Conserving and managing trees and woodlands in Scotland’s designed landscapes

Practice Guide

Practice Guide

Conserving and managing trees and woodlands in Scotland’s designed

landscapes

Peter McGowan with Christopher Dingwall

Forestry Commission Scotland: Edinburgh

© CrownCopyright2011

Applicationsforreproductionofanypartofthispublicationshouldbeaddressedtothe:OfficeofPublicSectorInformation,LicensingDivision,StClementsHouse,2–16Colegate,NorwichNR31BQ.

Firstpublishedin2011bytheForestryCommissionScotland 231CorstorphineRoad,EdinburghEH127AT.

ISBN978-0-85538-846-1

McGOwAN,P.withDINGwALL,C.(2011). ConservingandmanagingtreesandwoodlandsinScotland’sdesignedlandscapes. ForestryCommissionScotlandPracticeGuide. ForestryCommission,Edinburgh.i–iv+1–56pp.

Keywords:designedlandscapes,woodlands.

PrintedintheUnitedKingdom

FCPG102/FCS(AC)/JT-1K/DEC11

Enquiriesrelatingtothispublicationshouldbeaddressedto:

ForestryCommissionScotland 231CorstorphineRoad Edinburgh EH127AT

T:01313340303 F:01313164344 E:publications@forestry.gsi.gov.uk

If you need this publication in an alternative format, for example in large printor in another language, please contact The Diversity Team at the above address.Telephone: 0131 314 6575 or Email: diversity@forestry.gsi.gov.uk.

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Acknowledgements

ThetextwaswrittenbyPeterMcGowanofPeterMcGowanAssociates,landscapearchitects,withChristopherDingwall.TheprojectwasinitiatedandfinancedbyForestryCommissionScotlandandcarriedoutunderthedirectionofaSteeringGroupmadeupofHistoricScotland,woodlandTrust,AssociaitonofLocalGovernmentArchaeologicalOfficers,GardenHistorySociety,NationalTrustforScotland,ArchaeologyScotlandandScottishBordersCouncil.

AllphotographsbyPeterMcGowanunlessotherwisestated.HistoricimagessuppliedbyChristopherDingwall.Box1sketchdesignedbyPeterMcGowanandillustratedbyClareHewitt.

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ContentsIntroduction 1PurposeandcoverageofthisPracticeGuide 1

Legislation, policies and guidelines 3Legislation,planningpoliciesandplanningguidance 3UKForestryStandardandGuidelines 6TheScottishForestryStrategy 7

Trees and woodlands in designed landscapes 8Componentsofdesignedlandscapes 8Valuesandusesofdesignedlandscapes 9Landscapedesignstylesandhistoricperiods 10Conservationdocuments,surveysandmanagementplans 18

Guidance section 20Conservationandmanagementoftreesindesignedlandscapes 20woodlandmanagementandsilviculturalsystems 30Generalmanagementissues 35Accessandinterpretation 40Invasivespecies,pestsanddiseases 41Climatechangeandeffectsonwoodsandtrees 44

Appendices 48Researchsources,mapsandwebsitesinsiteassessment 48Sourcesoffunding 50Organisationsforfurtherinformationandadvice 53Generalreading 53Glossaryandacronyms 54

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IntroductionPurposeandcoverageofthisPracticeGuide

Designedlandscapesandtheirwoodlands,parklandandtreesmakeamajorcontributiontothesceneryofmanypartsofScotland.ThisguidancehasbeenpreparedtoassistownersandmanagersincaringforallthetreecomponentsinthefineheritageofdesignedlandscapesthroughoutScotland.Theguidancesetsoutto:

• aidunderstandingofwhatcomprisesanhistoricdesignedlandscape • outlinethecomponentsofdesignedlandscapes,inparticulartheirtreefeatures,theirdesign

principlesandcommonmanagementissues • helpplanarestoration,replantingormanagementproject • assistownersindecidingwhatactionsmaybenecessarywhenseekingfundingfor

conservationmanagement • providebackgroundinformationandlinkstofurthersourcesofinformation.

whatisadesignedlandscape?

Designed landscapeisatermdescribingtheornamentalgroundsofcountryhousesandinstitutions,publicparksandsimilarsites.Thisincludesgardensandpoliciesi.e.‘theenclosed,plantedandpartlyembellishedparkordemesnelandlyingaroundacountryhouse’–whatinEnglandwouldbetermedthepark.Thefollowingdefinitionofdesignedlandscapesisusedhere:

Grounds deliberately enclosed and laid out for aesthetic effect by any combination of landforming, building, water management and planting, and incorporating the natural landscape, for pleasure, agriculture and forestry purposes.

Designedlandscapesinthe21stcentury

Mostdesignedlandscapesintheformtheyexisttodayaretheproductofthe19thcenturyandearlierperiods.Theproblemsadaptingtothehugeeconomicandsocialchangesofthe20thcentury–reducedestateincomes,lossofmanpower,costsofmaintenanceanddevelopmentpressures–affectallpropertiestoagreaterorlesserdegree.Mostsiteshavebeenthroughprocessesofchangeperiodically.Furtheradaptationandchange,includingnewusesanddevelopment,mayhavetobepartofthefutureofmanysites.Thiscanbepossiblewithoutdetrimentifdoneinasensitiveandplannedway,basedonafullunderstandingofthevaluesoftheplace.Anaimofthisguidanceistoassistinachievingthistypeofchange.

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Figure 1Dawyck,ScottishBorders.

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Legislation,policiesandguidelinesLegislation,planningpoliciesandplanningguidance

IncontrastwithmostotherfacetsofScotland’snaturalandculturalheritage,thelistingandprotectionofdesignedlandscapesandtheirtreesandwoodlandsthroughlegislationandScotland’stownandcountryplanningsystemisacomparativelyrecentdevelopment.

Treesandwoodland

Town and Country Planning Act 1947givespowerstolocalauthoritiestodesignateTreePreservationOrderstoprotectindividualtreesandsmallareasofwoodland,usuallyinurbanandsuburbanareas,wheretheseareconsideredtohavehighamenityvalue.SimilarprotectionisaffordedtotreesinConservationAreasthroughthePlanning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas)(Scotland) Act 1997,thoughitseffect,too,islargelyconfinedtourbanareas.OutwithurbanareastheprincipalcontroloverthemanagementofwoodlandisthroughtheissuingofaFellingLicences,firstintroducedundertheForestry Act 1967,whichrequiresthelandownertoconsultwiththeForestryCommissionScotlandonproposalstofellexisting woodland,althoughtherearesignificantexemptionsfortreesinprivategardens,orchardsandchurchyards.

Manylocalauthoritiesemployofficerswhoareabletoofferadviceonmatterstodowithtreesandwoodland.Theseofficersarebackedupinmanyareasbyvoluntarytreewardens,whooperateundertheaegisoftheTreeCouncil.

ScheduledmonumentsandListedbuildings

Archaeologicalorarchitecturalfeatureswithinaparkordesignedlandscapemaybeeitherscheduled(asmonumentsofnationalimportance)orlisted.AlthoughtheaforementionedPlanningAct1997doesnotgiveexplicitrecognitionofgardensanddesignedlandscapesitincludesprovisionsthatareintendedtoprotectthesettingoflistedbuildings.GovernmentpolicyandguidanceonthissubjectisalsostatedinScottish Planning Policy 23: Planning and the Historic Environment.AtthetimeofwritingHistoricScotlandisintheprocessofdevelopinganewadvicenoteundertheheadlineManaging Change in the Historic Environment: Setting.

Figure 2

TheAntoninewallditchinCallendarPark,Falkirk.ScheduledancientmonumentandworldHeritageSite.

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Inventoryofgardensanddesignedlandscapes

TheInventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland wasoriginallypublishedin1987,covering282sites,withadditionalsitesbeingaddedfrom2001onwardsfollowingregionalresurveys.Thelastpublishedlist(2007)included386sites.In2008acomprehensivearea-basedInventoryresurveyprogrammewasbegun,designedtoprovideamoreup-to-dateresource.ThisprojectentailsafullrevisionofallexistingInventorysites,theselectionofnewcandidatesandtheidentificationandremovalofsiteswhichnolongermeetthecriteriaforinclusion.

AlthoughInventorystatusisnotastatutorydesignation(andthereforedifferentfromtheschedulingofmonumentsandlistingofbuildings)ithasbeenamaterialconsiderationintheScottishplanningsystemsince1992.ThetermsoftheTown and Country Planning (Development Management Procedure) (Scotland) Regulations 2008,(formerlytheGeneral Development Procedure Order)requirelocalauthoritiestoconsultHistoricScotlandondevelopmentproposalsaffectingInventorysites.ItshouldbenotedthatHistoricScotland’slocusisrestrictedtodevelopmentwhichrequiresplanningpermission.Theydonothaveaformalroleintheday-to-daymanagementormaintenanceofInventorysites.

TheInventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in ScotlandwithadescriptionandevaluationofeachsiteisavailableonHistoricScotland’swebsite(www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/heritage/gardens).

Inaddition,theHistoricLand-useAssessmentontheHLAmapwebsiteoftheRoyalCommissionontheAncientandHistoricalMonumentsofScotlandshowsthelocationofthecoreareaofmanydesignedlandscapes(hla.rcahms.gov.uk).

Non-Inventorygardensanddesignedlandscapesandplanningpolicies

ScottishMinistersencouragelocalauthoritiestoformulatepoliciesfortheidentificationandmanagementofnon-Inventorysiteswhichneverthelessmakeapositivecontributiontothelocalorregionalhistoricenvironment.

Figure 3

Inventorydesignedlandscape.Monteviot,ScottishBorders.

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Itisforlocalauthoritiestoidentifysuchsitesanddeveloppolicieswithindevelopmentplansfortheirprotectionandfuturemanagement.LocalauthoritiesareencouragedtoformulatepoliciesforbothInventoryandnon-Inventorysites.AlllocalauthoritydevelopmentplansnowcontainpoliciesinrespectofInventorysites,butonlyafewcurrentlycovernon-Inventorysites.Somelocalauthoritieshaveundertakensystematicsurveysofnon-Inventorysiteswithaviewtoincludingthemunderplanningpolicies.

Ancientwoodland

DesignedlandscapesmayincludelanddesignatedasaSiteofSpecialScientificInterest,orevenasaNationalNatureReserve,butmanymoreincludeareasidentifiedbyScottishNaturalHeritage(SNH)asAncientwoodland,orlong-establishedsemi-naturalorplantationwoodland.DesignatedareasareincludedintheAncientwoodlandInventorymaintainedbySNHandaredefinedonmapsontheForestryCommission’sGLADELandInformationSearchwebsite.woodlandoperationswithindesignatedsitesaregenerallymadethesubjectofmanagementagreementsbetweentheagencyandthelandowner,wheregrantaidisinvolved.TheoverallobjectivesofSNHinrespectoftreesandwoodlandaresetoutinitspolicystatementNatural Heritage Futures, Forests and Woodlands (2002)(www.snh.org.uk).

Fellinglicences

PermissionfromtheForestryCommissionScotlandisnormallyneededtofellgrowingtrees.ForestryCommissionScotlandgivethiswithafellinglicenceorwithapprovalunderaDedicationScheme.Incertaincircumstancesyoumayalsoneedspecialpermissionfromanotherorganisationforanyproposedfelling.

Everyoneinvolvedinthefellingoftrees,whetherdoingtheworkorbyengagingothers,e.g.theowner,agent,timbermerchantorcontractor,mustensurethatafellinglicenceorapprovalunderaDedicationSchemehasbeenissuedbeforeanyfellingiscarriedoutorthatoneoftheexemptionsapply.TheymustalsoensurethattheworkiscarriedoutinaccordancewiththetermsofaForestryCommissionpermission.Ifthereisnolicenceorothervalidpermission,orifthewrongtreesarefelled,anyoneinvolvedcanbeprosecuted.Anyfellingcarriedoutwithouteitheralicenceorotherpermissionisanoffence,unlessitiscoveredbyanexemption.Inanycalendarquarter,youmayfellupto5m3onyourpropertywithoutalicenceaslongasnomorethan2m3aresold.

Figure 4Non-Inventorydesignedlandscape.Cawder,EastDumbartonshire.

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Certaintypesoffellingdonotneedpermission.ForestryCommissionpublicationTree Felling, getting permission(www.forestry.gov.uk/publications)explainstherequirementsandexceptionsfurther.TheForestryAct1967,asamended,andrelatedregulationsgivetheexceptionsinfull.

BritishStandards

whencarryingoutworktotreesthefollowingBritishStandardsshouldbeadheredto:BS3998:2100 RecommendationsforTreeworkBS5837:2005 TreesinRelationtoConstruction

ScotlandRuralDevelopmentProgrammeandSingleFarmPayment

TheseruralandagriculturalsupportschemeshaveconditionsthatmayaffecthistoriclandscapesandareconsideredunderFundingintheAppendices.

UKForestryStandardandGuidelines

Inachievingsustainableforestmanagement(SFM),theconservationofheritagefeaturesandachievementoflandscapequalityarepromotedintheUK Forestry Standard(1998).TheirrespectiveSFMrequirementsarefor:

• importantheritagefeaturesareprotected. • dueaccountistakenofcultural,historicordesignedlandscapes. • landscapequalityisenhanced.

TheForestryCommission Forestry Practice Advice Note 3 – Woodlands in Designed Landscapes (1995,outofprint)providedbasicinformationforwoodlandmanagersonthehistory,identification,valueandcareofthetreeandwoodlandcomponentsofadesignedlandscape.ThepresentguidancereplacesthatearliernationalguidancewithparticularreferencetoScotlandandrelatesittocurrentgrantandotherfundingopportunities.

Asuiteofdesignguidelines–Forest Landscape Design,Lowland Landscape DesignandCommunity Woodland Design–allcontainadviceontheprinciplesandprocessesofdesigningandmanaging

Figure 5ArangeofhistoricsitesfromtheRomanperiodonwardsandseveraldesignedlandscapesintheTweedvalleybelowtheEildonHills.Scott’sView,Bemersyde,ScottishBorders.

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forestsandwoodlandsintheUKlandscape.Muchofthisadviceisrelevanttotherestoration,rejuvenationandsustainablemanagementofdesignedlandscapes.

BoththeUK Forestry Standard(UKFS)andassociatedsuiteofGuidelinesaretobesupersededbynewpublicationsavailablelate2011.BesidesthenewUKFS,ofrelevancetothisguidancearethenewForests and the Landscape Guidelines andForests and the Historic Environment Guidelines.

TheScottishForestryStrategy

The Scottish Forestry Strategy(2006)acknowledgesthecontributionmadebytreesandwoodlandtolandscapecharacterandquality,placingahighpriorityonincreasingstructuralandspeciesdiversity,andontheprovisionofwelldesignedandwellmanagedwoods.Recognitionisaffordedtodesignedlandscapesthatcontainnon-nativetreesandshrubs.ThestrategyencouragesthesympatheticmanagementoftreesandwoodlandsinsiteslistedintheInventory,aswellasvaluedindividualancientandheritagetrees.

Scotland’swoodlandsandtheHistoricEnvironment

TheForestyCommissionScotlandpolicystatementScotland’s Woodlands and the Historic Environment(2008)wasdevelopedforallthosewithaninterestinScotland’strees,woodlandsandforestsandbringstogetherScottish Historic Environment Policy(SHEP;HistoricScotland,2009)andtheScottish Forestry Strategyto:

• Communicatetheforestrysector’ssharedunderstandingofhowforestsandwoodlandscontributetowardsScotland’shistoricenvironment.

• PromotetheappreciationofthehistoryofScotland’sforestsandwoodlands,andtheircontributiontowardsourculturalheritage.

• ConfirmhowtheforestrysectorwillendeavourtodelivertherequiredoutcomesofScottishMinisters’strategicpoliciesforthehistoricenvironment.

• Outlinewhatpracticalmeasurestheforestrysectorcantaketoensurethatallouractivitiesenhancethestewardshipofthehistoricenvironment.

TheForestyCommissionScotlandPolicyStatementcanbefoundat:www.forestry.gov.uk/histenvpolicy

Figure 6Anoutstandingnon-Inventorysitewithmanytypicalfeatures.StobsCastle,ScottishBorders.

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TreesandwoodlandsindesignedlandscapesComponentsofdesignedlandscapes

Designedlandscapeswerelaidoutovergroundwithnaturallandform,watercoursesandvegetation,sometimesalreadyimprovedforagriculturaluse.Thenaturallandscapeusuallystillplaysamajorroleinthedesigntogetherwiththefollowingman-madefeatures–bothconstructedandplanted.

• Buildings–mansionhouse,stables,estatecottagesandlodges–areessentialcomponents,togetherwithgardenbuildings–folliesandeye-catchers,dovecots,ice-housesandwalledgardenswithglasshouses,conservatoriesandbothies.

• Enclosures–hahas,terracewallsandbalustrades,estatefences,fieldboundaries,estatewalls. • Landform–terracebanks,ground-moulding,causeways,rockwork. • Circulation–drives,estateroads,rides,walks,footpaths,stepsandbridges. • Water features–maybeadaptednaturalwatercourses–rills,cascades,glens–orformalelements

fedbythem–canals,lakes,artificialrivers,ponds,pools,fountains. • Views and visual structure–whilethesecomponentsarenotphysicaltheyareasmuch

partofthedesignastheotherfeaturesandincludevistas(narrowaxialviews),broaderviewsandpanoramas,andthecontainedandlinkedspacesformedbyplantingandwalls.Externalviews,whetherexpansiveordirectedatspecificfeatures,areoftenalsoimportant.

• Planted features–parklandwithclumps,groupsandindividualtrees,avenues;boundarytreebelts,shelterbelts,roadsideandboundarytreesandhedges;shrubberies,ornamentalwoodland,andarboretums;policywoodland,forestryplantationsandareasofsemi-naturalwoodland;kitchengardensandothergardensinalltheirvariety.

Eachofthesecomponentgroupsneedsregularmanagement,maintenanceandrepairfortheirsurvival,andmayentailsubstantialinvestmenttorestoreneglectedfeatures.Eachisaspecialistareathatmayrequireprofessionalinputsandskilledcraftsmen.whilerecognisingallthecomponentsthatcompriseadesignedlandscape,thisguidancedealsindetailonlywiththeplantedcomponentsandthevisualstructurethattheycreate.

Figure 7Themansionhouse,focusofthelandscape,DumfriesHouse.

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Howcandesignedlandscapesbeidentified?

InmanypartsofScotland,fromaroundourtownsandcitiestomoreremoteareas,designedlandscapesaccountformuchofthelandweviewascountryside.Manypeopledonotrecognisethattheseparticularlyfineareasoflandscapehavebeendeliberatelydesignedbecausetheyhavebecomeanessentialpartofthelandscapeswetravelthroughandenjoy.Fromtheroadside,estatewalls,boundarytreebeltsandformalgatewaysandlodgesareindicators.Plantingfeatureswillincludeavenuesofmaturetrees,parklandgrazingwithlargetreesandtreeclumps,andavarietyofwoodlandtypes.Nearthemainhousemaybeterracedgardens,shrubberies,wildgardensandcollectionsoffinetrees.withinthesitewillalsobefoundawalledorkitchengarden,stablesblock,estatecottages,dovecot,ice-houseand,possibly,ornamentalbuildingsandfollies.Intheouterpartsofthesitepastureandarablefarmlandandlarge-scalecommercialforestryplantationsmayplayapart.

Theformsthatdesignedlandscapestakecanbeidentifiedonmapsandontheground,althoughtheirvariabilityanddegreeofdesigncansometimesmakethisdifficult.Also,thedesignedlandscapesmaydisplayfeaturesfromdifferentdesignperiodswhichcanmakeunderstandingthechronologicaldevelopmentofthelandscapeachallenge.

Valuesandusesofdesignedlandscapes

PerhapsthemainvalueofdesignedlandscapeandthetreecomponentsintermsoftheireverydayimpactonourlivesistheircontributiontoScottishscenerywhetherinthevicinityoftownsorruralareasoftheLowlands,Highlandsandislands.Thelandscapesweseeaswetravelthroughlandscapes,eitheronadailybasisorasanoccasionalvisitor,oftendependfortheirqualitytoalargedegreeonthedeliberateplantingoftreesovermanycenturiesandatdifferentscalesbyestateowners.Butthisimportantpartofourheritageandhasmanyvaluesincluding:

• Artistic valuefortheirdesignthatcombinesnaturallandscapeandman-madebuiltandplantedfeatures

• Historical valueonaccountoffamilyhistory,roleinnationalorlocalhistory,associationwithfamouspeopleincludingdesignersandplantcollectors

• Horticultural valueduetoexcellenceofgardenorplantcollections,orarboriculturalvalueforitsvarietyoftrees

Figure 8Ornamentalcanal,Newliston. Figure 9Axialride,Dawyck.

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• Architectural value asthesettingforlistedbuildingsandworksbyrenownedarchitects • Scenic valueforcontributiontothelocallandscape,eitherindividuallyorinagrouporsequence • Nature conservation valueonaccountofthehabitatsanddiversityofspeciesofnative

floraandfauna • Archaeological valueforphysicalremainsfromanyperiodincludingevidenceofgardens

fromearlierperiods • Recreational valueforpublicand/orprivateuseandformanyactivities • Educational valuewhetherthroughinterpretationormoreformaltypesofteachingand

fieldstudyatprimary,secondaryandtertiarylevel,coveringanyoftheabovetopics • Climatic value–treesandforestscontributetowardsmitigationandadaptationofclimate

changeinmanydifferentways.

Intermsofuse,allsiteshaveacombinationofpleasureandproductiveland-uses,including:

• Recreationalusesbothbyowners,payingorfreeaccessbyvisitorsorbythelocalcommunity • Agricultureandforestry • Sportinguse(gamebirds,deerstalking,fishing) • Directandindirectcontributiontolocaltourism.

Landscapedesignstylesandhistoricperiods

Thissectiongivesasummaryofthestylesofdesignedlandscapeandtheirhistoricdevelopment.Asitemayshowoneparticulardesignperiodorstyleclearly,oftenbecausesubstantialre-designhastakenplaceatonetimeandsurvived,inwhichcasemuchofthetreeplantingmaybeofafairlyuniformage.Alternatively,thesurvivinglandscapemaybeaseriesoflayers,representingadditionsandchangesthroughsuccessiveperiods,wheretreesmightbeofawideagerange.

Naturalandsemi-naturalwoodland

ScatteredremnantsofScotland’snativewoodlandaretobefoundwithinmanydesignedlandscapesthroughoutScotland.InthemorecultivatedpartsoftheLowlands,woodlandofthissortgenerallyoccursininaccessiblelocationssuchascliffs,gorgesandsteepsideddens,where

Figure 10Hillsideparklandwithhighaestheticandscenicvalue.LenyHouse,Callander,Stirlingshire.

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itcannoteasilybeexploitedforitstimberorreachedbygrazinganimals.Inmanydesignedlandscapes,however,thenativewoodlandhasgenerallybecomedepletedthroughpastexploitation,hasbeeninvadedbyself-seedednon-nativespeciestreessuchassycamore,orhasbeendeliberatelyinterplantedwithornamentalspeciestoaddvisualinterestortimbervalue.withintheHighlandsremnantsofnativewoodlandtendtosurviveonlyonthesteepestslopes,intheremotestglens,oronislandsinlochs,wheretheyhaveescapedthecombinedpressuresofburningandgrazing.Evenheretheremaybeevidenceofpastexploitation,sometimesbyextractingtimberbyfloatingonlochsandrivers.Somenativewoodlandhasalsosurvivedintheformofwoodpasture,whereabalanceismaintainedbetweengrazingandnaturalregeneration,creatingapatchworkofwoodlandandopengrassland.Suchlandscapesareoftenrichinbiodiversity.Althoughwoodpasturederivedfromnaturalwoodlandisdifferentincharacterfromparklanddeliberatelyplantedwithclumpsandindividualtrees,bothcanmakeanimportantcontributiontolandscapecharacter.

Earlyforestmanagement

ThesystematicmanagementandexploitationofScotland’sforestsbeganinmedievaltimes.withthegradualexpansionofagriculture,itbecamenecessarytoimposesomecontrolsoverforestclearanceandgrazing.ThesecontrolsweremostlyexerciseddirectlybytheCrownorthroughgrantsoflandtoreligioushousesandfeudalbarons,withpenaltiestobeimposedonthosewhodisobeyedthelaw.Somereligiousorders,notablytheCistercians,areknowntohaveemployedforesterstomanagetheirwoods,whilefavouredbaronswereabletoenjoyspecialrightsandprivilegesoverthelandandforestwhichwasplacedundertheirjurisdiction.

whilesomewoodsandforestsweremanagedandexploitedfortheirtimber,otherswereprotectedandmaintainedashuntingreserves.IntheLowlandsandmoresettledpartsofthecountrythisofteninvolvedthecreationofwoodedparks,usuallyboundedbyfencesandditches,someofwhicharedepictedonearlymapsofScotlandsuchasthoseofTimothyPontandJohanBlaeu.Tracesofthesemedievalhuntingreservesstillsurviveinsomeplacesasearthworks,oftenfoundincloseproximitytoroyalpalacesandhighstatushousesofthemedievalperiod.Theirformerexistencemayalsoberevealedbyplace-nameswhichincludewordssuchas‘forest’,‘park’,‘hart’and‘hind’.Thoughprimarilyintendedfortheraisingofdeer,theseparkssometimesincludedotherfeaturessuchasfishpondsandrabbitwarrensor‘cunningars.’

Figure 11

StirlingCastleandKingsParkfromTimothyPontmapc.1595.

Figure 12

ThecastleandnewparkofCumbernauldfromJohanBlaeumap,1654.

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Geometricalplanting

Afondnessfororderandproportioninthelandscape,asinthearchitecturetowhichitwasoftenrelated,wasevidentintheplantationssurroundingScottishhousesfromanearlydate.Scotland’searliestgardeningbookThe Scots Gard’nerbyJohnReid,firstpublishedin1683,encouragedlandownersto “ … make all the buildings and plantings lie so about the house as that the house may be the centre … whatever you have on the one hand, make as much, and of the same form and in the same place, on the other.”Althoughthenaturaltopographyoftenmadeitdifficulttoachieveabsolutesymmetry,manylandscapesofthelate17thcenturyandearly18thcenturyexhibitedthissortofregularity,frequentlycentredonanaxiallinerunningthroughthehouse,withacross-axissetatrightanglestoit.wherethesurroundingplantationsformedpartofthepleasuregrounds,theywerefrequentlycutthroughwithintersectingwalksandrides,orwithnarrowvistasradiatingfromasinglepoint.Untilthemid18thcenturyformalplantationsofthissortweregenerallyreferredtoaswildernesses.

Figure 13

PlanfromTheScotsGard’nerbyJohnReid,1683.

Figure 15Vistainwilderness.Newliston,CityofEdinburgh.

Figure 14

Typicalplanc.1700.

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Theavenuesandvistasthatwereafeatureoftheselandscapesservedinsomecasesasthemainapproachtothehouse,orinothercasesasedgestoframeviewstoandfromthehouse.Theywerenormallyintheformofrowsofregularlyspacedstandardtrees,ornarrowparallelbeltsofplanting.wheretheystretchedoutintothesurroundinglandscapetheycouldbeseenassymbolicofalandowner’spowerandinfluenceoverhissurroundings–asJohnReidobserved“… being like the sun sending forth his beams”.Onecharacteristicofmanyoftheselandscapeswasthealignmentofthemainaxisonadistantfeaturesuchasacastleorprominenthill-top.whereaplantationwascutintoastarshapeorrond-point,eachoftheradiatingvistasmightbealignedonadifferentlandscapefeature.EarlytouristssuchasDanielDefoec.1710andJohnMackyc.1723describedmanysuchlandscapesintheirjournals.

Theformalityofthepoliciessurroundingthemansionhousewasfrequentlyextendedintothesurroundinglandscapeintheformofrectangularenclosuresorparks,boundedbyhedgesorwalls,alongwhichstandardtreeswereplantedatregularintervals.Inmoreexposedsituationstheselinesoftreescouldbethickenedintonarrowtree-belts,toserveaswind-breaks.Althoughchangingfashioninthelate-18thcenturysawmanyofthesegeometricallandscapesaltered,withancientavenuesuprootedorlefttodecline,therewasarevivalofinterestinformalityinVictorianandEdwardiantimes,resultingintherenewalofoldavenuesortheplantingofnewones,sometimeswithexoticconiferssuchasgiantsequoiaormonkeypuzzle.

Naturalisticorparklandlandscapes

Theaimofcreatinganidealisedclassicallandscape,influencedbythepaintingsoftheClaudeLorrainandSalvatorRosaandthesightsofthegrandtour,broughtaboutachangeinfashioninlandscapeimprovementinthemid-18thcentury.Thenewstylereflectedagrowingappreciationofthenaturalcharacterofasite.Addedtotheseconsiderationswasthecostofmaintainingwildernessplantations,wheretheformalwalksandridesrequiredfrequentpruningandmowing.Thenewstyle,whichcametobeknownasthe‘English’landscapegardenornaturalstyle,paidmoreattentiontonaturaltopographyandsoughttoexploitthescenicopportunitieswhichitoffered.AlthoughthestyleiscloselyassociatedwiththreeEnglishlandscapedesigners–williamKent,LancelotCapabilityBrownandHumphryRepton–theydidnotpractisenorthoftheBorder(apartforonesiteinFifebyRepton),soitsapplicationinScotlandisattributabletoothers.

Figure 16

Parklandplanting.BlairAdam,Kinross.

Figure 17

ParklandplantingstylesbywilliamGilpin.

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Inplaceoftheformalavenuesandregularplantationsofearliertimestheredevelopednewparklandlandscapesboundedbyplantationswithsinuousedges,embracingbroadareasofgrassland,ornamentedwithirregularclumps,groupsorscatteredindividualtrees.Oftenthenaturaltopographyhelpedtodeterminethepatternofplanting–inthewordsofonecontemporarywriter“I just plant what winna pleugh, and nature does the rest.” Sweepingdrivesallowedmuchgreatervarietyinformingtheapproachestoahouse,addinginterestbyexploitingthefavourite18thcenturydeviceofconcealmentandsurprise.Carefullyplacedtreesandplantationsservedtoframedistantviews,andinotherstohidepublicroads,servicedrivesandunsightlyfeaturesfromview.

Fromthemid-18thcenturymanyparklandlandscapeswereplantedwithindividualparklandtreesandclumps,carefullychosenfortheirformandvisualinterest.whetherobservedfromafixedpointsuchasahouse,orseenfromthewindowsofamovingcarriage,thepatternofplantingwasdesignedtoaddvarietyanddepthtotheforegroundandmiddlegroundofviews.Parklandwasalmostinvariablymaintainedaspermanentpastureorhay-meadow,withgrazinganimalsaddingtoitspastoralcharacter.Inmanylandscapesthesunkenfenceorha-hawasintroduced,tomaintainopenviewswhilekeepingstockoutoftheareasclosesttothehouse.Insuchlandscapesfarmbuildingsandstableblocksmightbepositionedatsomedistancefromthehouse,eitherhiddenorwithfeaturestoserveaseye-catchers.Onmoredistanthilltops,othereye-catchersintheformofartificialruins,obelisksormonumentswouldbeplaced.walledkitchengardensweregenerallyatsomedistancefromthehouse,shelteredbytreeplantingwhichcouldbeunderplantedwithshade-bearingherbaceousplantssuchasbluebellsanddaffodils,orwithornamentalshrubssuchasrhododendronsandazaleas,tocreateattractivewoodlandwalks.Elsewhere,especiallywherelandscapeswerebeingmanagedfortheirsportingvalue,underwoodwasplantedwithparticularshrubspeciestoprovidecoverforgamebirds.

Picturesqueandsublimelandscapes

Thewilderaspectsofnature,shunnedbyearliergenerations,begantoattractattentionfromthemid-18thcenturyonwards.Asonecontemporarywriterwasmovedtocommentinverseinthe1720s “Still other harsh and frightful objects be / Which not a little grace a country seat / If only brought within the bounds of sight.”ManyScottishlandownersbegantoseekoutwildglensinthevicinityoftheirhouses,andtoincorporatethemintotheirdesignsbywithnewpaths,drives,

Figure 18

Typicalplanc.1800.

Figure 19

Parkland,Ballochcastle,LochLomond.

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bridgesandplanting.Theseledvisitorstoviewpointsoverlookingdramaticlandscapefeaturessuchascliffs,cragsandwaterfalls.whilemanysuchlandscapeswerealreadypartiallywoodedbynature,othersbenefitedfromnewplantingputintoaddvisualinterest,ortoframeviews.Suchscenes,eagerlysoughtoutbytouristsfromthemid18thcenturyonwards,remainpopularwithvisitorstoScotlandtwoandahalfcenturieson.

Asintamerlandscapes,thedeviceofconcealmentandsurprisewasfrequentlyemployedtoaddtothedrama,withpathsleadingthroughwoodlandtoviewpointsofferingcarefullycontrivedglimpsesorviews,oftendescribedaspicturesqueorsublime.AlthoughpicturesqueandsublimelandscapesweretobefoundintheLowlands,mostlycentredonrivergorgesandwaterfalls,itwasamongstthehillsandmountainsthatsomeofthemostdramaticscenesofnatureweretobefound.Thepurposeoftheselandscapeswastothrilltheobserverwithoutputtingthemindangerandwerecarefullylaidoutandplantedtomaximisetheireffect.

Figure 20

Typicalplanc.1890.

Figure 21

PicturesqueviewatBarskimming.

Figure 22

SublimelandscapeatFallsofBruar.

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Exotictrees,arboretumsandAmericangardens

withtheexplorationoftheworldleadingtoarapidexpansionintherangeoftreesavailabletoplantersfromlate18thcentury,newandexcitingopportunitieswereopeneduptoplanters,gainingmomentumthroughthe19thcentury.Exoticconifers,inparticular,attractedtheattentionofforestersandlandowners,whetherfortheirpotentialastimbertrees,orfortheirbeautyandrarity.Theirvariedformsandevergreenfoliagewereabletoprovidewintercolourinwoodedlandscapes.Landownersandnurserymen,whowereprominentamongstthemembershipoforganisationssuchastheOregonBotanicalAssociation,soughttooutdoeachotherinthecreationofexperimentalplantationsandarboreta,designedtoshowoffthesenewintroductionstobesteffect.ReferredtoinitiallyasAmerican gardens,theseexotictreecollectionssoonbecameanestablishedfeatureofmanyScottishestates.

ThosetreespecieswhichwerefoundtobetolerantoftheexposedconditionsandpoorsoilsoftheHighlandsandonthewestCoastallowedlandownerstoexpandtheirlandscapeimprovementthroughextensivehillplanting,entailingtheforestationoflandscapeslongstrippedoftheirnaturalwoodlandcover.Sitkaspruceandlodgepolepinesoonestablishedthemselvesasthemostfavouredspeciesforsuchhillplanting,alongsideearlierbutlesshardyintroductionssuchasNorwegianspruceandlarch,andthenativeScotspine.AfterBritain’slackofatimberreservewashighlightedintheFirstworldwar,governmentinthe20thcenturyinvestedheavilyinnewplantingofthesefastgrowingtreesthroughtheestablishmentoftheForestryCommission,offeringgenerousgrantstolandowners.Asaresult,manyestatepolicywoodlandswhichhadbeenfelledduringthetwowarswerereplantedwithcommercialconifers.Somesuchplantingshavebeencriticisedfortheirestablishmentwithoutdueregardforotherinterestsandsensitivities,includinganadverseeffectonlandscapecharacter.

Today,mostofScotland’stallesttreesareexoticconifers,locatedwithindesignedlandscapeswheretheyhavebeenallowedtogrowtomaturity.Consequently,itisoftenpossibletoidentifysuchlandscapeswiththehelpofthesesignaturetrees.Exoticbroadleavedtrees,too,havefoundaplaceinthesewoodlands,thoughthesearelessprominentinthelandscapebecauseoftheirresemblancetonativespecies.whilerecentyearshaveseenamarkedtrend,encouragedbyalteredgovernmentgrants,towardsthereplantingofwoodlandswithnativespecies,exotictreesdeliberatelyplantedinprominentpositionscontinuetoaddvariety,provideautumncolourandmakelandmarks,amongothereffects,indesignedlandscapes.

Figure 23

Exotictreegroups,Ballochcastle,LochLomond.

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Designedagriculturallandscapes

whilenotpartofthepoliciessurroundingcountryhouses,plantinginthesurroundingcountrysideoftenshowsclearevidenceofdeliberatedesign.Frommonastictimesonwardstree-plantinghasalwaysbeenseenasanimportantpartofagriculturalimprovement,whetherforamenityorforshelter.Thisismostoftenseeninroadsideandfieldboundaryplanting,withtreesspacedatregularintervalsalongfielddykesandhedgerows,especiallyalongtheapproachandboundaryroadstoahouseorestate.Insomeareas,thehedgerowsthemselvesbecomeacharacteristicfeatureoftherurallandscape.Thoughessentiallypracticalintheirpurpose,windbreaks,too,areoftenplantedwithvisualamenityinmind.Insomeinstances,wherethereisnobighousetoactasafocus,thepatternoffieldsandplantationscanbeseenasadesignedlandscapeinitsownright.

GiventhatthestructureofmuchofScotland’sagriculturallandscapewasestablishedinthelate-18thand19thcenturies,manyofthetreeswhichweresocarefullychosenandplantedbyourforebearsarenowmatureorover-mature.withtheenlargementoffieldsandthemechanisationofagriculture,fieldboundaryandparklandtreeshavecometoberegardedbysomelandownersasaninconvenience,leadingtotheirlossordeliberateremoval,withaconsequentimpactonlandscapecharacter.

Regionalvariations

ThereisconsiderableregionalvariationinthestylesandtypesofdesignedlandscapesfoundaroundScotland.Distinctivetypesincludewestcoastwildandrhododendrongardens,oftenwithtreecollections;Highlandhuntinglodges;northernislesdesignedlandscapeswithfewtreesandgrassterraces;coastalandlochsidelandscapesgenerally.

UnderSNH’sNaturalHeritageZones(NHZ)Programmein1999theregionalcharacteristicsinrespectofdesignedlandscapesofeachofthetwenty-oneNHZswasassessedintermsof:

• Abundanceanddistribution • Characteristicsofsitesinzone • Overallstatuswithinnationalresource • Sitesofspecialsignificance • Pressuresandthreats • Objectivesandfunding

Figure 24

Designedagriculturallandscape.

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Conservationdocuments,surveysandmanagementplans

ConservationManagementPlans

Allmajordecisionsinthemanagementofdesignedlandscape,includingdealingwithmanyoftheissuesinthefollowingsections,shouldbemadeinthecontextofaConservationManagementPlan.Suchplanshavetheadvantageofdealingwithallthefactorsrelevanttomanagingalandscapeinacomprehensivewaytoreachbalancedpolicesandcoursesofaction.AConservationManagementPlanisoftenrequiredbyfundingbodiesandmayitselfbegrantaided.Onemayberequiredalsobyaplanningauthoritywherenewdevelopmentorlarge-scalechangeisproposedinadesignedlandscaperecognisedinitsplanningpolicies.

AConservationManagementPlanisadocumentproducedbyanexperiencedprofessionalorsitemanagerthat:

• givesadetailedunderstandingofthesiteanditsfeaturesthroughresearch,consultationsandsurveys

• providesastatementofculturalsignificanceofthewholesiteanditsmajorcomponents • assessesthethreatstoitsheritageandothermanagementissues • setsoutconservationpoliciesasthebasisforfuturemanagement,conservationworksand

newdevelopmentsorchanges • laysdownmanagementpoliciesandproposals.

Thedetailedunderstandingwillinvolvehistoricalresearchandsitesurveysinsufficientdetailtoproduceaninformedstatementofsignificanceanddevelopdetailedpoliciesandproposals,anddealwiththemitigationoftheeffectsofanydevelopmentthatmaybeproposed.

Historicalresearchmayinvolvestudyofprimarysources(unpublisheddocumentssuchasestatearchivesandmanuscriptmapsandplans)andsecondarysources(publishedbooks,mapsetc.).Repositoriesfortheseincludelocallibraries,estateoffices,councilanduniversityarchives,andnationalrepositoriessuchastheNationalArchivesofScotland,GeneralRegisterOfficeforScotland(thesetwosoontobemerged),RoyalCommissionontheAncientandHistoricalMonumentsofScotlandandtheNationalLibraryofScotland,allinEdinburgh,ortheBritishLibraryinLondon.Increasinglyallkindsofdocumentsareavailableonlineatthewebsitesoftheseandmanyotherorganisations.

Historicmapsandplans,andrecordsofexistinglandclassificationsanddesignationsareusuallythemostusefulstartingpointingatheringinformationaboutasite.Ashortguidetoresearchsources,mapsandwebsitesinsiteassessmentisgivenasanAppendixinSection15.

AsamplebriefforaDesignedLandscapeConservationManagementPlancanbefoundat:www.hlf.org.uk/howtoapply

Balancingpriorities

ThevalueoftheConservationManagementPlanprocessisthatbyratingthesignificanceofthedifferentaspectsofthelandscape,prioritiescanbeestablishedandbalanceachievedbetweendifferentobjectives,forexamplebetween:

• conservingthesurvivingtreesofthehistoriclandscape • restoringtheplantedandbuiltfeaturesofthedesignedlandscape • preservingvisualamenityandthescenicvalueofthesite • ensuringtheviabilityofagricultureandforestry

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• conservinghabitatsandencouragingspeciesdiversity • providingfortherequirementsforfieldsportsandprivateuses • providingpublicaccessandvisitorattractions • achievingthebestuseofavailableresources.

Treeandwoodlandsurveys

Acomprehensiverecordoftheexistingresourceisavaluabletoolforunderstandingindetailthecharacteristicsandmanagementrequirementsoftheindividualtreesandtreegroupingsofasite.Treesmayrequiresurveyingeitherasindividuals–asinthecaseofparkland,smallgroups,avenue,specimenandveterantrees–orasareas,inthecaseofclumps,belts,woodsandmoreextensiveplantations.Treesinsomesituationsarelikelytorequiretreeworktomaintaintheirhealthandvigourandforpublicsafety,ortorequirereplacementwithyoungtrees.Surveysforthebasisfororganisingtreework,bothinitiallyandperiodicallythereafter,andformonitoringthetreestockinthelongerterm.

TreesurveysshouldgenerallybeundertakentoBS5837:2005,butmaybetailoredtotherequirementsofaparticularsiteandthespecialneedsoftheproject.Treesurveysshouldbeundertakenbyaqualifiedandexperiencedarboriculturalist,preferablyanArboriculturalAssociationregisteredTreeConsultant(www.trees.org.uk),oramemberoftheRoyalScottishForestrySociety(www.rsfs.org)orRoyalInstituteofCharteredForesters(www.charteredforesters.org).

ForestPlans

AForestPlanaimstodeliverlong-termenvironmentalbenefitsthroughsustainableforestmanagementandconsistsofastrategicplandescribingthemajorforestoperationsovera20yearperiod.AForestPlanmaybeastand-alonedocumentforadesignedlandscape,orincorporatedinaConservationManagementPlan.

ForestryCommissionScotlandcanprovidesupporttohelpprepareaForestPlan,throughthewoodlandImprovementGrant(wIG)forlong-termforestplanning.AnapprovedForestPlanwillgivea10yearapprovalforfelling,thinningandthemeansofaccessinggrantsforrestructuringfellingandregeneration.ItwillalsoprovideaccesstoothergrantsupportthroughRuralDevelopmentContracts–RuralPriorities(seeSourcesofFunding).

InformationonwoodlandImprovementGrantsincludinglong-termforestplanningcanbefoundat:www.forestry.gov.uk/glscotland

TheformatoftheForestPlanhasbeendesignedforuseinanywoodland.ThePlanwillnotnecessarilyneedtobecomplexbutthedetailincludedinthePlanshouldbeinlinewiththescale,complexityandsensitivityofthewoodland.ForestryCommissionScotlandhavepreparedanumberofForestPlanexamplestogiveanindicationofwhatisexpectedinarangeofdifferentsituations.Theseareavailablefromwww.forestry.gov.uk/wighelpasfollows:

• LargeUplandMixedConiferForest • SmallCommunitywoodland • Nativewoodland

Planningarestorationorrestockingproject

Planningaplantingprojectwillrequireanexperiencedlandmanagerorprofessionaladvisorsuchasaforesterorlandscapearchitect.Thesizeandtypesoftrees,groundpreparation,plantingtechniqueandprotectionwillvarydependingonsitecharacteristics,includingsoiltypeandmicroclimate.Theinformationincludedinthefollowingsectionsgivesoutlineguidanceonly.

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GuidancesectionThissectionprovidesthemainbodyoftheguidanceandconsidersthedifferenttreefeaturesofdesignedlandscapes,specificmanagementissuesrelatingtothemthathavebeenidentifiedandmoregeneralmanagementissuesthatcommonlyoccur.

Conservationandmanagementoftreesindesignedlandscapes

Parklandtrees–individualtrees,groups,roundelsandclumps

GrazedparklandisperhapsthemostcommondesignfeaturederivedfromtheEnglishlandscapegardentradition,seeninconfinedtoextensiveareasinpracticallyalldesignedlandscapes.Treecomponentsinparklandcanincludeindividualorstandardtrees,smallgroups,roundels,clumpsandsmallirregularly-shapedplantations.Thesetreefeaturesareoftenarrangedtocreateasenseofdepthintheprincipalviewsfromhouseanddrives,bytheiroverlappingformstodisguiseboundaries,tochannelviews,andtocreateacharacterofopenwoodlandthatcanbevisuallysimilartowoodpasture.Oftenparklandplantingappearsquiterandomandunrefined,whilestillcreatingadistinctcharacter,andinotherplacescanbesubtlyplannedtocreateparticularvisualeffects.

Ifnodetailedestatesurveysareavailableanditisconsideredbothdesirableandappropriatetorecreatetheoriginallayout,thebestbasisforrestoringthepatternofplantingisthe1:25001steditionOrdnanceSurvey,generallysurveyedintheperiod1850–1870,whichisavailableformuchofScotland(availablefromtheNationalLibraryofScotlandMapLibrary).Ideallytheoriginaltreespeciesshouldbeusedanditisessentialtoprotectagainstlivestock,horses,deerandrabbits.Mostofthefeatureswouldhavebeenprotectedwhenfirstplantedbyafenceorbyhedgeplantedonamound,evidenceforwhichcanoftenbeseen.

• Parkland tree species in Scotland–commonlybeech,lime,oakandsycamore;frequentlyash,horsechestnut,sweetchestnut;occasionaluseofconifersincludingcedars,larch,Scotspine,wellingtoniaandothers.

• Restocking parkland trees–2.75–3.00mhighstandardtreesorlighter/heavierforindividualparklandtreesandsmallgroupsorroundels–stakedandtiedforthefirstyearortwo,withrabbitprotectionandstock-proofguardsorfences.Largerclumpsmaybemoresuitedtoplantingwithforestrytransplants,withtree-sheltersorrabbitandstockfences.

Figure 25

Planningofparklandplanting,williamKemp(1890?).

Figure 26

Scotspineandwellingtoniaasparklandtrees.

Figure 27

ParklandtreesrestockedbyBordersForestTrust.

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• Nurse trees–fastergrowingspecieswereoftenplantedwiththetreesthatwereintendedasmaturetreesingroups,clumpsandroundels,aswellasinbeltsandsmallwoods.TypicallyScotspineorlarchwouldbeplantedwith,forexample,beechoroak,toprovideshelter,withtheintentionthattheywouldberemovedaftertheyhadservedtheirpurpose.Frequentlynursetreescanbeseenremaininginthematuretreefeatures.Useofnursetreesinrestockingthesefeaturesisanoption.

Parklandcultivationanduse

Oftenareasthatwereoriginallyparklandgrazingwithpermanentpastureandindividualtreesandtreegroupsarenowmanagedmoreintensively,withregularlyresowngrasspastureorarablecropsinvolvingfrequentuseofheavyagriculturalmachinery,pesticidesandfertilizers.Issueshereinclude:

• cultivation(especiallyploughing)closetotrees,damagingrootsandalteringsoillevelsleadingtotreedeaths

• soilcompactionfromagriculturalmachinery • fertilizerregimesaffectthenaturalbalanceoftreenutrientsandtheiruptake,whichcan

affectthemycorrhizalfungalassociationsandmakethemmorevulnerabletopathogens • increasedstocknumberswith‘poaching’ofthegroundcausingcompactionand

waterloggingfromanimals’feetandexcessivedungingthatcandamagetreeroots • gradualreductionofthenumberoftreesingroupsduetolackofboundaryprotection,

leadingtoeventuallossofthewholefeature.

whentreeswereoriginallyestablishedunderlessintensiveagriculturalpracticesitwouldhavebeenintendedthatparklandpasturewouldbegrazedbycattle,sheepordeer.Mosttreesandtreegroupswouldhavehadprotectivefences,hedgesorhedgesbanksaroundthemintheirearlyyears.Inmanycasesthisprotectionhasbeenlostorbrokendown,leadingtoanimalsusingthetreesforshelterorcultivationclosertoorovertreeroots.

Estatescommonlyholdeventsinparklandandwoodlandareas,includingcross-countryriding,motorshowsandmusicfestivals,thatcanallhavepotentialimpactsonthetreesintermsofcompactionanddirectphysicaldamage,thatcanbeexacerbatedinwetweather.Animpactassessmentduringtheplanningforeventsneedstobeundertakentoidentifypotentialproblemsandnecessarymitigationmeasuresputinplace.

Figure 28

Parklandintraditionalpastureuse,withdecliningtrees.

Figure 29

Reducedtreegroupendangeredbycloseploughing.

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Parkland–losstowoodland

Parklandandotherfieldswithindesignedlandscapestypicallyhaveirregularboundarieswithadjoiningwoodland,ortheboundaryisdisguisedfromthemainviewpointsbytheplacingoftreegroups.Thetemptationformanagersistosimplifyboundariesintostraightfencelinesandtoplantupawkwardcornersleadingtoalossofessentialcharacterandvisualdiversity.Insomecaseswholeareasoflessproductiveparklandgrazinglocatedawayfromthemainhousehavebeentargetedforplanting.Parklandhasbeenlostinthiswaythroughthe20thcenturyandiscurrentlyunderpressureduetothepromotionofnativewoodlandcreationunderSRDP.

Confusioncanbecausedbylandindesignedlandscapesbeingoftenshownas‘Potentialcorewoodland’inGLADE,theForestryCommission’sLandInformationSearchtool(www.forestry.gov.uk/lis).Ownersareencouragedtoundertakemoredetailedassessmentofsitevaluesanddesignbeforecommittingtowoodlandplantinginparklandareas.

ParklandthatisimportanttothedesignandcharacterofalandscapeandshouldbeidentifiedinaConservationManagementPlan.Newplantingshouldbelimitedtoareaswhereeffectsontheintegrityofthedesignareoflowconsequenceandwhereitcanmakeapositivecontributiontoothervaluessuchasbiodiversity.

woodpasture

Ancientwoodpasturesareareasofgrazedpasture,heathoropenhillwithascatteringofopen-grownveterantrees.OnceacommonfeatureoftheScottishlandscape,theyprovidedshelter,pastureandfodderforlivestock,aswellaswoodproductsforlocalpeople.Sometreesmayhavebeenpollarded(cutbacktoahighstumpoutofreachofgrazinganimals),regeneratingwithmultiplestemstoprovidepoles,orbrowseforlivestockinharshtimes.Thegrazingpreventedcompetitionbyyoungertrees,allowingsomeindividualtreestosurvivetoagreatage.

Inmanyplacesthewoodpasturestructurehasbeenerasedbymodernland-uses,butsitesremainwherethecombinationofoldtreesandpasturegivesusaglimpseofanearliermanagedlandscapeandthecultureandtraditionsthatcreatedit.Thetreesthemselvesareinspiring;somearemanycenturiesoldandmayhavealineageonthatsitestretchingbacktoprehistory.

Figure 30

Plantingparklandtosimplifyboundariesresultinginlossofcharacter.

Figure 31

Conifersinfillinpolicywoodland.

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Aswellasbeinghistoriclandscapesofculturalimportance,ancientwoodpasturesnowprovideaprecioushabitatforsomerareandspecialisedwildlifethatdependontheoldtrees.Conservingthesespeciesrequiresprotectionofthehabitatbymanagingthegrazingandensuringtherewillbeacontinuingsupplyofoldtreesintothefuture.

woodPastureandParklandisapriorityhabitatoftheUKBiodiversityActionPlanwithtargetsforitsconservation,restorationandexpansion.PreviouslylistedasLowlandwoodPastureandParklandthescopeoftheplanwasextendedin2008toincludeuplandsites.

GrantfundingisavailablethroughtheScotlandRuralDevelopmentProgrammetosupportthemanagementofancientwoodpastures.

ForestryCommissionScotland Guidance on management of ancient wood pasture(www.forestry.gov.uk/publications)providesanintroductiontotherestorationandmanagementofancientwoodpastureandincludesreferencesandonlinelinkstoawiderangeofotherrelevantpublicationsonthesubjectbySNH,EnglishNature,ThewoodlandTrustandothers.

Picturesqueglens

ThefashionforpicturesqueorsublimelandscapesthatdevelopedfromthenaturalstyleoflandscapegardeningtookforminScotlandintheimprovementofnaturalglenswheretheyoccurredonestates.Manydesignedlandscapeshaveapicturesquesteep-sidedglenlocatedintheouterpartofthelandscapebeyondtheparklandandpolicywoods.Theglenwillhavebeenimprovedbypaths,bridgesovertherushingburnorriver,viewpointsofwaterfalls,folliessuchasahermitage,andplantingofwoodlandandfeaturetrees.Sometimestheseglensarequiteseparatefromthemainpolicies,e.g.FallsofBruar(BlairCastle)andFallsofAcharn(Taymouth)andvarygreatlyinscaledependingonthenaturalassetsofthesite–fromthemagnificentFallsofClyde(partofadjoiningBonningtonandCorehouseestates)tounnamedglensofsmallerestates.woodlandplantingintheselandscapesis,bydefault,ofnativespecies,althoughconifernursespecieswereoftenusedandnewlyintroducedexoticsaddedeitherasspecimensorforlargershelterplantations.Subtleclumpsoftreesperchedongorgeedgesareoftenseen,severaloaksplantedtogethertocreateamulti-stemmedeffectortwinnedwithScotspine,forallappearancesanaturaloccurrence.

PicturesqueglensrequireparticularlysensitivemanagementtoconservetheirspecialqualitiesandareeasilydamagedbyintrusiveactionssoarebesttackledbyaConservationManagementPlan.

Figure 32

Oaksinwoodpasture.

Figure 33

Veteranandyoungeroaksinwoodpasture,Dalkeith,Midlothian.

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AlmostinevitablynaturalheritagevaluesareprominentandmayneedtobegivenprecedenceoverdesignissuesifthesitehasprotectedstatussuchasaSiteofSpecialScientificInterest.

Avenues

Avenuesoflime,beech,sycamoreoroakmaysurvivefromtheformallandscapesof17thand18thcenturyormaybeoflaterorigin(usingnewlyintroducedconifersinsomecases)eitheraccompanyingprincipaldrivesorformingmainvistas.Avenuesmaybesingleordoublerows,orevennarrowbelts.Thedifficultyishowtorestocktheavenuewhiletheretainingthevaluableoriginal,usuallyveteran,trees–whethertothintheoldtreesandinterplantintherow,toreplacewithaparallelrow–or,asalastresort,tofellwholesaleandplantacompletenewavenue.Thesolutionwillvarydependingofthecharacteristicsoftheeachavenue,theoriginalspacingofthetrees,thetreessurvivingintherowsandtheirvigour,theirvalueasveterantrees,thewidthbetweenrowsandtheadjoiningspaceavailable.Here,aselsewherewhendealingwithveterantrees,theemphasisshouldbeonconservingtheoldtreeswhereverpossibleandforaslongaspossible.

Revitalisingtreesbyhardpruningisamanagementoptioninsomecases,e.g.limeavenuesofacertainageandcondition,althoughthisapproachneedstobebasedongoodarboriculturaladvice.

Figure 34BonningtonLinn,FallsofClyde,Lanarkshire.

Figure 35

Avenuerestockingbyinterplanting.

Figure 36

Avenuereplantingbyparallelinterplanting.

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• Avenues tree species in Scotland–commonlybeech,lime,oakandsycamore;sometimesash,elmandsweetchestnut;occasionaluseofDouglasfir,Scotspineandwellingtonia.

• Restocking avenue trees–2.75–3.00mhighstandardtreesorlighter/heavier–stakedandtiedforthefirstyearortwo,withrabbitprotectionandstock-proofguardsorfences.

Overgrownhedges

Overgrownhedgesareafrequentsightindesignedlandscapesbothwherethesitehassufferedlong-termneglectandwherehedgeshavebeenunmanagedatacriticalperiodintheirgrowth.Mostcommonlybeechhedgeswheretheindividualplantshavegrownintomaturetreesareseen,sometimetoimpressiveeffect.Thereisnoeasyanswertothecorrectprocedureandmuchwilldependonthesizetowhichthetreeshavegrown,whethertoacceptthetreesasafeatureofhistoricinterestortocutthembackandregrowthehedge.

Boundarybeltsandstrips

Treebeltsofmixedbroadleaves,oftenwithsomeScotspineorlarch,arethetraditionalformofenclosureforestateboundariesandparkswithinthedesignedlandscape.Oftenthepresenceofpineandlarchistheresultofuseasanursecropthathasnotbeenremovedduringmanagementwhentheprimarytreespecieshavebecomeestablished.Beltsmaybegeometric

Figure 37

Avenuereplanting.

Figure 38

Overgrownbeechhedgeandavenuetrees.

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andofregularwidthorofmorenaturalisticshapesrelatedtothelandform.Frequentlybeltsandotherpolicywoodswerefelledintheww2periodandoftenhavesincebeenlefttoregeneratenaturallywithnoregularmanagement.Themostcommonproblemisgapsorsectionsplantedwithcommercialconiferspecies,particularlySitkaspruce,inthe1960sand1970s,reducingthecharacterofthebeltsandthespacestheyform.Fellingtheseareasandrestockingwithbroadleaves,plusScotspinewhereappropriate,isthepreferredsolution.

• Boundary belts tree species in Scotland–typicallyash,beech,lime,oak,sycamore,Scotspine,larch.

• Restocking boundary belts–forestrytransplants45–60cmhigh–withtree-sheltersorrabbitandstockfences.

Roadsidetreesandhedges

HedgesplantedwithdistinctivespeciesorsimplequickthornhedgesareafeatureofestatelandscapesinmanypartsofScotland,forexample,beechhedgeswithsidesshapedtoabatterarecharacteristicofsomeareasoftheBorders,inmostcasesplantedbythelocalestate,sometimeswithmaturetreesintheadjoiningverge.wheretreesoccurinthehedgelineitself,itisusuallysetbackfromtheroadedge.Roadsidetreesaresometimesseenasahazard,althoughfewaccidents

Figure 39

Broadleavedboundaryandinternaltreebelts.

Figure 40

Neglectedtreebelt.

Figure 41

Estateplantingofroadsidetrees.

Figure 42

Ageing,potentiallydangerousroadsidetrees.

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occurandtimeousreplacementwithyoungtreescanavoidtheproblem.Hedgesgenerallysurviveremarkablywell,althoughoftengapsneedtobereplanted,butdependoncontinuedregularmaintenance.OverScotland,theroadsidetreestockisgenerallyagedorover-matureandrequiresaprogrammeofreplacementplantingtopreservethelocalcharacteroftheseroads.Althoughprimarilyconcernedherewithplantedfeatures,conservationofestatewalls,marchdykesandfieldboundarydykesshouldalsobepartoftheprogrammeoflandscapeconservation.

• Field roadsides tree species in Scotland–typicallyash,beech,oak,sycamore. • Restocking roadside trees–2.75–3.00mhighstandardtreesorlighter/heavier–stakedand

tiedforthefirstyearortwo,withrabbitprotectionandstock-proofguards.

Fieldboundarytrees

InsomepartsoftheScotland,fieldboundarytreesandhedgesareanessentialpartoftheouteragriculturalareasofestatelandscapes.Aswithroadsidetrees,theyareinvariablyageingandgraduallydisappearing.Again,replacementplantingisneededtoperpetuatethecharacteroftheseareas.

• Field boundary tree species in Scotland–ash,beech,oak,sycamore. • Restocking boundaries trees–2.75–3.00mhighstandardtreesorlighter/heavier–staked

andtiedforthefirstyearortwo,withrabbitprotectionandstock-proofguards.

Ornamentalplantingandcollections

Closetothemainhouseandprincipalapproachesuseofexoticbroadleavesandconiferswithfloweringandevergreenshrubsisthenorm.Suchplantingformsboththesettingforthebuildingandroutesandprovidesvisualdelightandnaturalbeauty.Oftentallspecimenconifersintheseareaspinpointthecoreofthelandscapewhenseenoverthetree-topsfromadistance.Attheirmostambitioussuchtreeplantingisorganisedintoarboretumsorpinetumsthathavescientificaswellasornamentalvalue.

Manysiteshavearboretumsandpinetumsthatcanbeveryvaluableasarboriculturalandscientificresources.Atpresentthereisnonationalinventoryofsuchplacesorsystematiccataloguingofthespeciesandprovenanceofthetreesgrownthere.

Figure 43Tallconiferspinpointasmalldesignedlandscapeinitswidersetting.

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Treesfromlostfeatures

Theprogressivedevelopmentofmanydesignedlandscapesthroughsuccessivestylisticperiodsresultsinoldtreessurvivingfromoneperiodtothenextinadifferentsetting.Mostcommonlytreesfromtheavenues,alléesandplantedvistasintheformallayoutsofthe17thandearlier18thcenturiessurviveasisolatedtreesorintermittentrowsamongthenaturalisticallyscatteredparklandtreesofthelate18thand19thcenturies.Theeffectcanbeseenclearlyonmany19thcenturyOrdnanceSurveymapsat6”or25”scale,wherebrokenrowsoftreescanstillbediscernedamongotherwiseirregularplanting.Inmanycasestheserowscanstillbeseentoday,althoughthetreenumbersmaybereduced.

Thevalueofconservingtreesfromlostfeaturesisself-evident,beingalivingrecordofthedevelopmentofthelandscape,aswellashavingalltheothervaluesofveterantrees(seebelow).whetherthelostfeatureshouldbeperpetuatedbyreplacementplantingisamoredifficultquestion.SuchanissuecanonlybeexploredandresolvedifconsideredwithalltheotherfactorsinaConservationManagementPlan.

Individualnotabletrees

Sitessometimepossessindividualtreesthatarenotableonaccountofthesize,age,speciesortheirhistory.ExamplesincludetheCaponTree(nearJedburgh,ScottishBorders),theDunkeldlarch(Perthshire)andtheCamperdownelm(Dundee).Suchtreeswillbeofspecialpublicinterestandmaybevisitorattractionsintheirownright.Localauthoritiesorvoluntarygroupsometime

Figure 44

Fieldboundarytrees.

Figure 45

Ornamentalandexotictreesingardenarea.

Figure 46

CaponTree,nearJedburgh,ScottishBorders.

Figure 47

Championvariegatedsycamore.

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publishlistsofsuchtreesintheirareasandmanyoccurwithindesignedlandscapes.Heritage Trees of ScotlandbyRodger,Stokes&Ogilvie(TheTreeCouncil,2003)isagoodnationalguide.

Inevitablythepreservationandcareofsuchtreesisaissueformanagement.Actionsmayincludefencingtoprotectthetreeandforpublicsafetyfromdangerouslimbs,treeworksuchasproppingandbracing,interpretation,andreplacementplantinginordertohaveayoungtreeinitsplacewheniteventuallyfailsandtopreservethegeneticstockofthetree.

Veteranandancienttrees

Veteranorancienttreeshaveimmensehistorical,aestheticandbiodiversityvalueswithindesignedlandscapes,particularlyinparklandbutpotentiallyinanytreecomponentofasite.Matureandageingtreesbringproblemsofsafetyandappearance,aswellastheissueofplantingreplacements.whereoldtreesareneardrives,footpathsorotherpublicareas,ownershavearesponsibilitytokeeptheminasafecondition.Elsewheretherearestrongaestheticandnatureconservationreasonstoretainoldandancient(over200years)trees,particularlywheretheyhavenotimbervalue.

Long-establishedwoodland,parklandorwoodpasturemayalsoincludeareasofremnantcoppicewoodlandorindividualancientcoppicedtrees.Thesehavetheadditionalinterestofevidenceofformermanagementsystemsandagainthepriorityshouldbetheirconservation.

NaturalEnglandhandbookVeteran Trees: A Guide to Good Management(naturalengland.etraderstores.com/NaturalEnglandShop)isacomprehensiveguidetothesubject.Otherusefulsourcesinclude:

• AncientTreeForum,Ancient Trees guide series(frontpage.woodland-trust.org.uk/ancient-tree-forum)

• ForestryCommission,Estimating the Age of Large and Veteran Trees in Britain (www.forestry.gov.uk/publications)

Orchards

Manydesignedlandscapeshavesmallorchards,oftenassociatedwiththewalledgarden–eitherwithinorimmediatelyoutsideitswalls–andincludingwall-trainedfruittrees.Thebenefitsoforchardscanbemany,includingpreservationofoldfruitvarieties,growinglocallygrownandsustainablyproducedfruit,encouraginghealthyeatingandothers.Theconservationandcultivationoforchardsshouldbeencouragedwhereverpossible.

Figure 48

VeteranCadzowoaks,HamiltonHighParks,Lanarkshire.

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Thereisgrowinginterestinorchardswithanumberoflocalinitiatives.Scottish OrchardsisaneworganisationforanyoneinterestedinpromotinganddevelopingorchardsinScotland.

Useofwalledgardens

Veryfewwalledgardenssurviveintraditionaluseasproductivekitchengardensforvegetables,fruitandflowers.Theirexcellentgrowingconditionsresultingfromtheirdesignandbuild-upoffertilesoilsuggestsapreferenceforhorticulturalusesratherthanusessuchassingleormultiplehouseplots.SuccessfulexamplesexistaroundScotlandof:

• continueduseasflowerandproducegardenonareducedscale • hotelvegetableandornamentalgarden • retailplantnurseryorgardencentre •marketgardening/organicvegetablegrowing • communalallotments • commercialtreenursery

woodlandmanagementandsilviculturalsystems

Policywoodlandsandplantationedges

Policiesaretheornamentalgroundsofalargecountryhouse–whatinEnglandiscalledthepark.Policywoodlandsareanywoodswithinthisarea,althoughmoretypicallythetermexcludesthemostornamentalfeaturessuchaswoodlandgardens,arboretumsandsuchlike.Thesizeandtypeofwoodsinadesignedlandscapewillgradefromsmallerbeltsandclumpsnearthecentretoextensiveforestryplantationsontheouterhillland,withtheprimaryfunctiongradingfromornamentaloramenitytocommercialforestry.Policywoodlandstypicallyshouldhavesomeofbothfunctionsandwillhavehadgoodtimbertreesremovedforsaleperiodically.Manywoodstodaysufferfromaprevalenceofintroducedconifersandrequirerestructuringtomixedbroadleaves,plusScotspineand/orlarchwhereappropriate.

Thedesignofpolicywoodlandsdependsonthestyleofthelandscapeandmaybegeometricblocksororganically-shapedareas.Variousdegreesofirregularityrelatetothecharacterofindividualdesigns.Oftenthecomplexityofalayoutanditswoodlandedgeshasbeenlostinthedesiretosaveonthecostofboundarydykesandfences,ortoinfillpartsorentiregrazedparks.Thereinstatementofwoodlandboundariesandthereformingoforiginalspacesisanessentialiteminrestoringadesignedlandscape.

Figure 49

walledgardenretainedintraditionalusebyahotel.

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• Policy woodland and boundary belts tree species in Scotland–typicallyash,beech,lime,oak,sycamore,Scotspine,larch.

• Restocking policy woodlands–forestrytransplants45–60cmhigh–withtree-sheltersorrabbit,deerandstockfences.

Silviculturalsystems

Amongtypicalmanagementissuesfacedinpolicywoodlandsare:

• olderwoodsthatmayhavebeenneglectedanddevelopedauniformityofstructurewithlittlenaturalregeneration

• woodsfelledduringwwIIoratsometimesinceandnotreplanted,dominatedbydensenaturalregenerationofsycamoreandash,andwithauniformityofage

• olderwoodswheregapshavebeenplantedupwithconifersasashorttermmeasure • smallwoodsandbeltsinvisuallyprominentpositionsthathavebeenreplacedwholesale

withconiferstothedetrimentofthelandscape.

Allthesesituationsrequirethewoodlandcovertobemodifiedtoachievebettertreespeciesandagediversityovertimeinlinewithcurrentmanagementobjectives.Thegeneralmovementawayfromclear-fellingwithreplantingandtowardscontinuouscoversilviculturalsystemsinforestandwoodlandmanagementisparticularlyappropriateforthewoodsofdesignedlandscapeswherepleasureuseandvisualamenityaremajorconsiderations.Itisalsothetypeofsystemthathasbeenusedhistorically.

Figure 50

Long-establishedpolicywoodlands.

Figure 51

Conifersdominatinganestateentranceintheplaceofavenuetrees,mixedtreebeltsorparklandplanting.

Figure 52

Treefeaturesreplantedwithconifers.

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Managementsystemswithalowerimpactthanclear-fellingarealsolikelytoproveaneffectivewaytoincreasetheresilienceofforestswithrespecttoclimatechange.Insemi-naturalwoodland,lowerimpactsystemsarerecommendedinaccordancewiththerelevantForestPracticeGuide.

Asilviculturalsystemistheprocessoftending,harvestingandregeneratingaforestorwoodland.Systemsadoptedforwoodlandmanagementshouldbedrivenbymanagementobjectivesdefinedintermsofthebroaderobjectivesforthemanagementofthewholedesignedlandscape.IdeallythiswillbesetoutinaConservationManagementPlan.Typicalobjectivesforpolicywoodlandswillinclude:

• generalvisualamenity • preservingthefunctioninthelandscapedesign • enhancingnatureconservationvalues • recreationaluses • provisionforsportinguseandgamecover • growingtimberofcommercialvalue

Therearemanydifferenttypesofsilviculturalsystemsandabroadclassificationcanbemadebasedonthepatternofregenerationandhowthetreecanopyisreducedorremoved.Generallywoodsorforestsmanagedusingclearfellingandshelterwoodsystemstendtobeeven-aged(onlypossessoneortwocanopystrata)andthosemanagedusingselectionsystemsareuneven-aged(havethreeormorecanopystrata).

Silviculturalsystemswillbedeterminedmostbythecharacteristicsofthewoodlandatthestartofthemanagementprogrammeintermsofspeciescomposition,ageclasses,densityanddistributionofspeciesandclasses,theirgeneralconditionandthesoil,themicro-climateandassociatedfungi,floraandfauna.

Undercontinuouscoversystemsappliedtopolicywoodlands,thevariablestobeconsideredwillbe:

• Method of thinning or felling–treestoberemovede.g.weakest,mostmature,besttimber,undesirablespecies;patternofremovale.g.individuals,groups,smallcoupes.

• Re-stocking method and woodland type–naturalregeneration;plantingsemi-naturalwoodlandspecies;plantingbasedonhistoriccomposition;plantingforotherobjectivesincludingcommercialtimberspecies.

• Details of planting method–cultivation/groundpreparation,drainage,plantsize,notchplanting,methodofprotectionagainstrabbit,deeretc.

Asaguideline,insemi-naturalwoodland,limitfellingto10%oftheareainany5-yearperiod,unlessthereareoverridingbiodiversityorsocialadvantagestofellingagreaterpercentagearea.

Principlesofthecontinuouscoverapproach

• Adapt the wood to the site–Continuouscoverforestry(CCF)seekstoworkwiththesiteandtorespectecologicalprocessesandinherentvariationratherthanimposeartificialuniformity.Inpractice,thisleadstoapresumptiontowardstheuseofnaturalregenerationandthedevelopmentofmixedspeciesandmixed-agestands.

• Adopt a holistic approach to forest management –CCFregardsthewholewoodlandecosystemasthe‘productioncapital’.Thisincludesthesoil,theforestmicro-climate,associatedfungi,floraandfauna,aswellasthetreesthemselves.Managementfortimberproductionisdirectedtowardsthecreation,maintenanceandenhancementofafunctioningecosystemratherthantheperiodiccreationandremovalofindividualcropsoftrees.

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• Maintain forest conditions without clearfelling–CCFregardsthemaintenanceofforestconditionsasanessentialtoolinachievingitsaims.Theuseoftheoverstoreytoinfluencetheamountoflightreachingtheforestfloor,tolimitgroundvegetation,triggerregeneration,andthencontrolitsdevelopmentiscrucial.Ifclearfellingtakesplace,forestconditionsarelost,thebenefitsofshelterreducedandregenerationbecomesmoredifficult.

• The growing stock–UnderCCFmanagement,standimprovementisconcentratedonthedevelopmentofpreferredindividualsratherthanthecreationofablockofstemswithuniformspacingandaveragestemcharacteristics.Acharacteristicofpermanently-irregularstandsisthatyieldcontrolisbasedonmeasurementsofstem-diameterandincrementratherthanageandarea.

Fellingandrestockinglargerwoods

Many20thcenturywoodlandswereplantedorfelledandre-plantedoverashorttimewithlittlediversity.Otherolderwoodsmayhavebeenneglectedanddevelopedauniformityofstructure.Atfellingandrestocking,opportunitiesarepresentedtorestructureageclassestodevelopforestdiversity.Inevenagedwoodlands,thismayinvolveadvancingfellinginsomeareasanddelayingfellingandrestockinginothers.Followingrestructuring,furtherage-classdiversitycanbeintroducedinsubsequentrotations.Thedesignoffuturefellingcoupescanalsobeaddressedatrestockingbydevelopingalong-termforeststructurewithfuturefellingcoupesdefinedbyopenground,watercoursesandsemi-naturalhabitatsGeneralguidelinesinclude:

• Inforestswherethereislittleage-classdiversity,retainstandsadjoiningfelledareasuntiltherestockingofthefirstcoupehasreachedanaverageheightof2m:forplanningpurposesthisislikelytobebetween5–15yearsdependingonestablishmentsuccessandgrowthrates.

• Developalong-termforeststructurebymakinguseofpermanentfeaturessuchaswatercoursesandopenspace;inuplandforestsidentifyfuturefellingboundariesandmanagecropedgestoincreasestability.

• Identifysitesforlong-termforestcoverandthinthemearly.

Commercialconifersandforestryplantations

PlantationsofcommercialconifershavebeenpartoftheScottishlandscapeforcenturies,withScotspine,Europeansilverfir,NorwayspruceandEuropeanlarchinuseduringthe18thcenturyandwithagreatlyexpandedchoiceofspeciesfromNorthAmericaaddedinthe19thcentury.Atdifferentscales,conifershavebothornamentalandcommercialrolesindesignedlandscapes.However,onmanyestatessuchplantingshavebecomethedominantwoodlandtype,replacingbroadleavedwoodlandtothedetrimentofvisualandecologicaldiversity.

Figure 53

Estatebroadleavedwoodlandmanagedforhardwood.

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Duringthelatterpartofthe20thcenturythestrategictimberresourceimperativethatdrovemanycommercialconiferplantingswasgraduallysupplantedbytheappreciationthatallwoodlandshadthepotentialtoprovidemultiplebenefits.Morerecentpoliciesandassociatedgrantprogrammeshaveencouragedawiderangeofwoodlandtypes,promotingnativebroadleavesandamenityplantingrelatedtopublicaccessinmanysituations.Overtime,thisshouldpromotefurtherchangeandtherestorationofpreviouswoodlandfeatures

OrnamentalplantingclosetothemainhouseoftenfeatureslargenorthAmericanandotherconifers–cedars,Douglasfir,grandfir,noblefir,monkeypuzzle,yew,westernhemlock,wellingtonia–whileforestryontheouterhilllandmaybealmostexclusivelyconiferous.Therearelocationsindesignedlandscapesfortheseplantingtypesbuttheirsitingrequirescarefulplanning,preferablywithinthecontextofaConservationManagementPlan.

ForestryplantingonthewiderscaleiscoveredbytheForestryCommission’ssuiteofguidelines,withtheprinciplesandprocessofrestructuringconiferplantationsdescribedintheForestryCommissionPracticeGuideForest design planning: a guide to good practice(1998)(www.forestry.gov.uk/publications).

Figure 54 ExtensiveafforestationinTweedvalleyenclosingdesignedlandscapes.

Figure 55 woodlandreplantingignoringoriginalpatternofclumpsandboundaries.

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Generalmanagementissues

Clearancetorestoreviews,spacesandroutes

Oncethehistoriclayoutandthedesignofasiteareunderstoodandbeforeanyneworreplacementplantingisundertaken,afirststepmaybetoclearvegetationthatisinthewrongplace.Itmaybepossibletosignificantlyimproveandrestorethelandscapebyremovalofundergrowthandnaturalregenerationtore-openintendedviewsorvistas,clearovergrownspacesandmakelostpathsanddrivesaccessibleagain.Dependingonhowalteredorovergrownthelandscapehasbecome,itmaybepossiblebyclearanceoflateradditionsandundergrowthtorecreatelostspacesandreformfieldboundarylines.

Removalofvegetationshouldbeshouldbecarefullyconsideredandbeabalanceddecisionbasedonafullappreciationofitscurrentvalue(landscape,culturalheritageandbiodiversity),preferablydeterminedthoughaConservationManagementPlan.Also,ifthevegetationinquestionconstituteswoodlandorforestthenthemanagershouldbeawareoftheScottishGovernmentPolicyonControlofwoodlandRemoval(www.forestry.gov.ukpublications).

Figure 56

Abandoneddrive.

Figure 57

Overgrownlimeavenue.

Figure 58

Reopeningaviewtoaneye-catcher.

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Selectionofspecies

Thestartingpointforallplantingindesignedlandscapesisthehistoricprecedent–inmostcasesownersandmanagersinthe17thto19thcenturieshadgreaterempathywiththeirlandandknowledgeofplantingthanwehavenowandtheiroriginalchoicesarethebesttofollowand,insomesituations,shouldbefollowedforhistoricalaccuracy.Althoughtreesnativetotheregionarepreferableinmanysituations,long-establishedpolicyplantingmayhaveagreaterrangeofBritish,EuropeanandevennorthAmericanspecies.Typicalspeciesfordifferentfeaturesaregivenelsewhereinthissection.

Theeffectsofclimatechangeandthemanagementobjectivesoftheproject,includingaimsforbiodiversity,willalsoneedtobeconsideredinselectingspeciesforplanting.

wychelmisomittedfromthelistsgivenaboveduetoDutchelmdisease.Precisespeciesofbirch,oak,limeetcwillvarydependingonthesitecharacteristics.Cultivarsmaybeappropriateinsomesituations.wheretheaimistocreatesemi-naturalwoodlandhabitats,localstrainsmaybesourced.

Plantingforbiodiversity

Thevaluesofdesignedlandscapesincludenatureconservationandcontributiontobiodiversity.whilethefocusofthisguidanceisondesignandconservationoftheman-madeorplantedfeaturesofthehistoricenvironment,anyopportunitytoenhancebiodiversityofthelandscapebyaddingbeneficialspeciesorotherwiseenrichinghabitatsshouldbetakenwhenplanting.

Manyareasofdesignedlandscapes–parkland,woodpasture,woods,treebelts,artificialwaterbodies,naturalburnsandrivers–maybesignificanthabitatsaswellasimportantvisualandamenityfeaturesinthedesignlayout.Evenmoreformalfeaturessuchasavenues,walledgardens,woodlandgardensandarboretumsmayhavedevelopedsignificantnatureconservationinterestthroughlong-establishmentorneglectandinvasionofmorenaturalspecies.Bothindealingwithpastneglectandinneworreplacementplantingopportunitiesoccurtooptimisebiodiversity,forexamplebymodifyingtreespeciesinshelterbeltstoincludethemostbeneficialnativespecies.

MoregeneralinformationcanbefoundonScottishNaturalHeritage’swebsite at:www.snh.gov.uk/about-scotlands-nature

OfparticularinterestmaybeHabitatActionPlansforhabitatsassociatedwithdesignedlandscapese.g.wood-PastureandParkland,includedintheUKHabitatActionPlan(www.ukbap.org.uk).

Protectionofplanting

Protectionofyoungtreesfromgrazingstock,deer,haresandrabbitscanbeamajorcostofaplantingprojectbutisessentialforsuccessfulestablishment.

Permanentprotectionfromstockisnecessaryfortreesadjoiningorwithingrazingland.Fieldboundariesandfencesaroundclumpsandroundelsneedtobekeptsecureandappropriateanddurableformsofbarriermaintainedaroundthetrunksofparklandtrees.

• Protection of parkland and avenue trees–robusttimbertreeguardstokeepstemandbranchesoutofthereachofstockanddeer,andwithstandingbrushingbycattle,alsoprovidedwithrabbitprotection(wiremeshorspiralguardetc).Afterestablishment,steel

Figure 59

Minimumprotectionofindividualparklandoravenuetrees.

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treeguardsareagoodsolutionprovidingtheyareadjustedorupgradedasthegirthoftreetrunksincrease.

• Protection of roundels and clumps–rabbit-andstock-prooffence(ingrazedparkland)asForestryCommissionTechnical Guide, Forest Fencing.

• Protection of woods and belts–deer-,livestock-andrabbit-prooffencingasForestryCommissionTechnical Guide, Forest Fencing.

Maintenanceofplanting

Manyplantingandrestockingschemesfailduetolackofaftercare.Maintenanceislimitedtoafewseasonalorannualoperationsandisnotonerousbutneedstobeallowedforinannualbudgetsandplannedintocontractsorworkschedules.Operationswilldependonthefeaturesoftheplantingschemeandwillinclude:

• weedcontroltoreducecompetition–vitalintheearlyyearsofestablishment • adjustmentoftreeties;checkingrabbitprotection;removalofstakes;removaloftreeshelters • beatinguporreplacementofdeadplants • brashingandthinningtofinalspacing • controloflitter • maintenanceoftreeprotection

Thereisaneedtofacilitatesafeaccessoverfencestoplantingareasformaintenancebymeansofgatesorstiles.

Figure 60

Protectionofindividualtreesneedstoberobusttoprotectagainstcattle,horsesanddeer.

Figure 61

Treeprotectionneedstobemaintained.

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Fencesandsigns

Althoughthisguidanceisconcernedprimarilywithplantingindesignedlandscapes,fencingandsignagecanhaveasignificantimpactonlandscapequality.Useofurbanfencetypesthatareoutofcharacterandaproliferationofsignscanbeproblematic,particularlywheresitesareindividedownership,withseveraluses,andthereisnocoordinatedmanagement.

Traditionalironestaterailingsarepreferablewhereastock-prooffenceisneededalongdrives,althoughtheirexpensemeansthattimberrailoragriculturalfencesmaybeanecessaryalternative.Similarfencesshouldbeusedinotherpartsofthelandscape.wherepresent,drystonewallsandhawthorn,beechormixed-specieshedgesshouldbemaintainedwhereverpossible.

Forestmanagershavetraditionallyusedfencesasoneoptiontoprotectyoungtreesfromdamagebyherbivorouswildanimalssuchasdeerandrabbits.

However,itisanexpensivecontrolmeasure,particularlyinremoteareasorwhereaccessisdifficult.Itcanalsobecontentious,drawingoppositionfromgroupssuchasenvironmentalorganisations,ramblers,hillwalkersandlocalcommunities.

Itisthereforevitalthattheappropriatetypeoffenceisdesigned,locatedanderectedtohighspecifications,andthenmaintainedproperlytoensurethatitfulfilsitsrolecost-effectivelyandwithminimalenvironmentalandlandscapeimpactuntilithasfinisheditsjobandcanberemoved.

TheForestryCommissionthereforepublishedarevisedguidein2006thatupdatesitspreviousadviceonforestfencing.Ittakesintoaccountrecentdevelopmentssuchasnewfencingmaterialsonthemarket,temporaryandelectricfencing,markingfencestoreducedeathsofwoodlandbirdsfromcollisions,andtheuseofmachinery

TechnicalGuide:ForestFencing(www.forestry.gov.uk/publications),waswrittenbyRogerTroutofForestResearch,andHarryPepper,andreplacesForestryCommissionBulletin102:ForestFencing,firstpublishedin1992.

Itrecommendsbest-practiceprinciplesformanagersasaguidetoplanning,assessmentandmitigationofadversefactors,andchoosingthefencedesignappropriateforthetargetspecies.Italsoindicatesthekeypracticalstepsinconstruction.Ithelpsinidentifyingthenormalspecificationsofcomponentsrequiredtoaccommodatetypicalsituationsandwhentakingaccountofspeciallocalcircumstances.

Figure 62

Traditionalironestatefencingsurvivesinsomeplaces,butisdifficulttorepairandexpensivetoreplace.

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whenconsideringdeerfencing,referenceshouldbemadetothejointagencystatementondeerfencing,availableontheSNHwebsiteat:www.snh.gov.uk

Signageshouldalsobewellconsidered.Allsignswillbeintrusivetoadegreeinarurallandscapeandsotheiruseshouldbeminimised.Materialsandgraphicdesignshouldbechosentobalancetheneedtobevisibleanddeliveramessagewiththerequirementthatsignsfitintotheirsetting.Itispreferabletouseasinglestyleofsignifseveralarerequired.

Statutorynatureconservationdesignationsindesignedlandscapes

Adesignedlandscapethathasbeenneglectedcanhavedevelopednatureconservationvaluesthat,intermsofitssignificancerating,mayoutweighitsvalueasadesignedlandscape,forexample,awoodlandmayhavebeendesignatedaSiteofSpecialScientificInterest(SSSI)onaccountofitswoodlandfloraordeadwoodinvertebratesgivingitstatutoryprotectionandvalueatanationallevelcomparedtothenon-statutoryandpossiblelowerrankingasadesignedlandscape.OtherSSSIsmayhavebeendesignatedasaresultoflonguseaswoodland,parklandorwoodpasture.Morecommonly,woodlandsindesignedlandscapearedesignatedasAncient woodland orLong-established woodlands of plantation originandincludedinSNH’sAncientwoodlandInventory.InafewinstancesNationalNatureReservesoverlaptheboundariesofdesignedlandscapes.Inaddition,protectedspeciesofbirds,otheranimalsandplantsoccurringwithindesignedlandscapes.Itisanoffenceforpeopletokillorcapturebirdsandotheranimals,ortouprootplants.Thelawalsoprohibitsthedisturbanceofsomewildcreatures,andtheirnestsorrestingplaces,andthepickingofanypartofsomeplants.

AllSSSIshavemanagementguidanceproducedbySNHtoassistownersandalistofmanagementoperationsforthesitethatrequireconsent.whereaSSSIoccursinadesignedlandscapeandrestorationorreplantingisproposed,carefulconsiderationofmanagementactionsanddetaileddiscussionswiththeSNH’slocalofficewillbenecessaryinordertoavoidpotentiallydamagingimpactsonthenaturalheritageinterestofthesite.writtenconsentforagreedmanagementoperationsmustbeachieved.

Thestatutoryprotectionforspecialsitesandprotectedspeciesmeansthatbylawitisnecessaryforthenatureconservationintereststotakeprecedenceoverotherdesignedlandscapevaluesorissuessuchasaesthetics,useofexoticspeciesetc.However,itistobehopedthatabalancedapproachcanbeachievedbycooperativeworkinginwhichaimsforboththenaturalandculturalheritagecanbeachieved.

Figure 63 PolicywoodlandandSSSI,Clydevalley.

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Fragmentationofsites

Countryestatesareoftensoldasanumberoflotsandresultindividedownershipandalackofcoordinatedmanagementandmaintenance.Insomecasesthemainhouseretainsonlyasmallpartofthegardensorthehousehasbeenlostduetofiresothelandscapehasnofocus.Inmanyinstancesnewhouseshavebeenbuiltinpartsofthegroundsorothernewuseslikegolfaddedtothelandscape.Ofteninthesesituations,morecommonclosetourbanareas,no-onehasoverallresponsibilityformanagementandfeaturessuchastreebelts,hedgesanddrivesthatcrossownershipboundarieshavenoclearownerandbecomeneglectedorsubjecttodifferenttreatments.

Therecanbesignificantcommunalandpublicbenefitinconservingsuchfragmentedsitesthroughcoordinatedmanagement,thatmayincludepublicusessuchascommunitywoodland,thatisbestachievedthroughaConservationManagementPlan.AnewmanagementorganisationorTrustmaybeappropriateinsomecasesandinvolvementofownersandotherstakeholderswillbeessential.

Accessandinterpretation

Manydesignedlandscapesareoutstandingresourcesforpublicaccessinscenicsituationsandpublicareascanoftenbemanagedalongsideprivatelyusedpartsoftheestate.Theirgreatrangeofculturalandnaturalinterestsmeansthatwaymarkedwalksandinterpretationcanaddgreatlytopeople’senjoymentoftheplace.

Accessrights

TheLandReform(Scotland)Act2003(www.snh.gov.uk/land-and-sea)establishedstatutoryrightsofresponsibleaccesstolandandinlandwaterfor:

• outdoorrecreation • crossingland • someeducationalandcommercialpurposes.

TheseareknownasScottishaccessrights.

TheScottishOutdoorAccessCodegivesdetailedguidanceontheresponsibilitiesofthoseexercisingaccessrightsandofthosemanaginglandandwater.TheActsetsoutwhereandwhenaccessrightsapplyandhowlandshouldbemanagedwithregardtoaccess.TheCodedefineshowaccessrightsshouldbeexercised.Thethreeprinciplesforresponsibleaccessapplytoboththepublicandlandmanagers:

• Respect the interests of other people: beconsiderate,respectprivacyandlivelihoods,andtheneedsofthoseenjoyingtheoutdoors.

• Care for the environment: Lookaftertheplacesyouvisitandenjoy.Careforwildlifeandhistoricsites.

• Take responsibility for your own actions: Theoutdoorscannotbemaderisk-freeforpeopleexercisingaccessrights;landmanagersshouldactwithcareforpeople’ssafety.

FulldetailsofScottishaccessrightscanbefoundontheScottishOutdoorAccessCodewebsiteat:www.outdooraccess-scotland.com

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Planningforaccessandinterpretation

Planningforpublicaccessandprovisionofinformationontheheritageofasiteareoftenprerequisitestograntaidforrestorationandrestockingsites.GoodsourcesofguidanceareavailableforbothofthesesubjectareasfromtheSNHwebsite,anditsisessentialthattheseissuesareconsideredattheearlieststageofaproject.

Themostappropriatemediaforinterpretationwillvarywitheachsite.Itisusuallypreferabletoavoidpanelsonsite,duetotheirlimitationsintermsofintrusion,durabilityandvulnerabilitytoabuse,inpreferencetoleaflets,forexample.

Thehistoryofanestateanditsdesignedlandscapeisathemeofgreatinteresttomanyvisitors,althoughsurveysshowthatisseldominterpreted.

Invasivespecies,pestsanddiseases

Invasivespecies

Anumberofnon-nativeshrubandherbaceousplantspecieswereonceusedextensivelyinestateplantingforshelter,gamecoverorornamentandhaveprovenhighlyinvasive,vigorouslyspreadingtoexcludemoredesirablenativespecies.Rhododendron ponticumisthemostwidespreadinvasivespecies,oftenresponsibleforovergrowingpathsandotherfeatures,andwasplantedasgamecoverorastherootstockforspeciesrhododendronthathavesincereverted.Rhododendron ponticumandhybridsisoneofsixspeciesoffloraandfaunaincludedintheScottishNaturalHeritage(SNH)SpeciesActionFramework( January,2007)thatsetsoutaframeworkforthemanagementofspeciesinScotlandandlistsspeciesforwhichclear,targetedactionoverthenextfiveyearscouldmakethemostdifferencetobiodiversity.Lesswidespreadbutlocallycreatingsevereproblemsaresnowberry(Symphoricarpos rivularis)andsalmonberry(Rubus spectabilis).

Amongherbaceousplantsthreelargeperennialsstandout.Allaregardenescapeesoriginallyplantedfortheirornamentaleffect.

• Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica,syn.Polygonum cuspidatum)–listedonSchedule9ofthewildlifeandCountrysideAct1981,whichmakesitanoffencetoplantorcausethisplanttogrowinthewild.Itisnotanoffenceifitisgrowinginyourgardenoronyourlandandthereisnospecificdutyeithertonotifyanyoneofitspresenceortocontrolit.Japaneseknotweedisabletoregeneratefromverysmallpiecesofplantanditsrhizome

Figure 64

DeanCastleCountryPark,Kilmarnock–severalestatelandscapesarenowcountryparkswithgoodpublicaccess.

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systemcanbeupto3mdeep,makingitextremelydifficulttoeradicateonceestablished.Itcausesecologicalproblemsasaresultofout-competingnativeplants.Itcanalsobecommerciallydamagingbecauseofthecostoferadicationanditsabilitytodamagestructuresandroadsurfaces.

• Giant hogweed(Heracleum mantegazzianum)–canoftenbefoundonwastegroundandriverbanks.Itgrowsupto5mtallandeachflowerheadproducesthousandsofseedsthatarereadilydispersedbywindandwater.Ifsapfromtheplantgetsontotheskinandisthenexposedtosunlight,itcanblisterandcausesevereskinirritation.

• Himalayan balsam(Impatiens glandulifera)–anattractivegardenescapeethatcanbeoftenfoundalongriverbanks.Itcanoutgrownativeflora,creatinganecologically-harmfulmonocultureinwhichnativespeciesareunabletothrive.Itisabletoprojectitsseedoveraradiusofupto4mandsospreadsreadily.

Forothernon-nativeinvasivespeciesinScotlandvisit:www.scotland.gov.uk

TheScottishGovernmentalongwithDefraandthewelshAssemblyGovernmentlaunchedtheInvasive Non-native Species Framework Strategy(secure.fera.defra.gov.uk)forGreatBritainon28May2008.Itsoverarchingaimistominimisetheriskposedandreducethenegativeimpactscausedbyinvasivenon-nativespeciesinGreatBritain.Itisintendedtoprovideastrategicframeworkwithinwhichtheactionsofgovernmentdepartments,theirrelatedbodiesandkeystakeholderscanbebettercoordinated.

Figure 67

Japaneseknotweed.

Figure 68

Gianthogweed.

Figure 65

Rhododendron ponticum enclosingdrive,ScottishBorders.

Figure 66

Salmonberry,Rousay.

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Pestanddiseases

Pestanddiseasesaffectingtreesandshrubscanhaveamajoraffectonourlandscapes,nonemoresothanthedevastatingeffectofDutchElmDiseaseonelmsacrossBritainduringtheearlytomid-1970s,whichcontinuestobeactiveinScotland.MorerecentlyPhytophthora,afungus-likepathogenknowninanumberofforms,iscausingextensivedamageandmortalitytotreesandshrubsinpartsoftheUnitedKingdomincludingdesignedlandscapessuchasBrodick,BallochCastleandRossPriory,affectingrhododendrons,beech,yew,larchandotherplants.

witharecentincreaseinfindingsofnewpestanddiseasesitisclearthatBritain’streesareunderunprecedentedthreat.Scienceindicatesthatclimatechangewillcreatetheconditionsforevenmorepestactivity.

TheseheightenedthreatsrequireustotakeamorestrategicapproachtoforestandtreehealthandtheForestryCommissionhasrecentlyformedaBiosecurityProgrammeBoardwithmembersdrawnfromanumberoforganisationswithenvironmentalinterestsintheprivateandvoluntarysectorstogetherwithexpertsfromtheCommissionanditsForestResearchbranch.

ThetopthreatsalreadypresentinBritainare:

• Acute oak decline –adiseaseaffectingoaktreesinpartsofBritain,inwhichbacteria,includingonespeciespreviouslyunknowntoscience,arebelievedtobeinvolved.

• Bleeding canker of horse chestnut(Pseudomonas syringae pathovar aesculi)–abacteriumthatcausesdeathtohorsechestnuttrees.UptohalfofBritain’shorsechestnuttreeshavesymptoms.

• Great spruce bark beetle(Dendroctonus micans)–ispresentthroughoutmuchoftheEurasianregion,practicallyeverywherethatsprucetreesgrow.

• Horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella)–firstfoundinLondon2002.ItsrangehasexpandedovertheyearstomanylocationsinsouthernEnglandandpartsofwales.

• Oak pinhole borer(Platypus cylindrus)–usedtoberareinBritain,butpopulationsgrewinthesouthandsoutheastofEnglandasaresultofthe1987gales,whenittookadvantageofthesuddenglutofsuitablebreedingmaterial.

• Oak processionary moth(Thaumetopoea processionea)–defoliatesoaktreesandcancausethemtodie.Treesareweakenedandbecomepronetoattackbyotherpests.

• Phytophthora kernoviae–hassofaronlybeenfoundinBritain,andonlyinaveryfewtrees.Itcandamageanumberoftreespecies,includingbeechandEnglishoak.

Figure 69

Groundsterilisationtocombatphytophthora,LochLomondside.

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• Phytophthora ramorum–afungus-likeorganismwhichattacksarangeoftreesandshrubs.Japaneselarchhasrecentlybeenfoundtobeahost.

• Pine tree lappet moth (Dendrolimus pini)–hasbeencapturedinpineforestsinInverness-shire.AseriousdefoliatorofpineandotherconiferspeciesinitsnativerangeinnorthernandeasternEuropeandRussia.

• Red band needle blight–causedbythefungusDothistroma septosporum,cancausemortalityandlossoftimberyieldinpinetrees.MainhostisCorsicanpine.

PlanthealthinspectionsoftreesandwoodlandbyForestryCommissionplanthealthinspectorsplayanimportantroleineffortstomanageoutbreaksofpestsanddiseases.TheCommission’sGuidanceforPlantHealthInspectors(www.forestry.gov.uk/planthealth)canhelpyouunderstandwhattoexpectifaninspectorneedstovisityourproperty.

FormoreinformationaboutPhytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora ramorum inScotlandvisit:www.forestry.gov.uk/phytophthora

Climatechangeandeffectsonwoodsandtrees

Perhapsthegreatestissueaffectingthetreecomponentsofdesignedlandscapesinthelong-termisclimatechange.Climatechangeisnowoneofthegreatestglobalchallengesandresearchisunderwaytoestablishthelikelyimpactsonallaspectsoftheenvironment.Therearemanyuncertaintiesintheextentandrangeofclimatechange,anditslikelyimpactontrees,ecosystems,nativespeciesandmanagementoperations.Akeybasisforriskplanningandmanagementisdiversification;frombroadeningthechoiceofgeneticmaterial,mixingtreespeciesinstands,tovaryingmanagementsystemsandthetimingofoperations.

Inthisrapidlydevelopingfieldofknowledgeitisdifficulttogivepreciseadviceonhowtoadaptaplantingprojecttorestorethetreecomponentsofadesignedlandscapesothatitismoreresilienttoclimatechange.ButthereareemergingrecommendationsfromresearchbytheForestryCommissionScotlandandScottishNaturalHeritage,anditwillbenecessarytokeepintouchwithdevelopmentsthroughdedicatedareasoftheirwebsites.

ForestryCommissionandclimatechange

TheForestryCommission’sprogrammeofclimatechangeresearchontrees,woodlandsandforestsiswide-ranging,coveringimportantaspectsofclimatechangeimpacts,adaptationandmitigation.Theresearchaimstoinformbothpolicyandforestmanagementpractice.Italsosupportsbiosecuritypolicy,andrelatesstronglytotheecosystemservicesapproachtoevaluatingthegoodsandservicesthattreesandwoodlandsprovidetosociety.TheForestryCommissionspendsaroundaquarterofitsresearchbudgetwithForestResearchonclimatechangeandrelatedprogrammes.

ForestryCommissionpolicy

ForestryCommissionpolicyonclimatechangestemsfromtheUKGovernment’sresponsetotheKyotoProtocolwiththepublicationofthestrategicdocumentonclimatechange:Climate Change – the UK programmepublishedinNovember2000.

TheScottishForestryStrategyidentifiesclimatechangeasthenumberonethemecross-cuttingallotheraspectsofforestry.Thestrategycallsforarobustadaptationpolicytopreparetheindustrytoadjustandmaintainorimprovesustainableforestmanagement.

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withinthecontinuouslydevelopingandexpandingknowledgeofclimatechangeanditseffectsandbasedonthecurrentknowntrends,ForestryCommissionScotlandpredictsthefollowingeffectsontreegrowthandcultivationandmakestherecommendationsthatfollow.

Keyfindings:

• Theexpectedwarmerclimatewillimprovetreegrowthnationally,butparticularlyinsouthernandeasternScotland.Productivitywillincreasegenerally,andthiscouldbeby2to4cubicmetresperhectareperyear(m3/ha/yr)forconifersonsiteswherewaterandnutrientsarenotlimiting.

• TheclimateofsouthernandeasternScotlandwillbemorefavourableforgrowinghigh-qualitybroadleavedtreesonsuitabledeep,fertilesoils.

• DroughtysoilsineasternScotlandwillbecomeunfavourableforSitkaspruceandotherdrought-sensitivespecies.

• Changesintheseasonaldistributionofrainfallwillcausemorefrequentsummerdroughtandmorefrequentwinterflooding.

• Changesinthefrequencyofextremewindswillcausemorewinddamage.Howeverwindscenarioshaveahighuncertaintyattached.

• Pestanddiseaseecologywillchangewiththeclimate;forexample,morefrequentgreen-spruceaphidattacksmayreducegrowthineasternandsouthernScotland.

• Scotland’saspirationtoexpandwoodlandfrom17%to25%by2050providesanopportunitytotargetreforestationwithinhabitatnetworks.Thiswillreducewoodlandfragmentationandtherebyhelpimprovetheresilienceofwoodlandecosystemstoclimatechange.

Emergingrecommendations

• Low-impactsilviculturalsystems(LISS)andtheuseofmixturescouldprovidethebasisforadaptationstrategies.

• whereothermanagementregimesareused,awiderrangeofspeciesandabroaderrangeofgeneticmaterialwithinaspecieswillincreasestandresilienceinachangingclimate.

• Acceptanceofnaturalcolonisationofwoodlandsofnon-nativetreespeciesmaybeavalidadaptationstrategy,butthismustbereviewedwhereconservationisamajorobjective.

• ForestnurseriesineasternScotlandwillhavetoadapttothedriersummers(forexamplebyusingmoreirrigation)andtowetterwinters(forexamplebyavoidingsoildamage).

• Contingencyplansneedtoprovideanadequateresponsetoincreasingrisksofcatastrophicwinddamage,fire,andpestordiseaseoutbreaks.

• Theupperwindexposurelimit,definedintermsofthedetailedaspectmethodofscoring,forproductiveconiferplantationsmayneedtobereduced.

SelectedForestryCommissionandSNHreportsandpublicationsgivingfurtherinformationonclimatechangeissuesinclude:

• ImpactsofclimatechangeonforestsinScotland-finalreport,DuncanRaywithDavewainhouse,JoanwebberandBarryGardiner;January2008.

• TheevidencesupportingtheuseofContinuousCoverForestryinadaptingScotland’sforeststotherisksofclimatechange,VictoriaStokesandGaryKerr,October2009.

• ClimatechangeandthefutureforbroadleavedtreespeciesinBritain,M.Broadmeadow,D.RayandC.Samuel;Forestry78:145–167.

• ClimateChangeandBritishwoodland,M.BroadmeadowandD.Ray;ForestryCommissionInformationNote69.

• SNH’sClimateChangeActionPlan( July2009)setsoutinsomedetailtheactionsitintendstotakeoverthecurrentfiveyearperiod.

• Effectsonnatureandlandscapesaresetoutintermsofspecies,habitatsandgeology,soilsandlandscapesinadedicatedareaofSNH’swebsite.

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1. Park trees and groups in need of restocking

2. Parkland trees from early avenue

3. Veteran trees, biodiversity value

4. Standing and fallen deadwood, biodiversity value

5. Drive-side tree groups positioned for views to house

6. Ha-ha separating lawn from grazed park

7. Iron estate fencing around park

8. Former woodland garden

9. Unmanaged woodland garden area with natural regeneration,

balancing management objectives in future management

10. Woodland management in relation to watercourses

11. Unmanaged policy woodland

12. Estate planted roadside trees, potentially dangerous and requiring

replacement

13. Roadside trees from former avenue

14. Hedges requiring regular maintenance and gapping up

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2 3

4

6

7

11

12

13

14

2324

25 26

Box 1 General sketch showing selected issues.

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15. Rhododendron invasion

16. Inappropriately located conifer infill

17. Abandoned walled garden, new use required

18. Old trees from lost early avenue

19. Ornamental tree groups including north American conifers

20. Parkland managed as improved pasture with damage trees and

declining tree groups

21. Restocking of main avenue; retained element from 18th century layout

22. Formal gardens

23. Simplification of park boundaries by infill tree planting

24. Outer park planted with trees

25. Commercial forestry on outer hillsides

26. Picturesque glen with wild character and man-made features

27. Former wood pasture with veteran trees

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8

910 15

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21

22

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AppendicesResearchsources,mapsandwebsitesinsiteassessment

Therecanbeproblemsindecidingtheextentofdesignedlandscapeswherethereisagradualtransitionfromparklandandpolicywoodlandintothesurroundingagriculturalorforestrylandscape.Inassessingtheextentoftheselandscapesfrommapevidence,oneislookingforsignaturefeaturessuchasfieldshape,gate-lodges,avenues,walledgardensetc.Confusionmaybecausedbylandscapesthathavebeencombined,subdivided,ordiminishedinsize.Forexample,shouldtheboundarymarkthepresentextent,orthemaximumareahistorically,ofthedesignedlandscape,evenwherepartofitmayhavebecomedegradedorbuiltover?

HistoricScotland,InventoryofGardensandDesignedLandscapesinScotland

Themapsintheoriginalpublishedvolumesdefinedkeylandscapeelementssuchasparkland,drives,walledgardensetc,andincluded‘landhistoricallyinfluencedbythedesignedlandscape’withinadottedline,andthemapsincludedinthesupplementaryvolumesforLothian,FifeandHighlands&Islands,definedadditionalelementssuchas‘principalviewsorvistas’and‘essentialsetting.’OnthemapswiththeonlineversionoftheInventory(www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/gardens)onlythesiteboundariesaremarkedandthereisnointernaldetailincluded.Insomeinstancesthe‘landhistoricallyinfluencedbythedesignedlandscape’hasbeenomittedfromtheonlinesitemaps,leadingtouncertaintyaboutthetrueextentofthedesignedlandscape.HistoricScotlandarecurrentlycarryingoutasystematicresurveyoftheInventorywhichwilladdresstheseconcerns.

RCAHMS,Pastmap

Thisonlinemap,whichallowszooming,panninganddownloadingofimages,definestheextentofInventorylandscapesclearlywithyellowshading.Nointernaldetailisincluded.Boundariesarenotshownfornon-Inventorysites.Designedlandscapeelementsofnon-Inventorysites–gate-lodges,walledgardens,stableblocks,view-housesetc–maybeidentifiedbyusingthecolourcodedbuttonsforscheduledmonuments,listedbuildings,itemsoncountysitesandmonumentsrecordsetc,thisispoint-basedinformation,anddoesnothelpinassessingtheextentofdesignedlandscapes.

HistoricLand-useAssessment(RCAHMS)

TheHistoricLand-useAssessment(HLA)isajointprojectbetweenHistoricScotlandandRCAHMS. ItisanonlineGIS-basedmap–availableatHLAmap(hla.rcahms.gov.uk)–thatdepictsthehistoricoriginofland-usepatterns,describingthembyperiod,formandfunction.Itspurposeistoenhanceourknowledgeandunderstandingofthehistoricdimensionofthelandscapeandtoinformmanagementdecisionsrelatingtoit.Ithighlightsrelictarchaeologicallandscapesandhelpsidentifyareaswherefurthersurveycouldusefullybetargeted.

TheHLAwillbeusefulinforestplanninganddesign;inconsideringthehistoricelementswithinmostForestryCommissionScotlandgrantsandlicensingactivities;andinconsideringhistoriclandscapecharacterforLocalAuthoritywoodlandandForestryStrategies.

HLAiscompiledatascaleof1:25000(enablingacomprehensivebroadoverview).Thesmallestareathatitisthereforepracticaltomapis1ha(1000m²).Theassessmentisbasedontheanalysisofkeydatasources,suchasearlymaps,theNationalMonumentsRecordofScotland,aerialphotographyandarchaeologicalsurveyresults.Itidentifiesindividualhistoric land-usetypes,

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groupedtogetherunderthematicheadings(categories)andassignedalikelychronologicalperiod.Thesehistoricland-usetypessurvivewithincurrentland-usepatternsandcontaininformationinregardtolandscapecharacteranddevelopment.Italsodepictsrelict land-use;archaeologicallandscapefeaturesthatsurvivebuthavefallenoutofuse.

TheHistoricLand-useAssessmentusesevidenceofthehistoricenvironmentderivedfromavarietyofsourcestoproducethreedistinctbutcomplementarycategoriesofinformation:

• Categoryisdesignedtoaidtheuserbysortingtheindividualland-usetypesintofourteennationalland-usecategoriesforeaseofreference.Land-usecategoriesincludeforestry,agriculture,urban,transportandmineralextraction

• Periodisdesignedtoaidtheuserbyindicatinglikelychronologicalperiodofanygivenfeatureandisindicatedbycentury(andmedieval/prehistoricetc).

• Typeisextensivewithover50land-uses,frommedievalfieldsthroughtocemeteries,charcoalplatforms,fortificationsandrelictgolfcourses.Eachtypeischaracterisedbyitsperiodoforigin,alongsideitsformandfunction.

HLAdataiscurrentlyavailableforaround73%ofthecountry.

ForestryCommissionScotlandHistoric Land-Use Assessment User Guideisavailableat:www.forestry.gov.uk/histenvpolicy

NationalLibraryofScotland,CountyMaps

Althoughcoverageofthecountryisbothpatchyanduneven,dependingonthedateofthesurvey,thescaleofthemap,andthelevelofdetailincludedbytheindividualsurveyor,pre-OrdnanceSurveymaps(i.e.pre-1850)canbevaluableinassessingtheextentofdesignedlandscapes.Onmapsdrawnatalargerscale,itmaybepossibletodistinguishparklandandpolicieswiththehelpofshadingand/orconventionalsymbolsused,thoughthesearenotstandardisedbetweenmaps.AlmostalltheCountyMapsareavailableonlineattheNationalLibraryofScotland’swebsite(maps.nls.uk/counties),whichallowspanning,zoominganddownloadingofthemapimages.

NationalLibraryofScotland,OrdnanceSurveyMaps

OrdnanceSurveymapsatarangeofscaleswereproducedfromc.1850onwards–themostusefulscalesforassessingindividualdesignedlandscapesbeing1:10560(6inchestothemile)and1:2500(25inchestothemile).TheidentificationofdesignedlandscapesontheOS1stedition1:10560sheetsisassistedinmanycasesbytheparklandwithinthepoliciesbeingdistinguishedbyagreystipple.Itmayalsobepossibletodistinguishbetweenpolicyplantingandmorecommercialplantingfromthespeciesmix,evidentfromconventionalsymbolsforbroadleavesandconifers.The6inchOSsheetsalsoincludedetailsofgate-lodges,footpaths,viewhousesetc,whichcanbeusefulindefininglandscapeboundariesandextent.

wheretheyexist,coveringmostlowlandandsettledareas,the1:2500(25inch)sheets,areeasiertoreadandinterpret,butdonotcontainmuchmoredetail.

Boththe1inchOSc.1900and1inchOS Popular Editionc.1925–30,thoughdrawnattoosmallascaletoshowinternaldetail,usegreystippletodistinguishparklandandareusefulforgivinganimpressionofthedistributionandextentofdesignedlandscapesinanarea.AllofthesescalesanddatesofOrdnanceSurveymapsareavailablefromtheMapLibraryonline,withtheabilitytopan,zoomanddownloadimages(maps.nls.uk/series).Insomeinstancesthecharacterand

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compositionofnamedwoodsisdescribedintheOSObject Name Books,microfilmcopiesofwhichareavailablefromRCAHMS.

ForestryCommission,GLADELandInformationSearch

Althoughitisnotthepurposeofthiswebsitetoshowtheextentofdesignedlandscapes,the‘Ancientwoodland’overlaywhichcanbegeneratedbyclickingontherelevantboxwilloftenbefoundtocoincidecloselywiththeextentoflong-establishedpolicywoodlandwithindesignedlandscapes.TheGLADEsite(www.forestry.gov.uk/lis)isalsoanexcellentsourceforrelatedmappingoflandclassificationsanddesignations,andforallforestrygrantsthatarealreadyinplace.

HistoricEnvironmentInformationandAdviceforForestandwoodlandManagersinScotland

AnessentialguidetotheresourcesavailabletoforestandwoodlandmanagersrelatingtothehistoricenvironmentofScotland.Ithasbeendesignedasaroutemaptothemostpertinentavailableinformationandadvice.AvailableasafreedownloadfromtheForestryCommissionScotlandwebsiteat:www.forestry.gov.uk/histenvpolicy

AerialPhotographs

Althoughthereareseveralwebsitesgivingaccesstodetailedaerialphotographicimages,suchasGoogle MapsandBing Map,coverageofthecountryisveryuneven,andthequalityandscaleoftheimagesisveryvariableandnotdated.Aerialphotographscanbeusefulforcorroborativepurposes,butarelessvaluableontheirown.

RCAHMSholdthenationalcollectionofaerialphotographywithperiodiccoverageofmanysitesfrompost-ww2onwards,enablingassessmentofchangeoverthelast50–60yearswithmuchdetaillegible,particularlywhenviewedstereoscopically.AerialphotographsalsorecordScheduledAncientMonumentsandothersitesofarchaeologicalinterest,oftenunderdifferentweatherconditionstorevealotherwisehiddeninformation.RCAHMSaerialphotographyisnotcurrentlyavailableonline.

Sourcesoffunding

ScotlandRuralDevelopmentProgramme(SRDP)

TheSRDPbringstogetherawiderangeofformerlyseparatesupportschemesincludingthosecoveringthefarming,forestryandprimaryprocessingsectors,ruralenterpriseandbusinessdevelopment,diversificationandruraltourism.ItincludesmeasurestosupportandencourageruralcommunitiesanddeliverstheLEADERinitiativeforlocalinnovationinruralareas.withinSRDPthemostapplicablegrantmechanismsfordesignlandscapesare:

• Rural Priorities–thisisacompetitivegrantschemedeliveredjointlybyScottishGovernmentRuralPaymentsInspectionsDirectorate,ScottishNaturalHeritageandForestryCommissionScotlandthroughareaoffices.

ContractsareawardedfortheproposalswhicharebestabletodelivertheagreedRegionalpriorities.Themostrelevantprioritiestodesignedlandscapesare‘LandscapePriorities’and‘Built&CulturalHeritage’Priorities.

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• Challenge Funds –consistsofwoodlandsInandAroundTowns(wIAT)andForestforPeople(F4P)andareadministeredbyForestryCommissionScotland.ThewIATfundisthemostrelevantfundtosupportdesignedlandscapes.ThewIATschemeaimstoimprovethequalityoflifeintownsandcitiesandfocusesonwoodswithin1kmofsettlementswithapopulationofover2000people.Thecoreobjectivesare:

–Bringingneglectedwoodlandintomanagement –Creatingnewwoodlands –Supportingpeopletouseandenjoytheirlocalwoods

AnActionPlanhasbeendevelopedtosupportdeliveryfrom2011–2014 (www.forestry.gov.uk/wiat).

• LEADER–LinksBetweenActivitiesDevelopingtheRuralEconomy–LEADERisabottom-upmethodofdeliveringsupportforruraldevelopmentthroughimplementinglocaldevelopmentstrategies.Support,awardedbyLocalActionGroups(LAGs),isaimedatlocalprojectswithawidecommunitybenefitthatshowanelementoforiginalityorexperimentationwherepossible,andcomplementotheractivitieswithinthelocaldevelopmentstrategy.

TheaimofLEADERistoincreasethecapacityoflocalruralcommunityandbusinessnetworkstobuildknowledgeandskills,andencourageinnovationandco-operationinordertotacklelocaldevelopmentobjectives.LEADERaccountsfor6%ofthetotalScottishRuralDevelopmentProgrammeSRDPallocation.

Forapplicationforms,guidanceandadvicecontactyourLocalActionGroup.

FulldetailsaboutScotland’sRuralDevelopmentProgrammecanbefoundattheScottishGovernment’sSRDPwebsite.

Figure 71

woods,treebeltsandwaterbodiesfromestatedesignedlandscapesoftensurviveasvaluableresourceswithinthebuilt-upareaoftowns.

Figure 70

Manydesignedlandscapesadjointowncentres.Dalkeith,Midlothian.

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CentralScotlandGreenNetwork(CSGN)

TheScottishGovernment’ssecondNationalPlanningFramework(NPF2)designatestheCentralScotlandGreenNetwork(CSGN)asoneofonly14NationalDevelopments.TheCSGNisintendedtodeliver“a step change in environmental quality, woodland cover and recreational opportunities”,tomakeCentralScotland“a more attractive place to live and do business, help to absorb CO2, enhance biodiversity, and promote healthier, more active lifestyles”.

ForestryCommissionScotland,initscapacityasjointleadpartnerfortheCSGN,invitesapplicationstoanewfund,tosupportthedevelopmentofearlyCSGNdeliveryprojects.

Forinformationcoveringthescopeofthefunding,eligibilitycriteria,andtheapplicationprocess,visittheCSGNwebsite(www.centralscotlandgreennetwork.org).

HeritageLotteryFund

TheHeritageLotteryFundusesmoneyfromtheNationalLotterytogivegrantsforawiderangeofprojectsinvolvingthelocal,regionalandnationalheritageoftheUnitedKingdom.HLF’sawardprogrammes(detailsofhowtoapplycanbefoundatwww.hlf.org.uk/howtoapply)thatcanberelevanttodesignedlandscapesprojectsinclude:

• Heritage Grants (grantsabove£50,000):Thisisthemainprogrammeforgrantsover£50,000forallkindsofheritagethatrelatetothenational,regionalandlocalheritageoftheUK.Itisopentoallnot-for-profitorganisations.

• Your Heritage (£3000to£50,000):Thisisthegeneralsmallgrantsprogrammeforalltypesofheritageprojects.Itisaflexibleprogrammeparticularlydesignedforvoluntaryandcommunitygroupsandfirst-timeapplicants.

• Parks for People (£250,000to£5million):ParksforPeopleisforwholeparkprojectsthatsupporttheregenerationofexistingdesignedurbanorruralgreenspaces,themainpurposeofwhichisforinformalrecreationandenjoyment.

• Landscape Partnerships (£250,000to£2million):Thisprogrammesupportsschemesthatareledbypartnershipsoflocal,regionalandnationalinterests,whichaimtoconserveareasofdistinctivelandscapecharacterthroughouttheUK.

• Skills for the future (£100,000to£1million):SkillsfortheFuturefundedprojectswhichprovidepaidtrainingplacementstomeetaskillsgapintheheritagesector,andfullysupporttraineestolearnpracticalskills.

HistoricScotland

HistoricScotland’sgrantsaredirectedprimarilyatlistedbuildings,scheduledancientmonumentsandotherarchaeologicalsites,andconservationareas.Grantscanbeasourceoffundingforworktothesestructuresorareasthatareinorpartofadesignedlandscape.

HistoricScotlandcanawardLandscapeManagementPlanGrantsforthepreparationoflandscapemanagementplansforsitesincludedintheInventoryofGardensandDesignedLandscapesinScotland.

ApplicationsareconsideredthroughouttheyearonHistoricScotland’sLandscapeManagementPlanapplicationform(www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/heritage/grants).Grantscanbeawardedatratesofupto50%ofthecostofpreparingaplanpreparedbyaconsultantwhohasanestablishedrecordofworktohistoricgardensanddesignedlandscapes.

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ForfurtherdetailsvisittheHistoricScotlandLandscapeManagementPlanGrantswebpageat:www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/heritage/grants

Organisationsforfurtherinformationandadvice

• Forestry Commission–www.forestry.gov.ukGrantsandlicences;forestryinitiatives;extensivetechnicaladviceonallaspectsoftreecultivation,woodlandsandforestry;landinformationsearch.

• Ancient Tree Forum – frontpage.woodland-trust.org.uk/ancient-tree-forum • Central Scotland Forest Trust – www.csft.org.uk • Central Scotland Green Network – www.centralscotlandgreennetwork.org • Edinburgh and the Lothians Forest Habitat Network partnership – www.elfhnp.org.uk • Garden History Society in Scotland – www.gardenhistorysociety.org

Independentsourceofinformationandadvice. • Glasgow Clyde Valley Green Network Partnership – www.gcvgreennetwork.gov.uk • Greenspace Scotland – www.greenspacescotland.org.uk • Historic Scotland–www.historic-scotland.gov.uk InventoryofGardensandDesignedLandscapeinScotland;landscapemanagementplan

grants;listedbuildings. • The Landscape Institute–www.landscapeinstitute.org AppointingaLandscapeArchitect,listofpractices. • National Library of Scotland, Map Library – maps.nls.uk • The National Trust for Scotland – www.nts.org.uk • Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland –

www.rcahms.gov.uk • Royal Scottish Forestry Society–www.rsfs.org Journal,eventsandresearchrelatedtotrees,woodsandforestryinScotland. • Scottish Government Rural Payments and Inspections Directorate –

www.scotland.gov.uk/topics/farmingrural/srdp ScotlandRuralDevelopmentProgramme(SRDP). • Scottish Natural Heritage–www.snh.org.uk Statutoryprotectionofsitesandspecies;OutdoorAccessCode;countryparks;grantsand

licences;interpretation;accessdesignguidance;signsguidance. • The Woodland Trust – www.woodsforpeople.info woodsforpeople.

Generalreading

ManyspecialistpublicationsarelistedunderdifferenttopicsinotherpartsoftheprecedingGuidance.Thefollowingisashortbibliographyofgeneralreadingonthesubject,bothpublishedbooksandonlineresources.

BELL,S.(1998).Forest design planning: a guide to good practice.ForestryCommissionPracticeGuide.ForestryCommission,Edinburgh.(www.forestry.gov.uk/publications)

FORESTRyCOMMISSIONSCOTLAND(2008).Scotland’s Woodlands and the Historic Environment.ForestryCommissionScotland,Edinburgh.(www.forestry.gov.uk/publications)

LANDUSECONSULTANTS(2008).An Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland. Vols.1–5(1987),latersupplementsandonlineInventory (www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/heritage/gardens).

REID,J.(1988).The Scots Gard’ner, 1683.ReprintedbyMainstreamPublishingCompany,Edinburgh.IntroductionbyAnnetteHope.

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SCOTTISHNATURALHERITAGE(1997).Designed Landscapes in Scotland: notes on their planting and management.SNHReviewNo.82.ScottishNaturalHeritage,Inverness.

TAIT,A.A.(1980).The Landscape Garden in Scotland 1735–1835.EdinburghUniversityPress,Edinburgh.

wATKINSandwRIGHT(2007).The Management & Maintenance of Historic Parks, Garden & Landscapes.EnglishHeritageHandbook.EnglishHertitage,London.

Relevantlegislationandpublications

A Preliminary and Interim List of Parks and Gardens of Outstanding Historic Interest, ICOMOS-UK 1979An Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland 1987An Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, List of Sites 2007Ancient Woodland Inventory, Scottish Natural HeritageEuropean Landscape Convention 2000Forestry Act 1967Natural Heritage Futures, Forests and Woodlands 2002 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas)(Scotland) Act 1997Rural Development Contracts, Land Managers Options2008Scotland Rural Development Programme 2007–2013Scottish Historic Environment Policy2009Scottish Planning Policy 2010The Scottish Forestry Strategy2006The Tree Council’s Tree Warden Scheme, Tree Warden Handbook Town and Country Planning Act 1947Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure)(Scotland) Order 1992

Glossaryandacronyms

Historic Environment Information and Advice for Forest and Woodland Managers in Scotlandwww.forestry.gov.uk/histenvpolicyListofacronyms.

SyMES,M.(2006).A Glossary of Garden History.ShireGardenHistoryseries,3rdrevisededition.ThemostusefulpublishedGlossary.

Gardenvisit.com–www.gardenvisit.com/garden_glossary–Onlineglossaryofgardenterms.

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The Scottish Historic Environment Policy ( July 2009) describes gardens and designed

landscapes as, ‘Gardens and designed landscapes can be defined as grounds that are

consciously laid out for artistic effect. They are often the setting of important buildings

and, in addition to parkland, woodland, water and formal garden elements, can often have

significant archaeological and scientific interest.’

Since Medieval times, designed landscapes have evolved and at times changed dramatically

in style and character. Throughout all periods and recognised styles however, trees have

been an essential feature. In the 20th century social and economic changes proved

challenging times for land management, with a combination of estate fragmentation,

decline and changed land-use policies, specifically regarding new objectives for forest

expansion and management. Now designed landscapes are appreciated for their contribution

to local landscape character and the distinctiveness of many of Scotland’s landscapes.

Today the challenge is to protect, restore and rejuvenate the remaining legacy, whilst

ensuring arboricultural and silvicultural practices can deal with the changes anticipated

from climate change. This guidance is an essential contributor in helping ensure designed

landscapes can meet those challenges.

Cov

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Dav

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231 Corstorphine RoadEdinburghEH12 7AT

www.forestry.gov.uk/scotland£5.00