Consideration in the Engineering and Design of Post-Combustion CaptureDesign of Post Combustion Capture

Technology for Power Plant Application

Prachi Singh and Stanley SantosIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

Cheltenham, UK

Instituto de Inginieria UNAM28th March 2012

Outline of PresentationOutline of Presentation• IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme• Post Combustion Capture Technology

• Global Development Context• Global Development Context• Absorber and Stripper Columns

• Solvent• Packing MaterialsPacking Materials• Reboilers

St E t ti d S l• Steam Extraction and Supply• Future Development

2

p

Introduction

IEA GREENHOUSE GAS R&D PROGRAMME

Introduction

PROGRAMME

3

IEA GHG IntroductionIEA GHG Introduction

• IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D• IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG)g ( )• What is programme’s relation to the

International Energy Agency (IEA)?International Energy Agency (IEA)?• What the Programme does?• Who are the members?• What role do we play in a global CCS• What role do we play in a global CCS

context?

4

International Energy AgencyInternational Energy Agency

• The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an• The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an intergovernmental organisation which acts as energy policy advisor to 28 member countriesenergy policy advisor to 28 member countries in their effort to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for their citizensclean energy for their citizens.

• Founded during the oil crisis of 1973-74, the IEA’s initial role was to co-ordinate measures in times of oil supply emergencies. • 1st Implementing Agreement under IEA is the IEA Clean

5

Coal Centre

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeOur Relation to the International Energy Agency

IEA GHG is one of 40IEA GHG is one of 40 organisations having

an implementing agreement with IEAg

6

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D PProgramme• A collaborative research programme founded in 1991 as• A collaborative research programme founded in 1991 as

an IEA Implementing Agreement fully financed by its members• Aim: Provide members with definitive information on the role that

technology can play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.S All h ll f il f l d ti• Scope: All greenhouse gases, all fossil fuels and comparative assessments of technology options.

• Focus: On CCS in recent yearsy

• Producing information that is:• Objective trustworthy independent• Objective, trustworthy, independent• Policy relevant but NOT policy prescriptive• Reviewed by external Expert Reviewers

7

y p• Subject to review of policy implications by Members

Members and SponsorsMembers and Sponsors

8

IEAGHG ActivitiesIEAGHG Activities• Task 1: Evaluation of technology options

• Based on a standard methodology to allow direct comparisons and are peer reviewed p p

• Task 2: Facilitating implementationP i i f “ id b d i f ti ”• Provision of “evidence based information”

• Task 3: Facilitating international gcooperation• Knowledge transfer from existing laboratory pilotKnowledge transfer from existing, laboratory, pilot

and commercial scale CCS projects globally Task 4 To disseminate the res lts as

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• Task 4:To disseminate the results as widely as possible.

Specific Area of Focus for CO2C t T h lCapture Technology• Power Sector• Power Sector

o Coal, Natural Gas and Biomass

• Industrial sectorso Gas productionpo Oil Refining & Petrochemicalso Cement sectoro Iron & Steel Industry

• Cross cutting issues• Cross cutting issueso Policy/Regulations

Health & Safety

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o Health & Safety o Transport & System Infrastructure

Global Policy ContextGlobal Policy Context

• Implementation actions

• International Policy Setting

actions

• National/Corporate policy setting

• National/Corporate research programmes

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Dissemination

GHGT-1118th-22nd Nov. 2012

K JKyoto, Japanwww.ghgt.info

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Introduction

POST-COMBUSTION CAPTURE IN GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

Introduction

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT

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Post-Combustion CapturePost Combustion CaptureCapturePower generation

Air N2, O2, H2O to atmosphere

pg

Fuel Boiler or gas Solvent (FGD)turbine scrubbing(FGD)

Steam

PowerCO2 to storageSteam

turbine

Steam

CO2compressionturbine compression

14

•15

Animated representation of CO removal from natural gasAnimated representation of CO2 removal from natural gas

•16

Animated representation of CO removal from flue gasAnimated representation of CO2 removal from flue gas

•<Experience and R&D Facilities>pMHI’s Evolution Development of Flue Gas CO2 Recovery Plant

•00 •01 •09•08•07•06•05•04•03•02•99•98•97•96•95•94•93•92•91•90

•Evolution

•1 Ton/Day

•Coal Fired•Flue Gas

•Application

y•Pilot Test Completed

•Long Term Demo. Plant

•Test Starts

•3000 Tonnes /Day •6000 Tonnes/Day

•Large Scale Demonstration•Plant Design Ready

•1 Ton/Day Pilot Plant

•Long Term Demo. Plant

•Enlargement

•3000 Tonnes /Day•Design Completed •Design Completes

•FGD

•Nanko Pilot Plant (2 Tonnes/day)•R&D for Process Improvement

•3000 Tonnes /Day Plant•Large Scale Test Plant

•Experience

•Start of Development

•Commercial•Plant

•Malaysia Kedah (200 Tonnes/day)

•Japan, Chemical Company •(330 Tonnes/day)

•India, Fertilizer Company •(450 Tonnes/day x 2)

•17

•(450 Tonnes/day x 2)•Abu Dhabi, Fertilizer Company

•(400 Tonnes/day)•330 Tonnes/day Plant•Malaysia kedah Plant

Aker Clean Carbon Technology

Bellingham Power Plant Bellingham Power Plant (Flue Gas from Cogeneration Plant)(Flue Gas from Cogeneration Plant)

Courtesy of Flour DanielCourtesy of Flour Daniel

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Bellingham Cogen Plant Massachusetts USAMassachusetts, USA

• 350 TPD Liquid CO2350 TPD Liquid CO2

Plant using Econamine FG SM* (proprietary MEAFG SM (proprietary MEA based solvent)

• CO2 is captured from the flue gas of a gas turbine ue gas o a gas tu b e(a cogen facility) having 14% O2 in the flue gas.

• Operated by the Suez

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p yEnergy Generation

China’s Experience with Post Combustion CapturePost-Combustion Capture

Sub PC Slip stream at ShuanghuaiSub -PC Slip stream at Shuanghuai (Chongqing) - Annual Capture: 10,000 t/a

CHP Slip stream at Gaobeidian (Beijing) - Annual Capture: 3000 t/a

USC PCSlip stream at Shidongkuo (Shanghai) - Annual Capture: 120,000 t/a

Challenges to Post Combustion CO C tCO2 Capture• Low total flue gas pressureg p• Low CO2 concentrations• Very high flow rates (Huge y g ( g

columns)• High energy demand in the

reboiler (25-35% of power plant output)

• Impurities cause solvent degradation, loss of performance and equipment corrosionand equipment corrosion

• Solvent losses and waste products

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products• Emissions from CO2 capture plant Picture: CASTOR pilot plant ‐Esbjerg

Post-Combustion Capture Technology

ENGINEERING & DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Post Combustion Capture Technology

CONSIDERATION

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Absorber and Stripper ColumnAbsorber and Stripper Column

• Sol ent• Solvent• Capacity Loading, Kinetics, Mass Transfer, etc...

• Packing ColumnPacking Column• Requires to minimise pressure drop• Absorber• Stripper – designed based on low gas volumepp g g

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Post Combustion Capture Development

Process Concept Example DevelopersConventional MEA Econamine + Fluor, ABB

Ammonia Chilled Ammonia Alstom

Hindered Amines KS-1, AMP, … MHI, EXXON,

Tertiary Amines MDEA BASF DOWTertiary Amines MDEA BASF, DOW

Amino Acid Salts CORAL TNO, Siemens, BASF

Potassium Carbonate K2CO3 CO2CRC, Uni Texas

Piperazine Uni Texas

HiCapt, DMX Mixture IFP

Integrated SO2/CO2 Amines Cansolv/Shell2 2

Amine Aker Clean Carbon

Chemical solvents DEAB, KoSol, Calcium based, HTC, Uni Regina, KEPRI, NTNU, SINTEF, CSIRO, KEPRI, E BWEnBW

Ionic liquids Univ of Leoben

Adsorbents MOFs, Immobilized amine sorbents, HMS regenerable sorbents

NETL, Akermin

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HMS, regenerable sorbents

Membrane Selective, FTM, Module TPS, TNO, NETL,

Molecular Structure of AmineMolecular Structure of Amine

ONC

CO

CN

NCC

Monoethanolamine (MEA) N

N,N’ Hexamethylenediamine(HMDA N N’)

C NO

COCC

(HMDA N,N )

C

Diethanolamine (DEA)

26Ref: Prachi Singh, 2011 PhD Thesis

Steric Hindrance

O ON

CC N

CC C

O NC

C CO

O

Ethylamine

N OCarbamate

Functional Group

C C

Functional Group at α-carbon

NCC N

C

CCC ON

CC

Sec-butylamine

CC

CO

O C

CC

C O

OC b t

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Sec-butylamine(α-carbon)

OCarbamate

Ref: Prachi Singh, 2011 PhD Thesis

Cyclic amine

Piperidine (Pd)Piperidine (Pd)

H

NH

Piperazine (Pz)

HN

Piperazine (Pz)NH

HNH3C

Trans piperazine,2 5 dimethyl (2 5 Pz)

N

CH3

H3C

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2,5-dimethyl (2,5 Pz) NH

CH3

Structured PackingStructured Packing• Design is based on g

Liquid Loading Capacity• MaterialsMaterials

• Stainless Steel• Carbon Steel• Carbon Steel• Aluminium, Hastelloy• etc• etc...

• Suppliers• Sultzer (Mellapak)• Koch Glitsch (Intalox)

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• etc...

Post Combustion Capture Technology

AMINE DEGRADATION ISSUEPost Combustion Capture Technology

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Amine Degradation Issues

• S l t M k C t b i ifi t O ti• Solvent Makeup Cost can be significant Operating Cost

• Environmental implications of amine waste disposal• Environmental implications of amine waste disposal

• System performance including corrosion and foaming

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Amine Degradation

OxidativeDegradation

ThermalDegradation

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Stripper Column / ReboilerStripper Column / Reboiler• Higher Stripper Temperature gives betterHigher Stripper Temperature gives better

reversibility (G. Rochelle)

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Thermal Degradation S C / /Stripper Column / Reboiler / Reclaimer

Trans 2 5 Dimethyl Piperazine (2 5 Pz)Ethylenediamine (EDA)

Hexamethylenediamine (HMDA)

Piperidine (Pd)Piperazine (Pz)

Trans, 2,5 Dimethyl Piperazine (2,5 Pz)

Diethanolamine (DEA)Methylenediethanolamine (MDEA)

2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-propanol (AMP)

Monoethanolamine (MEA) 3-AminoPropanol (AMP)

Diethanolamine (DEA)

0 50 100 150 200

Diethyelentriamine (DETA)

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Estimated Stripper Temp. (°C)

Data from: Stephanie, 2001, PhD Thesis

Post Combustion Capture Technology

FOAMING ISSUEPost Combustion Capture Technology

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Issues with Foaming in Amines

• Solvent Loss• Premature Flooding• Premature Flooding• Reduction in plant throughput• Off specification of products• Off-specification of products• High Solvent Carryover to downstream plants

• Causes:Hi h G V l itHigh Gas VelocitySludge deposit on gas contractorP iProcess contaminants

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Parameters affecting Foaming

Process Parameters Physical propertiesy p p

Gas flow rate Gas density

Solvent Volume Liquid density

Solvent Concentration Liquid viscosity

CO2 Loading Surface tension

Solvent Temperature

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Foaming: Effect of Gas Flow Rate• Based on Monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent• Foaminess coefficient (min): Average Lifetime of Foam( ) g

41Ref: B. Thitakamol et al. 2008, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47(1), 216-225

Temp:40°C, CO2 Loading: 0.4 mole CO2 / mole amine

Foaming: Different Alkanolamine

0 91

min

)

MEA solution are easier to have creaming process due to

lower solution viscosity

0 70.80.9

cien

t (m lower solution viscosity.

0 50.60.7

Coe

ffic CO2 stripped out during experiment

(from 0.4 mol/mol to 0.2 mol/mol) thus increase foaminess

0.30.40.5

min

ess

AMP d DEA i d

0.10.2

g. F

oam AMP and DEA is due

to high bulk density

0MEA DEA MDEA AMP

Avg

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Alkanolamine

Ref: B. Thitakamol et al. 2008, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47(1), 216-225

Foaming: Effect of Degradation ProductsFoaming: Effect of Degradation ProductsSulphate, Carboxylate, Sulfonate – promotes the surface tension reduction

therefore increasing the foaming tendency

Degradation products Avg. Foaminess Coefficient

None 0 79None 0.79Ammonium Thiosulfate 0.97Glycolic Acid 0 94Glycolic Acid 0.94Sodium Sulphate, Malonic Acid 0.92 (each)Oxalic Acid, Sodium Thiosulfate, 0.90 (each)Oxalic Acid, Sodium Thiosulfate,Sodium Chloride

0.90 (each)

Sodium Thiosulfate, Bicine 0.85 (each)Hydrochloric Acid, Formic Acid 0.83 (each)Acetic Acid 0.82

48Ref: B. Thitakamol et al. 2008, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47(1), 216-225

Sulphuric Acid 0.77

Post Combustion Capture Technology

STEAM EXTRACTIONPost Combustion Capture Technology

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Impact of Post Combustion to PP Steam ExtractionSteam Extraction(Source: Bechtel Power)

Keeping the Cross Over Pressure to LP Steam Turbine Constant by Throttling Valve

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Impact of Post Combustion to PP Steam Extraction (Case 2)Steam Extraction (Case 2)(Source: Bechtel Power)

Variable Back Pressure to LP Steam TurbineVariable Back Pressure to LP Steam Turbine(Result: Lower Cross Over Pressure)

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Impact of Post Combustion to PP Steam Extraction (Case 3)Steam Extraction (Case 3)(Source: Bechtel Power)

Shut Off Valve to one of the LP Steam TurbineResult: 1st LP should be larger than 2nd LP

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Impact of Post Combustion to PP Steam Extraction (Case 4)Steam Extraction (Case 4)(Source: Bechtel Power)

Back Pressure Non-Condensing Steam Turbine

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Penalty to the Steam Turbine O t tOutput

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Post Combustion Capture Technology

CONCLUDING REMARKSPost Combustion Capture Technology

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Post Combustion: Where to Focus

• Novel solvents: Higher capacity, lower reactioncapacity, lower reaction enthalpy, stable and cheaper

• Smart process concepts and• Smart process concepts and heat integration

C t i t l• Capture environmental impact

• Cheaper equipments (absorber > 45% of CAPEX)

• Membranes, adsorbents and other processes have the

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potential as 2nd/3rd

generationSource: Figueroa et al., 2008

What’s NextWhat s NextMHI Large Scale Demo Unit

Pilot Plants

Nanko Pilot Plant (2t/d)

Commercial Scale

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Castor Pilot Plant (2t/d)

Commercial Scale Demonstration

Thank you• Email: stanley.santos@ieaghg.org• Website: http://www ieaghg org

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Website: http://www.ieaghg.org