Considerations about dissemination of improved fish strains for aquaculture
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Transcript of Considerations about dissemination of improved fish strains for aquaculture
Considerations about dissemination of improved fish strains for aquaculture
Ponzoni, R.W., N.H. Nguyen, H.L. Khaw, C.E. Lind & B.M. Rodriguez Jr
Presented at:Aqua Aquaria 2013, Vijayawada, INDIA, 8-10 February, 2013
overview
Current status and general approach to genetic improvement
Effective dissemination of genetic gains
Technical considerations
Institutional arrangements and partnerships
Concluding remarks
A few remarks about cultured aquatic animals
• Most production from aquatic animals is based on unimproved stock, or has undergone only limited genetic improvement (this is particularly so in developing countries)
• So, in the rare instances that we have an improved strain, we have to make sure it reaches the farmers
• Multiplication and dissemination of improved stock are a challenge because:– We have little experience (few
improved strains)– They entail influencing people
Design and implementation of a genetic improvement program
• Describe the production system(s)
• Choose the species, strains and breeding system
• Formulate the breeding objective
• Develop selection criteria• Design system of genetic
evaluation• Select animals and mating
system• Monitor and compare
alternative programs• Design system for expansion
Design and implementation of a genetic improvement program
• Describe the production system(s)
• Choose the species, strains and breeding system
• Formulate the breeding objective
• Develop selection criteria• Design system of genetic
evaluation• Select animals and mating
system• Monitor and compare
alternative programs• Design system for expansion
Effective dissemination
?
Effective dissemination
?
Effective dissemination
Genetic improvement takes place in a very small fraction of the overall population
effective multiplication of genetic gains is
critical
Genetic improvement takes place in a very small fraction of the overall population
effective multiplication of genetic gains is
criticalmost often, breeding centers
don’t existEffective dissemination
Genetic improvement takes place in a very small fraction of the overall population
effective multiplication of genetic gains is
criticalmost often, breeding centers
don’t exist
hatcheries attempt their own breeding
often leads to problems
inbred, genetically vulnerable stocks
basic elements in multiplication and dissemination
brood stock replaced
periodically (2-3 years) producing brood
stock not required
specialized facilities not
needed
basic elements in multiplication and dissemination
general aspects to be addressed1. total demand for seed and its
geographical distribution2. presence or absence of private
and govt. hatcheries3. skill level and access to
resources of hatcheries4. farmers’ need for additional
training, education and technical support
centralized model
single operation conducts breeding and
multiplication
‘centralized’ in terms of geographic location or control
over germplasm
deals directly with
farmers
may require significant resources for infrastructure
decentralized model
generally easier to implement but will
forego some control
investment risk is shared
better geographical
coverage, accessible to more
farmers
technical consideratio
ns
problem in aquaculture is...
high reproductive rate
(a good thing too!)large populations from a few breedersrapid inbreeding, poor
productivity
low effective population size (Ne)
difficult to maintain pedigree
how to manage industry-wide?
inbreeding can be managed through proper hatchery
practices and training
…and a developed industry structure
production level diversity not
critical if maintained in
nucleus
generally not present
technical consideratio
ns
rotational mating schemes to avoid
inbreeding
inbreeding can be managed through proper hatchery
practices and training
technical consideratio
ns
rotational mating schemes to avoid
inbreeding
inbreeding can be managed through proper hatchery
practices and training
technical consideratio
ns
rotational mating schemes to avoid
inbreeding
inbreeding can be managed through proper hatchery
practices and training
technical consideratio
ns
Institutional arrangements and partnerships
Doing so can benefit the industry as a whole, through better access to genetic gains made in nucleusProblem is sociological and economic, much more than genetic
Convincing hatcheries that they need not produce brood stock replacements not easy, requires change in perception
Institutional arrangements and partnerships
Both private and government hatcheries should be considered in effective dissemination strategyPrivate:- established production areas- attractive investment
opportunitiesGovernment:- areas insufficiently served by
private hatcheries- areas where lack of
competition may result in abuse of market
- stimulate industry in regions with future production potential
- eventually role taken over by private sector
Structuring multiplier-nucleus arrangements
Hatchery access to the nucleus could take on various forms- Open access; no
agreements, open to all
- Accreditation; specific criteria established
- Restricted access; criteria established, sole discretion of the nucleus
Nucleus-multiplier agreements could also have many variations- Joint ventures- Licensing (e.g. fees)- Contracted production- Combinations of the
above
• Terms of the agreement– Financial– Operational (brood stock
replacement)
• Training and education of hatchery managers
• Brand name for marketing• Product standards
- Fingerling size and survival- Transport and count accounting- Management of inbreeding- Breeders’ age (lag)- Lag and options for refreshing
• Controlling ‘genetic piracy’
Creation of a network of accredited hatcheries
Branding
most (all?) aquaculture seed is distributed without verification of strain or origin
NONE OF THIS
Branding
branded fish seed would likely capture attention of farmers
positive experiences, testimonies can help add value to a brand, increase willingness to pay
like with all brands, novelty wears out quickly if product not satisfactory
most (all?) aquaculture seed is distributed without verification of strain or origin
MORE LIKE THIS
Concluding remarks
genetic improvement
current technology enables sustained gains of at least 10 per cent per generation
attention to design of genetic improvement
program essential
national breeding programs can have very favourable
cost-to-benefit ratios
Concluding remarks
effective dissemination of gain
high reproductive rate of fish offers great
opportunities in terms of multiplying genetic gains
an area where often we have not been as
successful as in achieving and demonstrating genetic
gains
creation of a formal structure at multiplication or hatchery level, complemented by training and education programs, appears
essential
Concluding remarks
effective dissemination of gain
experience shows that effective dissemination will
not occur ‘naturally’, spontaneously
means trained people with means to influence
producers, and to feed back information to the Breeding
Center
It will happen infrequently unless resources are specifically
allocated to this activity
Concluding remarks
Improved fish have no impact unless they reach
the farmerseasier to achieve genetic improvement than to be
successful at dissemination
dissemination is difficult because it involves influencing and changing the
way people do things
only through effective dissemination can we expect a positive impact on farmers
Thank you
photo credits:1. Hooi Ling Khaw2. Flickr/US Fish & Wildlife
Service 3. Flickr/Guy Mason4-5. Roger Smith6 . top: Hooi Ling Khaw
bottom: Flickr/Sukil7. top: Hooi Ling Khaw
bottom: Curtis Lind11. Curtis Lind12. Flickr/ WorldFish Center15. anon17. Flickr/wokerjabby20. Flickr/ Hapal23. Flickr/Patrick Dugan24. danmeth.com25. Flickr/ linuts
thanks to:Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA), Govt. India, for supporting speaker’s participation at Aqua Aquaria 2013
full manuscript:Ponzoni, R.W. ; Nguyen, N.H. ; Khaw, H.L. ; Rodriguez, B.M. Jr.(2012) Considerations about effective dissemination of improved fish strains. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia. Working Paper: 2012-47http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resources/publications/considerations-about-dissemination-improved-fish-strains
Acknowledgements