!e one


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. R.B.H. No. 3: %roposes t!at ec 1-, Art E of t!e onstit"tion )e a#ended so as to a"t!ori(eenators and Me#)ers of t!e ?o"se of 'epresentati&es to )eco#e delegates to t!eafore#entioned constit"tional con&ention, wit!o"t t!e need to forfeit t!eir respecti&e seats inongress.

")se"ently, ongress passed a )ill, w!ic! )eca#e 'A o. C91, pro&iding t!at t!ea#end#ents to t!e onstit"tion proposed in t!e afore#entioned 'esol"tions o. 1 and )es")#itted, for appro&al )y t!e people at t!e general elections on o&e#)er 1C, 19-7. $!is act

6es t!e date and #anner of ele&tion for t!e proposed a#end#ents to )e &oted "pon )y t!epeople, and appropriates f"nds for said election.

%etitioners assail t!e &alidityconstit"tionality of 'A o. C91 and for t!e pro!i)ition wit!preli#inary in0"nction to restrain OM+L+ fro# i#ple#enting or co#plying wit! t!e said law.%?LOA also assails '.B.? o. 1 and .

'SS)E(1.4 ;!et!er or not 'A o. C91 is "nconstit"tional.2.4 ;!et!er or not t!e iss"e in&ol&es a political "estion.

*ELD(

1.4 %"rs"ant to Article GE of t!e 19= onstit"tion, !eld t!at t!ere is not!ing in t!ispro&ision t!at states t!at t!e election referred to is special, di>erent fro# t!e general election.

$!e ongress dee#ed it )est to s")#it t!e a#end#ents for ratication in accordance wit! t!epro&isions of t!e onstit"tion. t does not negate its a"t!ority to s")#it proposeda#end#ents for ratication in general elections. %etition is t!erefore DE+'ED.

2.4 also noted t!at t!e iss"e is a political "estion )eca"se it attac*s t!e is-o of t!eaction ta*en )y ongress and not t!e a"t!ority to ta*e it. A political "estion is not s")0ect tore&iew )y t!e o"rt.

. '/ong v C0ELEC

%ACTS(Man"el #)ong and 'a"l /on(ales, ling separate cases and )ot! interested in r"nning ascandidates for delegates to t!e onstit"tional on&ention, "estion t!e constit"tionality of'.A. o. -12, clai#ing t!at it pre0"dices t!eir rig!ts as s"c! candidates. On Marc! 1-, 19-7,t!e ongress, acting as a onstit"ent Asse#)ly, passed 'es. o. 2 w!ic! called for aonstit"tional on&ention w!ic! s!all !a&e two delegates fro# eac! representati&e district.On "ne 17, 19-9, t!e ongress passed 'esol"tion o. C a#ending 'esol"tion o. 2 )ypro&iding t!at t!e con&ention s!all )e co#posed of 2F delegates wit! at least two delegatesfro# eac! representati&e district. On A"g"st 2C, 197F, t!e ongress, acting as a legislati&e)ody, enacted '.A. -12, i#ple#enting 'es os. 2 and C and e6pressly repealing '.A C91Cw!ic! pre&io"sly i#ple#ented 'es. o. 2. /on(ales assails t!e &alidity of ections 2, C, =, and

par. 1 of 83a4, and t!e entire law, w!ile #)ong "estions t!e constit"tionality of par. 1 of ec.83a4 of said '.A. -12.

'SS)ES(1. Does t!e ongress !a&e t!e rig!t to call for a constit"tional con&ention and set t!epara#eters of s"c! con&entionH2. Are t!e pro&isions of '.A. -12 constit"tionalH

*ELD(1. $!e ongress !as a"t!ority to call a constit"tional con&ention as t!e constit"entasse#)ly. $!e ongress also !as t!e a"t!ority to enact i#ple#enting details, contained in'es. os. 2 and C and '.A. -12, since s"c! details are wit!in t!e co#petence of t!e ongress

in e6ercise of its legislati&e power.2. $!e pro&isions are constit"tional. ec. C of '.A. -12 is #erely in application wit! ec. 2 of Art. G of t!e onstit"tion and does not constit"te a denial of d"e process or e"al protectionof t!e law. ec. 2 also #erely o)eyed t!e intent of t!e ongress in 'es. os. 2 and C regardingt!e apportion#ent of delegates. $!e c!allenged dis"alication of an elected delegate fro#r"nning for any p")lic o5ce in ec. = is a &alid li#itation as it is reasona)le and not ar)itrary.Lastly, par. 1 of ec. 83a4 w!ic! is )ot! contested )y t!e petitioners is still &alid as t!erestriction contained in t!e section is so narrow t!at )asic constit"tional rig!ts re#ain

2


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s")stantially intact and in&iolate t!"s t!e li#itation is a &alid infringe#ent of t!econstit"tional g"arantees in&o*ed )y t!e petitioners.

C. 0&&ena v C0ELEC

%a&ts(%etitioners a#"el Occena and 'a#on A. /on(ales, )ot! #e#)ers of t!e %!ilippine Barand for#er delegates to t!e 1971 onstit"tional on&ention t!at fra#ed t!e presentonstit"tion, are s"ing as ta6payers. $!e rat!er "nort!odo6 aspect of t!ese petitions is t!e

assertion t!at t!e 197 onstit"tion is not t!e f"nda#ental law, t!e a&ellana r"ling to t!econtrary notwit!standing.

'ssue: ;!at is t!e power of t!e nteri# Batasang %a#)ansa to propose a#end#ents and !ow#ay it )e e6ercisedH More specically as to t!e latter, w!at is t!e e6tent of t!e c!anges t!at#ay )e introd"ced, t!e n"#)er of &otes necessary for t!e &alidity of a proposal, and t!estandard re"ired for a proper s")#issionH

*el-( $!e applica)le pro&ision in t!e 197- A#end#ents is "ite e6plicit. nsofar as pertinent itreads t!"s: I$!e Interim Batasang %a#)ansa s!all !a&e t!e sa#e powers and its Me#)erss!all !a&e t!e sa#e f"nctions, responsi)ilities, rig!ts, pri&ileges, and dis"alications ast!e interim ational Asse#)ly and t!e reg"lar ational Asse#)ly and t!e Me#)ers

t!ereof.J One of s"c! powers is precisely t!at of proposing a#end#ents. $!e 197onstit"tion in its $ransitory %ro&isions &ested t!e Interim ational Asse#)ly wit! t!e power topropose a#end#ents "pon special call )y t!e %ri#e Minister )y a &ote of t!e #a0ority of its#e#)ers to )e ratied in accordance wit! t!e Article on A#end#ents. ;!en, t!erefore,t!e Interim Batasang %a#)ansa, "pon t!e call of t!e %resident and %ri#e Minister erdinand +.Marcos, #et as a constit"ent )ody its a"t!ority to do so is clearly )eyond do")t. t co"ld anddid propose t!e a#end#ents e#)odied in t!e resol"tions now )eing assailed. t #ay )eo)ser&ed parent!etically t!at as far as petitioner Occena is concerned, t!e "estion of t!ea"t!ority of t!e Interim Batasang %a#)ansa to propose a#end#ents is not new. onsideringt!at t!e proposed a#end#ent of ection 7 of Article G of t!e onstit"tion e6tending t!eretire#ent of #e#)ers of t!e "pre#e o"rt and 0"dges of inferior co"rts fro# si6ty


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p"rposes was appro&ed )y t!e &ote of 122 to = 'esol"tion o. 2 dealing wit! t!e %residency,t!e %ri#e Minister and t!e a)inet, and t!e ational Asse#)ly )y a &ote of 1C7 to = wit! 1a)stention and 'esol"tion o. on t!e a#end#ent to t!e Article on t!e o##ission on+lections )y a &ote of 1C8 to 2 wit! 1 a)stention. ;!ere t!en is t!e alleged inr#ityH As to t!ere"isite standard for a proper s")#ission, t!e "estion #ay )e &iewed not only fro# t!estandpoint of t!e period t!at #"st elapse )efore t!e !olding of t!e ple)iscite )"t also fro# t!estandpoint of s"c! a#end#ents !a&ing )een called to t!e attention of t!e people so t!at itco"ld not pla"si)ly )e #aintained t!at t!ey were properly infor#ed as to t!e proposed

c!anges. As to t!e period, t!e onstit"tion indicates t!e way t!e #atter s!o"ld )e resol&ed. $!ere is no a#)ig"ity to t!e applica)le pro&ision: IAny a#end#ent to, or re&ision of, t!isonstit"tion s!all )e &alid w!en ratied )y a #a0ority of t!e &otes cast in a ple)iscite w!ic!s!all )e !eld not later t!an t!ree #ont!s after t!e appro&al of s"c! a#end#ent orre&ision.J $!e t!ree resol"tions were appro&ed )y t!e Interim Batasang %a#)ansa sitting as aconstit"ent asse#)ly on e)r"ary = and 27, 1981. n t!e Batasang %a#)ansa Blg. 22, t!e dateof t!e ple)iscite is set for April 7, 1981. t is t!"s wit!in t!e 9Fect as laws in so far as t!ey pro&ide for t!e !olding of a ple)iscite co


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ational Asse#)ly e&inces t!eir desire to !a&e s"c! )ody a)olis!ed and replaced t!r" aconstit"tional a#end#ent, pro&iding for a new interi# legislati&e )ody, w!ic! will )es")#itted directly to t!e people in t!e referend"#


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. ")se"ently, t!e A"ditor /eneral re"ired t!e plainti>s to rei#)"rse said a#o"nts )y&irt"e of a DO circ"lar w!ic! stated t!at AOO, )eing a go&ern#ent entity, was e6e#ptfro# t!e pay#ent of t!e fees in "estion.

C. %etitioners co"ntered t!at AOO is not a go&ern#ent entity wit!in t!e p"r&iew ofsection 1-, '"le 1F of t!e '"les of o"rt w!ile t!e defendants set "p as a defense t!at t!eAOO is a go&ern#ent entity wit!in t!e p"r&iew of section 2 of t!e 'e&ised Ad#inistrati&eode of 1917 !ence, e6e#pt fro# paying t!e stenograp!ers fees "nder '"le 1F of t!e '"les

of o"rt.

'SS)E( 7hether or not +AC0C0 is a governent entit8.

o, it is not.

1. /Os do not ac"ire t!at stat"s for t!e si#ple reason t!at t!ey do not co#e "nder t!eclassication of #"nicipal or p")lic corporation. ;!ile AOO was organi(ed for t!e p"rposeof Iad0"sting t!e cocon"t ind"stry to a position independent of trade preferences in t!e nitedtatesJ and of pro&iding Iacilities for t!e )etter c"ring of copra prod"cts and t!e proper"tili(ation of cocon"t )yerent fro# o"r go&ern#ent.

2. $!ere are f"nctions w!ic! o"r go&ern#ent is re"ired to e6ercise to pro#ote itso)0ecti&es as e6pressed in o"r onstit"tion and w!ic! are e6ercised )y it as an attri)"te ofso&ereignty, and t!ose w!ic! it #ay e6ercise to pro#ote #erely t!e welfare, progress andprosperity of t!e people.. %resident ;ilson en"#erates t!e constit"ent f"nctions as follows:

314 $!e *eeping of order and pro&iding for t!e protection of persons and property fro#

&iolence and ro))ery.324 $!e 6ing of t!e legal relations )etween #an and wife and )etween parents and c!ildren.34 $!e reg"lation of t!e !olding, trans#ission, and interc!ange of property, and t!edeter#ination of its lia)ilities for de)t or for cri#e.3C4 $!e deter#ination of contract rig!ts )etween indi&id"als.3=4 $!e denition and p"nis!#ent of cri#e.3-4 $!e ad#inistration of 0"stice in ci&il cases.374 $!e deter#ination of t!e political d"ties, pri&ileges, and relations of citi(ens.384 Dealings of t!e state wit! foreign powers: t!e preser&ation of t!e state fro# e6ternaldanger or encroac!#ent and t!e ad&ance#ent of its international interests.

C. $!e #ost i#portant of t!e #inistrant f"nctions are: p")lic wor*s, p")lic ed"cation, p")lic

c!arity, !ealt! and safety reg"lations, and reg"lations of trade and ind"stry. $!e principlesdeter #ining w!et!er or not a go&ern#ent s!all e6ercise certain of t!ese optional f"nctionsare: 314 t!at a go&ern#ent s!o"ld do for t!e p")lic welfare t!ose t!ings w!ic! pri&ate capitalwo"ld not nat"rally "nderta*e and 324 t!at a go&ern#ent s!o"ld do t!ese t!ings w!ic! )y its&ery nat"re it is )etter e"ipped to ad#inister for t!e p")lic welfare t!an is any pri&ateindi&id"al or gro"p of indi&id"al.

2. P2TA v C'R%a&ts(

%ri&ate respondents led a petition w!erein t!ey alleged t!eir e#ploy#ent relations!ip, t!eo&erti#e ser&ices in e6cess of t!e reg"lar eig!t !o"rs a day rendered )y t!e#, and t!e fail"re

to pay t!e# o&erti#e co#pensation in accordance wit! o##onwealt! Act o. CCC. $!eirprayer was for t!e di>erential )etween t!e a#o"nt act"ally paid to t!e# and t!e a#o"ntallegedly d"e t!e#. %etitioner %!ilippine Eirginia $o)acco Ad#inistration wo"ld predicate itsplea for t!e re&ersal of t!e order co#plained of on t!e )asic proposition t!at it is )eyond t!e

0"risdiction of respondent o"rt as it is e6ercising go&ern#ental f"nctions and t!at it is e6e#ptfro# t!e operation of o##onwealt! Act o. CCC.

'ssue( ;!et!er %E$A disc!arges go&ern#ental and not proprietary f"nctions

-


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*el-( o. A reference to t!e enact#ents creating petitioner corporation s"5ces tode#onstrate t!e #erit of petitioners plea t!at it perfor#s go&ern#ental and not proprietaryf"nctions. As originally esta)lis!ed )y 'ep")lic Act o. 22-=, its p"rposes and o)0ecti&es wereset fort! t!"s: I3a4 $o pro#ote t!e e>ecti&e #erc!andising of Eirginia to)acco in t!e do#esticand foreign #ar*ets so t!at t!ose engaged in t!e ind"stry will )e placed on a )asis ofecono#ic sec"rity 3)4 $o esta)lis! and #aintain )alanced prod"ction and cons"#ption ofEirginia to)acco and its #an"fact"red prod"cts, and s"c! #ar*eting conditions as will ins"re

and sta)ili(e t!e price of a le&el s"5cient to co&er t!e cost of prod"ction pl"s reasona)leprot )ot! in t!e local as well as in t!e foreign #ar*et 3c4 $o create, esta)lis!, #aintain, andoperate processing, ware!o"sing and #ar*eting facilities in s"ita)le centers and s"per&ise t!eselling and )"ying of Eirginia to)acco so t!at t!e far#ers will en0oy reasona)le prices t!atsec"re a fair ret"rn of t!eir in&est#ents 3d4 $o prescri)e r"les and reg"lations go&erning t!egrading, classifying, and inspecting of Eirginia to)acco and 3e4 $o i#pro&e t!e li&ing andecono#ic conditions of t!e people engaged in t!e to)acco ind"stry.J $!e a#endatory stat"te,'ep")lic Act o. C1==, renders e&en #ore e&ident its nat"re as a go&ern#ental agency. tsrst section on t!e declaration of policy reads: It is declared to )e t!e national policy, wit!respect to t!e local Eirginia to)acco ind"stry, to enco"rage t!e prod"ction of local Eirginiato)acco of t!e "alities needed and in "antities #ar*eta)le in )ot! do#estic and foreign#ar*ets, to esta)lis! t!is ind"stry on an e5cient and econo#ic )asis, and, to create a cli#ate

cond"ci&e to local cigarette #an"fact"re of t!e "alities desired )y t!e cons"#ing p")lic,)lending i#ported and nati&e Eirginia leaf to)acco to i#pro&e t!e "ality of locally#an"fact"red cigarettes.J $!e o)0ecti&es are set fort! t!"s: I$o attain t!is national policy t!efollowing o)0ecti&es are !ere)y adopted: 1. inancing 2. Mar*eting . $!e disposal of stoc*sof t!e Agric"lt"ral redit Ad#inistration 3AA4 and t!e %!ilippine Eirginia $o)accoAd#inistration 3%E$A4 at t!e )est o)taina)le prices and conditions in order t!at arein&igorated Eirginia to)acco ind"stry #ay )e esta)lis!ed on a so"nd )asis and C. #pro&ingt!e "ality of locally #an"fact"red cigarettes t!ro"g! )lending of i#ported and nati&e Eirginialeaf to)acco s"c! i#portation wit! corresponding e6portation at a ratio of one *ilo ofi#ported to fo"r *ilos of e6ported Eirginia to)acco, p"rc!ased )y t!e i#porter


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'SS)E(Does t!e go&ern#ent of t!e %!ilippines !a&e a"t!ority to le a s"it against t!erespondentH

*ELD( $!e legislat"re or go&ern#ent of t!e tate, as parens patriae, !as t!e rig!t to enforceall c!arities of p")lic nat"re. $!e co"rt f"rt!er asserted t!at said a#o"nt was not a donationand t!at respondent is lia)le for t!e de)t regardless of t!e cession of t!e %!ilippine slands tot!e nited tates. t is said t!at t!ere is total a)rogation of t!e for#er political relations of t!ein!a)itants of t!e ceded region, !owe&er, t!e circ"#stances present in t!e case are not

political in nat"re. $!e great )ody of #"nicipal law w!ic! reg"lates pri&ate and do#esticrig!ts contin"e in force "ntil a)rogated or c!anged )y t!e new r"ler, as s"c!, t!e go&ern#ent!as t!e a"t!ority to le a s"it in )e!alf of its people )y &irt"e of t!e principle of parenspatriae.

C. Co 9i Chan vs. 2al-e: Tan 9eh

75 HI! 131

%ACTS( %etitioner led a #otion for #anda#"s w!ic! prays t!at t!e respondent 0"dge )eordered to contin"e t!e proceeding w!ic! was initiated "nder t!e regi#e of t!e so


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t!e treaty.@ $!ere was a reiteration of s"c! a &iew in 'eagan. $!"s: @ot!ing is )etter settledt!an t!at t!e %!ilippines )eing independent and so&ereign, its a"t!ority #ay )e e6ercisedo&er its entire do#ain. $!ere is no portion t!ereof t!at is )eyond its power. ;it!in its li#its, itsdecrees are s"pre#e, its co##ands para#o"nt. ts laws go&ern t!erein, and e&eryone tow!o# it applies #"st s")#it to its ter#s. $!at is t!e e6tent of its 0"risdiction, )ot! territorialand personal. ecessarily, li*ewise, it !as to )e e6cl"si&e. f it were not t!"s, t!ere is adi#in"tion of it so&ereignty.@ $!en ca#e t!is paragrap! dealing wit! t!e principle of a"to<li#itation: @t is to )e ad#itted t!at any state #ay, )y its consent, e6press or i#plied, s")#it

to a restriction of its so&ereign rig!ts. $!ere #ay t!"s )e a c"rtail#ent of w!at ot!erwise is apower plenary in c!aracter. $!at is t!e concept of so&ereignty as a"toect of s"spending t!e allegiance of ailipino citi(en d"ring t!e period of said occ"pation

Ruling(O. A citi(en or s")0ect owes, not a "alied and te#porary, )"t an a)sol"te andper#anent allegiance, w!ic! consists in t!e o)ligation of delity and o)edience to !isgo&ern#ent or so&ereign.As decided )y t!e co"rt in cases, t!e a)sol"te and per#anent allegiance of t!e in!a)itants ofa territory occ"pied )y t!e ene#y of t!eir legiti#ate go&ern#ent or so&ereign is nota)rogated or se&ered )y t!e ene#y occ"pation, )eca"se t!e so&ereignty of t!e go&ern#entor so&ereign de 0"re is not transferred t!ere)y to t!e occ"pier.

Adoption of t!e petitioners t!eory of s"spended allegiance wo"ld lead to disastro"sconse"ences for s#all and wea* nations or states, and wo"ld )e rep"gnant to t!e laws of!"#anity and re"ire#ents of p")lic conscience, for it wo"ld allow in&aders to legally recr"itor enlist t!e "isling in!a)itants of t!e occ"pied territory to g!t against t!eir owngo&ern#ent wit!o"t t!e latter inc"rring t!e ris* of )eing prosec"ted for treason, and e&enco#pel t!ose w!o are not aid t!e# in t!eir #ilitary operation against t!e resisting ene#yforces in order to co#pletely s")d"e and con"er t!e w!ole nation, and t!"s depri&e t!e# allof t!eir own independence or so&ereignty P s"c! t!eory wo"ld sanction t!e action of in&adersin forcing t!e people of a free and so&ereign co"ntry to )e a party in t!e nefario"s tas* ofdepri&ing t!e#sel&es of t!eir own freedo# and independence and repressing t!e e6ercise )yt!e# of t!eir own so&ereignty in ot!er words, to co##it a political s"icide.!ange of o"r for# of go&ern#ent fro# o##onwealt! to 'ep")lic does not a>ect t!e

prosec"tion of t!ose c!arged wit! t!e cri#e of treason co##itted d"ring t!e o##onwealt!,)eca"se it is an o>ense against t!e sa#e go&ern#ent and t!e sa#e so&ereign people, forArticle GE of o"r onstit"tion pro&ides t!at I$!e go&ern#ent esta)lis!ed )y t!is constit"tions!all )e *nown as t!e o##onwealt! of t!e %!ilippines. pon t!e nal and co#pletewit!drawal of t!e so&ereignty of t!e nited tates and t!e procla#ation of %!ilippineindependence, t!e o##onwealt! of t!e %!ilippines s!all t!encefort! )e *nown as t!e'ep")lic of t!e %!ilippines.J

7. Ru=8 vs Chief of Sta=

9


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.R. +o. L4533 ,$5 Phil #$5

%ACTS( D"ring t!e apanese ins"rrection in t!e %!ilippines, #ilitary #en were assigned atdesignated ca#ps or #ilitary )ases all o&er t!e co"ntry. apanese forces went to Mindoro t!"sforcing petitioner and !is )and #o&e "p t!e #o"ntains and organi(e a g"erilla o"tt and call itt!e @Bolo area@. A certain apt. Beloncio relie&ed '">y and fellow petitioners of t!eir positionand d"ties in t!e @Bolo area@ )y t!e new a"t!ority &ested "pon !i# )eca"se of t!e recentc!ange of co##and. apt. Beloncio was t!"s allegedly slain )y '">y and !is fellow

petitioners.

'SS)E( ;!et!er or not t!e petitioners were s")0ect to #ilitary law at t!e ti#e t!e o>ense wasco##itted, w!ic! was at t!e ti#e of war and t!e apanese occ"pancy.

*ELD( $!e o"rt !eld t!at t!e petitioners were still s")0ect to #ilitary law since #e#)ers oft!e Ar#ed orces were still co&ered )y t!e ational Defense Act, Articles of ;ar and ot!erlaws e&en d"ring an occ"pation. $!e act of "n)eco#ing of an o5cer and a gentle#an isconsidered as a deance of 9=t! Article of ;ar !eld petitioners lia)le to #ilitary 0"risdictionand trial. Moreo&er, t!ey were operating o5cers, w!ic! #a*es t!e# e&en #ore eligi)le for t!e#ilitary co"rts 0"risdiction.

n consideration of t!e foregoing, t!e petition !as no #erit and s!o"ld )e dis#issed. $!"s, t!epetition is !ere)y DE+'ED.

People8. 0> >A L' >A0 2S C0'SS'0+ER 0% ''RAT'0+

%ACTS(La" N"en Ne"ng, an alien &isiting t!e %!ilippines, w!ose a"t!ori(ed stay in t!e %!ilippines wasto e6pire, clai#s !erself to )e lawf"lly nat"rali(ed "pon !er #arriage to a ilipino citi(en.olicitor /eneral opposes t!e gro"nd t!at t!e #arriage of t!e alien to a ilipino citi(en doesnot a"to#atically confer on t!e latter %!ilippine citi(ens!ip. %lainti>


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c. t!e classication of t!e Ualayaan sland /ro"p 3U/4, as well as t!e car)oro"g! !oal 3,(ode m(+inloc4, as a Iregi#e of islandsJ p"rs"ant to LO res"lts in t!e loss of a large#ariti#e area )"t also pre0"dices t!e li&eli!ood of s")sistence s!er#en.

'SS)E( ;!et!er or not t!e contentions of Magallona et al are tena)le.

*ELD( o. $!e "pre#e o"rt e#p!asi(ed t!at 'A 9=22, or LO, itself is not a #eans toac"ire, or lose, territory. $!e treaty and t!e )aseline law !as not!ing to do wit! t!e

ac"isition, enlarge#ent, or di#in"tion of t!e %!ilippine territory. ;!at controls w!en it co#esto ac"isition or loss of territory is t!e international law principle on occ"pation, accretion,cession and prescription and O$ t!e e6ec"tion of #"ltilateral treaties on t!e reg"lations ofsea


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or t!e respondents to !a&e f"llled t!e co"rts order, t!ree optional co"rses were open: 314 $!ey co"ld !a&e prod"ced t!e )odies of t!e persons according to t!e co##and of t!e writ or324 t!ey co"ld !a&e s!own )y a5da&it t!at on acco"nt of sic*ness or inr#ity t!ose personsco"ld not safely )e )ro"g!t )efore t!e co"rt or 34 t!ey co"ld !a&e presented a5da&its tos!ow t!at t!e parties in "estion or t!eir attorney wai&ed t!e rig!t to )e present.

*el-( $!e co"rt concl"ded t!e case )y granting t!e parties aggrie&ed t!e s"# of CFF pesos

eac!, pl"s 1FF pesos for no#inal da#age d"e to conte#pt of co"rt. 'easoning f"rt!er t!at ift!e c!ief e6ec"ti&e of any #"nicipality in t!e %!ilippines co"ld forci)ly and illegally ta*e apri&ate citi(en and place !i# )eyond t!e )o"ndaries of t!e #"nicipality, and t!en, w!encalled "pon to defend !is o5cial action, co"ld cal#ly fold !is !ands and clai# t!at t!e personwas "nder no restraint and t!at !e, t!e o5cial, !ad no 0"risdiction o&er t!is ot!er #"nicipality.;e )elie&e t!e tr"e principle s!o"ld )e t!at, if t!e respondent is wit!in t!e 0"risdiction of t!eco"rt and !as it in !is power to o)ey t!e order of t!e co"rt and t!"s to "ndo t!e wrong t!at !e!as inTicted, !e s!o"ld )e co#pelled to do so. +&en if t!e party to w!o# t!e writ is addressed!as illegally parted wit! t!e c"stody of a person )efore t!e application for t!e writ is no reasonw!y t!e writ s!o"ld not iss"e. f t!e #ayor and t!e c!ief of police, acting "nder no a"t!ority of law, co"ld deport t!ese wo#en fro# t!e city of Manila to Da&ao, t!e sa#e o5cials #"stnecessarily !a&e t!e sa#e #eans to ret"rn t!e# fro# Da&ao to Manila. $!e respondents,

wit!in t!e reac! of process, #ay not )e per#itted to restrain a fellow citi(en of !er li)erty )yforcing !er to c!ange !er do#icile and to a&ow t!e act wit! i#p"nity in t!e co"rts, w!ile t!eperson w!o !as lost !er )irt!rig!t of li)erty !as no e>ecti&e reco"rse. $!e great writ of li)erty#ay not t!"s )e easily e&aded.

Sovereignt81C. Se&tion 1, Art '' of the 1"#$ Constitution

$!e %!ilippines is a de#ocratic and rep")lican tate. o&ereignty resides in t!e people and allgo&ern#ent a"t!ority e#anates fro# t!e#.

1=. Laurel vs isa 3see page 84

1-.

PERALTA 2. D'RECT0R 0% PR'S0+S$5 P*'L !#5

%ACTS( %etitioner


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defendant is g"ilty, !e #ay )e i##ediately con&icted and t!at t!e sentence of t!e sentenceof t!e co"rt is not appeala)le, e6cept in case of deat! penalty w!ic! cannot )e e6ec"ted"nless and "ntil re&iewed and a5r#ed )y a special di&ision of t!e "pre#e o"rt co#posedof t!ree "stices.

'SS)E( w!et!er Ordinance o. 7 is f"nct"s o5cio )y reason sentence of t!e reocc"pation oft!e %!ilippines and t!e restoration t!erein of t!e o##onwealt! /o&ern#ent

*ELD( Nes. n general, t!e cast of t!e occ"pant possess legal &alidity, and "nder internationallaw s!o"ld not )e a)rogated )y t!e s")se"ent go&ern#ent. B"t t!is r"le does not necessarilyapply to acts t!at e6ceed t!e occ"pants power 3e.g., alienation of t!e do#ains of t!e tate ort!e so&ereign4, to sentences for Kwar treason and Kwar cri#es, to acts of a political c!aracter,and to t!ose t!at )eyond t!e period of occ"pation. ;!en occ"pation ceases, no reparation islegally d"e for w!at !as already )een carried o"t.All 0"dg#ents of political co#ple6ion of t!e co"rts d"ring t!e apanese regi#e, ceased to )e&alid "pon t!e reocc"pation of t!e islands )y &irt"e of t!e principle or rig!t of postli#ini"#.Applying t!at doctrine to t!e present case, t!e sentence w!ic! con&icted t!e petitioner of acri#e of a political co#ple6ion #"st )e considered as !a&ing ceased to )e &alid ipso facto"pon t!e reocc"pation or li)eration of t!e %!ilippines )y /eneral Do"glas MacArt!"r.

$!e p"niti&e sentence "nder consideration, alt!o"g! good and &alid d"ring t!e #ilitary

occ"pation of t!e %!ilippines )y t!e apanese forces, ceased to )e good and &alid ipso facto"pon t!e reocc"pation of t!ese sland and t!e restoration t!erein of t!e o##onwealt!/o&ern#ent.

17. Ru=8 v Chief of Sta= 3see page 94

18. Reagan v C'R3 #$R% *"/ ' olitic(l !(w ' #overei0nt)

;illia# 'eagan is a citi(en assigned at lar* Air Base to !elp pro&ide tec!nical assistanceto t!e Air orce 3A4. n April 19-F 'eagan i#ported a 19-F adillac car &al"ed atQ-,CC.8. $wo #ont!s later, !e got per#ission to sell t!e sa#e car pro&ided t!at !e wo"ld

sell t!e car to a citi(en or a #e#)er of t!e A. ?e sold it to ;illie o!nson, r. forQ-,-FF.FF as s!own )y a Bill of ale. $!e sale too* place wit!in lar* Air Base. As a res"lt oft!is transaction, t!e o##issioner of nternal 'e&en"e calc"lated t!e net ta6a)le inco#e of'eagan to )e at %17,912.C and t!at !is inco#e ta6 wo"ld )e %2,797.FF. 'eagan paid t!eassessed ta6 )"t at t!e sa#e ti#e !e so"g!t for a ref"nd )eca"se !e clai#s t!at !e ise6e#pt. 'eagan clai#s t!at t!e sale too* place in Iforeign soilJ since lar* Air Base, in legalconte#plation is a )ase o"tside t!e %!ilippines. 'eagan also cited t!at "nder t!e MilitaryBases Agree#ent, !e, )y nat"re of !is e#ploy#ent, is e6e#pt fro# %!ilippine ta6ation.

'SS)E( s t!e sale considered done in a foreign soil not s")0ect to %!ilippine inco#e ta6H

*ELD( o. $!e %!ilippines is independent and so&ereign, its a"t!ority #ay )e e6ercised o&er

its entire do#ain. $!ere is no portion t!ereof t!at is )eyond its power. ;it!in its li#its, itsdecrees are s"pre#e, its co##ands para#o"nt. ts laws go&ern t!erein, and e&eryone tow!o# it applies #"st s")#it to its ter#s. $!at is t!e e6tent of its 0"risdiction, )ot! territorialand personal. On t!e ot!er !and, t!ere is not!ing in t!e Military Bases Agree#ent t!at lendss"pport to 'eagans assertion. $!e Base !as not )eco#e foreign soil or territory. $!is co"ntrys

0"risdictional rig!ts t!erein, certainly not e6cl"ding t!e power to ta6, !a&e )een preser&ed, t!e%!ilippines #erely consents t!at t!e e6ercise 0"risdiction in certain cases S t!is is 0"st a#atter of co#ity, co"rtesy and e6pediency. t is li*ewise noted t!at !e indeed is e#ployed )yt!e A and !is inco#e is deri&ed fro# so"rce )"t t!e inco#e deri&ed fro# t!e sale is notof so"rce !ence ta6a)le.

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PR02'+CE 0% +0RT* C0TAAT0 2S 02ER+E+T 0% T*E REP)L'C 0% T*E

P*'L'PP'+ES PEACE PA+EL

%ACTS( $!e /o&ern#ent of t!e 'ep")lic of t!e %!ilippines 3/'%4 and t!e Moro sla#icLi)eration ront 3ML4 were sc!ed"led to sign a Me#orand"# of Agree#ent on t!e AncestralDo#ain 3MOA


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According to t!e stip"lations in t!e MOA


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Nes. $!ere is a reasona)le e6pectation t!at petitioners, partic"larly t!e %ro&inces of ort!ota)ato, Ra#)oanga del orte and "ltan U"darat, t!e ities of Ra#)oanga, ligan andsa)ela, and t!e M"nicipality of Lina#on, will again )e s")0ected to t!e sa#e pro)le# in t!ef"t"re as respondents actions are capa)le of repetition, in anot!er or any for#. $!ese petitionsa>ord a proper &en"e for t!e o"rt to again apply t!e doctrine i##ediately referred to asw!at it !ad done in a n"#)er of land#ar* cases.

Issue 7:

Nes. $!e MOA

Constitution of the Philippines Cases

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