Congress of Vienna

The Conservative Order and the Challenged of Reform1815-1832Age of isms: nationalism, liberalism, republicanism, socialism, communismThe Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism

The Political SpectrumJacobinsMontagnards (The Mountain)GirondistsMonarchen (Royalists)1790s:The Plain (swing votes)TODAY:

Emergence of NationalismWhat is nationalism? Nation composed of people who are joined togetherCommon customs, culture, historyShould have the same governmentPolitical and ethnic boundaries should be the same

Nationalism opposes Congress of ViennaWhat provides political unity?Nationalism ethnicityVienna Settlement monarchies/dynastiesPopular sovereigntyPeople determined national characterWhat about minority groups?Majority rules?

Fate of NationalismPeople had no say over territorial changes

Language, nationality, and religion werent taken into consideration

Ideas of democracy and self-government were rejected by European leadership

Soon enough, concessions were made

Creating new NationsLanguage impacts the spread of nationalismLocal dialects replacedPart of a nationSpread social and political advancementNationhoodDefinition: economic and administrative efficiencyUnite Germany and ItalyCould every groups become a nation?NO!Needed economic stability and power

Results of the Congress of ViennaConcert of Europe group of leading nations which periodically met to discuss issues regarding stabilityTemporary suppression of democratic and nationalistic ideals

International peace no general (multi-national) war in Europe until World War I a hundred years laterSmall ConflictsCrimean War (1854-1856)Austro-Prussian War (1866)Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Nationalistic Pressure around EuropeEngland rule Ireland Irish ProblemUnite all German-speaking peoplePitting Prussia against AustriaUnite Italian-speaking peopleIsolate Austrian controlPoland against Russian rulerEastern Europe against Austrian empireSoutheastern Europe against Ottoman and Russian control

Early 19th Century Political Liberalism19th century definition:Liberalism challenge political, social or religious valuesConsidered more radical than they actually wereWho were the liberals?Wealthy and educated professionalsRelationship between Nationalism & LiberalismNot identical, but could be compatible

Political GoalsGoal: limit the power of arbitrary govtLocke Theory responsible constitutional govtButContempt for aristocracy and the lower classes with no propertyRepresentation to those with property

Economic GoalsLiberals wanted to be divided from lower class No govt regulation of economicsNo mercantilismNo govt restrictions on labor and goodsDiffered around Europe

Conservative Governments

Conservative OutlooksConservative power remainsPeopleLegitimate monarchiesFeared revolution and execution (like Louis)AristocracyFeared loss of land and influenceEstablished churchesResponsible for education and maintaining status quoOnly supported representative govt if they wrote the constitutionFEAREDLiberalism, nationalism and popular sovereignty

Conservative governments faced new PRESSUREUnemploymentNo military industriesRaise new political ideasNot focused on warEspecially the youngKey European peopleMetternich: devoted to Habsburg emperorCastlereagh: British

Conservative Response to Liberalism and Nationalism

Using your notesComplete TableWork on Thesis #2

Political DiscontentRussia (1825) SuppressionFrance (1830) Revolution Belgium IndependenceBritain (1832) Accommodation

Russia: Decembrist Revolt of 1825

The Decembrist Revolt, 1825 Tsar Alexander IAgainst liberalism & nationalism

Military UnrestMilitary coup detat in 1826Southern Society: representative govt, end serfdom, Polish independenceNorthern Society: constitutional monarchy, end serfdom, protect aristocracyDynastic Crisis1st Crisis: Constantine or Nicholas2nd Crisis: Decembrist revoltMoscow regiment refused to swear allegiance

Nicholas IMost reactionary: turned against all reformOfficial NationalityOrthodoxy, Autocracy and NationalismRussian language, customs and religion were wisdomRevolt in PolandPoland proclaimed independence from RussiaNicholas sent troopsSuppress all liberal and national movements with force

Revolution of France 1830

Charles XBeliever in Divine RightReactionary PoliciesEmphasis on returning aristocracy and Catholicism Liberal reaction through votingFAILEDCharles replaced ministry with ultra-royalistsPrince de PolignacLiberal negotiated with liberal side of royal family for constitutional monarchyFeared Rpublic

July Revolution, 1830Liberals win majorityRoyalists attempt to seize powerFour Ordinances: dissolved Chamber of DeputiesPeople of Paris react (alliance between laborers and middle class) 1830Charles X sends troops1,800 die and the king flees (Last Bourbon King)Louis Philippe becomes KingPush for Constitutional Monarchy

Louis PhilippeKing of the FrenchTri-color flagNo official religion or censorshipLittle/no sympathy for working classWorker revolts continuedContinued control of Algeria and Northern AfricaFrance was an Empire

BelgiumNationalism leads to IndependenceCongress of Vienna merged Holland and BelgiumDifferent languages, economy and religionIndependence in 1830Pre-curser to World War IGermany will invade Belgium, leading to English involvement in War

Great Britain

Political & Economic ReformSpirit of Accommodation/CompromiseLarge commercial and industrial classCannot ignore their interests without damaging Englands prosperity Moderate reforms supported (Whigs)No need for revolutionBritish law, tradition and public opinions showed respect for individual liberties

Events that led to the Great Reform BillBritains response to popular uprisingAccommodation No revolutionEconomic reformAllow economic freedomSupport labor unionsReligious reformCatholic Emancipation ActLegislating ChangeThe Great Reform Bill

Catholic Emancipation ActGoal To maintain peace in IrelandFirst StepSend Protestant representatives to Parliament Problem: Most Irish are CatholicSecond: Irish elect Catholics (Daniel OConnel)If England doesnt let them sit there will be revolution

Liberal or ConservativeCatholic EmancipationLiberal measure, Conservative purposeMaintain order in IrelandButIncreased property requirement to vote

The Great Reform BillIncreased voters kept land and gender requirementSome workers LOST the right to voteResultsNo need for revolutionOrderly reformChurch, govt, commerceSame governmentMore people influencing

1848 RevolutionsFranceHabsburg EmpireItalyGermany

Year of Revolutions No single factor led to Revolutions+ Food shortage+ Economic depression (industry)+ High unemployment+ Wretched living conditions= frustrationLiberal working class joined with political liberalsDramatic change in ONE YEARNATIONALISM

What changes occurred?Failed to establish genuine liberal and/or national governmentsFailed to combine political reform with social reformLiberals failed to unite all social classesLiberals fell to the armies of the reactionary class

Exceptions to RevolutionRussia Why?Inability to communicatePolands revolts were spread-out and failedSwitzerland Strong ArmyDeveloped a Federalist state to minimize complete controlGreat Britain Why?Policy of accommodationGreat Reform Act of 1832Pacify middle classCatholic Emancipation ActSuppression of Irish revoltsRepeal of Corn Laws

FranceIn the beginningEconomic depressionJune Days of ViolenceLouis Napoleon Bonaparte electedHope for stability and greatness FAILEgo!End ResultEmperor Napoleon IIIMonarchy republic monarchy republic monarchy

Habsburg EmpireNationalism Resisted!Susceptible to RevolutionBorders broke up ethnicitiesSerfdomRebellions spreadVienna UprisingLouis Kossuth: Magyar Nationalist + StudentsMetternich & Ferdinand FledMajor Result Abolished serfdom

March Laws: Ferdinand forced to signEquality of religion, jury trials, pressNobility pay taxesElection of lower chamberLiberals vs. NationalsLiberal political structureNo autonomy within bordersMagyar RevoltDesire separate state for Hungarians Austria vs. HungaryAustria and Nationalists against Magyars

1890

Hungary

Czech NationalismNational equality for SlavsWho were Slavs? Poles, Ruthenians, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, SerbsGoal: ONE Slavic stateFree from Ottoman and Habsburg controlLed to conflict between Germans and SlavsCzech nationalism FAILED

The Age of MetternichFigure 1 1815Type of ControlHappily working together to control EuropeAttitude of statesmen toward powerCarefreeSolved the problem of NapoleonCreated a new order that they controldreamEurope would follow their dictates/demands/designTitle?All is right with the world.

Figure 2 1820-1830By 1830, how were leaders divided?No longer worked together to maintain conservative governmentsWhat impact did the Old Order possess?Some still worked together to suppress rebellionNew weaknesses?Britain did not support conservative regimesLiberal regimes in France & BelgiumTitle?We Need Help?

Figure 3 1848Why did the old order lose control?Large # of revolutionsEarlier breakdown of unityTo what extent was a completely new order established?Mostly old-order was re-establishedWhy did change take place in this fashion?Conservatives used force, force rejected themTitle?Its all over.

ItalyAustria faced Nationalism in Northern ItalyNationalists & Liberals hoped for unificationTurned to Pope Pius IX (liberal)Radicals forced Republic Pope fledReturned to warFrance protects RomeWhy? Wanted weak nation to the south

GermanyRevolutionsWanted unification & liberal governmentPrussiaFrederick William IV moved towardsUnificationLiberal government reforms (constitution)SuffrageThree-class voting: based on ability to pay taxes

Frankfurt ParliamentGoal: write a constitutionPurpose: liberal unification of GermanyAlienated conservatives & working classHow do you unify?Large or SmallCreated a constitutionAsked Frederick William IV to RULEHe refusedKings ruled by the grace of God, not by the will of man CONSERVATIVEImpact: small conservative, constitutional changes in Germany

PrussiaAustriaFrankfurt

*Anecdote: For the next 100 years, a few groups were able to gain concessions. For the most part, however, nationalistic drives were directly opposed to the status quo.*Anecdote: Discussion of how those wars which did break out were in large part expressions of the leading European countries own desires for nationalism and unification.*