Conservation Management Zones of AustraliaSouth Western Australia Temperate Woodlands

Prepared by the Department of the Environment

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This project and associated products are the result of a collaboration between the Biodiversity Conservation Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of the Environment (DotE), Department of Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and the academic community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE, Nyree Stenekes and Robert Kancans (ABARES), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson (ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice.

Special thanks to CSIRO staff Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns enabled identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia.

© Commonwealth of Australia, 2015.

The Conservation Management Zones of Australia profile is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons By Attribution 3.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people.

For licence conditions see here.

ContentsAcknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country.................................................................4

Introduction....................................................................................................................................4

Zone at a glance............................................................................................................................5

Population characteristics..............................................................................................................9

Employment, volunteering and incomes......................................................................................14

Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice...................17

Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas..............................................20

Zone vegetation characteristics...................................................................................................23

Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands................................................................................24

World and National Heritage.......................................................................................................25

Major National Reserve System properties.................................................................................25

EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities.................................................................26

EPBC Act (1999) threatened species..........................................................................................27

EPBC Act (1999) migratory species............................................................................................31

Threatened endemic species......................................................................................................31

Invasive species..........................................................................................................................34

Vegetation profiles and management recommendations............................................................36

Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and CountryThe Australian Government acknowledges Australia’s Traditional Owners and pays respect to Elders past and present of our nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. We honour the deep spiritual, cultural and customary connections of Traditional Owners to the Australian landscape, including Australia’s waterways, land and sea country.

Introduction The 23 Conservation Management Zones of Australia are geographic areas, classified according to their ecological and threat characteristics. The zones are also aligned with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia.

The Conservation Management Zones provide a way of understanding Australia’s natural environment that will assist in long-term conservation planning and help the Australian Government to better design, deliver and report on Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments, including ensuring alignment of national NRM priorities with local action.

The Conservation Management Zones also provide a filter through which to make national environmental and socio-economic data more accessible and comprehensible, and a framework for gathering on-ground knowledge and expertise about the environment.  This will improve information flow to the Australian Government about regional NRM requirements, best practice management, emerging NRM issues and knowledge gaps.

The Conservation Management Zones do not represent any change to existing administrative boundaries or governance structures, but aim to support the NRM and wider community to cooperatively manage environmental assets across boundaries, where they share common threats, ecological characteristics and stakeholders.

Each Conservation Management Zone profile contains a standard suite of nationally available ecological and socio-economic information.  We hope that this information will enable Australians of all ages and backgrounds to engage with, understand and appreciate Australian landscapes, and support all Australians to manage our natural resources more effectively.

The profile information provides an indicative, high-level stock-take of the environmental and socio-economic landscape and it is not intended to be comprehensive. It should also be noted that, at present, the profiles contain only limited information on aquatic ecosystems, coastal assets and Indigenous land management practices.  In future, consultation and comprehensive literature reviews will enable us to provide more complete information.

Zone at a glance

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

REGIONAL CENTRES POPULATION

Katanning 3,750

Merredin 2,580

Moora 1,647

Narrogin 4,226

Northam 6,582

Wagin 1,369

York 2,380

NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (NRM) REGIONSNorthern Agricultural Catchments Council Inc WA

South Coast NRM Inc WA

South West Catchments Council Inc WA

Wheatbelt NRM Council Inc WA

TOP FIVE AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES VALUE (MILLIONS)

Cereals for grain $1,057

Wool $271

Lamb $246

Oilseeds $157

Legumes for grain $58

Total value of agricultural commodities (including other commodities not listed here) $1,888

CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS*Mean annual temperature 17 Celsius

Mean Maximum of the Hottest Month 32.6 Celsius

Mean Minimum of the Coldest Month 5 Celsius

Mean Annual Rainfall 348.7 mm

Dominant rainfall season Winter

* The figures are interpolated 75-year means (1921 to 1995) representing the period prior to the onset of rapid climatic warming. Cited in: Williams KJ, Belbin L, Austin MP, Stein J, Ferrier S (2012) Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? International Journal of Geographic Information Sciences 26(11), 2009–2047. (Data derived from Australian Climate surfaces version 2.1 for the ANUCLIM-BIOCLIM package).

For future climate projections please refer to: http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

Native Title area Although there have been no Native Title Determinations finalised within this Conservation Management Zone, it continues to represent important Indigenous heritage values and places that are of deep significance to Indigenous persons and their practices, observations, customs, beliefs and history.

Source: Based on data from the National Native Title Register; Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD); National Vegetation Information System (NVIS); Species’ Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).

Population characteristics

Population

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

LANGUAGES SPOKEN AT HOMEEnglish 90.68%

Other languages 4.18%

Not stated 5.07%

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

Education

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

Employment, volunteering and incomes

Employment

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

Volunteering

Income

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM adviceAustralian farmers manage over 60% of the Australian continent and shoulder much of the burden of responsibility for maintaining and protecting Australia’s natural resource wealth. The information contained in this profile aims to assist the wider community, non-governmental organisations and government agencies to support Australia’s key environmental custodians.

Agricultural commodity values

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice

* Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2012 Land Management Practices Survey (LaMPS) 2012. LaMPS collected land practices information from approximately 50,000 farm businesses across Australia. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units and Australian Agricultural Environment units. The % figures presented here are indicative only. For more information on LaMPS please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4630.0

** The sample for the Drivers of Practice Change 2012 survey consisted of a random subsample of 1228 broadacre farm managers from the Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey (AAGIS) frame. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units. For this reason, the figures presented here are indicative only.

^ This chart indicates the sources of advice utilised for native vegetation management from respondents who identified they sought advice.

For more information please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/forestry/domestic-forestry/prep-for-future/drivers-

Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas

Source: Land tenure data based on Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) categorisation of Public Sector Mapping Authority (PSMA) State Tenure 2012; Land use mapping based on Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program (ACLUMP) 2012. For more information on Australian land use and management information and classification please refer to: http://www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/aclump/

INDIGENOUS LAND COUNCILS

South-West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council: http://www.noongar.org.au

Goldfields Land and Sea Council: www.glsc.com.au

Ngaanyatjarra Council: http://www.ngaanyatjarra.org.au/

Although there have been no Native Title Determinations finalised within this Conservation Management Zone, it continues to represent important Indigenous heritage values and places that are of deep significance to Indigenous persons and their practices, observations, customs, beliefs and history.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREASCity Of Greater Geraldton WA

Shire Of Beverley WA

Shire Of Brookton WA

Shire Of Broomehill-Tambellup WA

Shire Of Bruce Rock WA

Shire Of Carnamah WA

Shire Of Coorow WA

Shire Of Corrigin WA

Shire Of Cranbrook WA

Shire Of Cuballing WA

Shire Of Cunderdin WA

Shire Of Dalwallinu WA

Shire Of Dowerin WA

Shire Of Dumbleyung WA

Shire Of Dundas WA

Shire Of Esperance WA

Shire Of Gnowangerup WA

Shire Of Goomalling WA

Shire Of Jerramungup WA

Shire Of Katanning WA

Shire Of Kellerberrin WA

Shire Of Kent WA

Shire Of Kojonup WA

Shire Of Kondinin WA

Shire Of Koorda WA

Shire Of Kulin WA

Shire Of Lake Grace WA

Shire Of Merredin WA

Shire Of Mingenew WA

Shire Of Moora WA

Shire Of Morawa WA

Shire Of Mount Marshall WA

Shire Of Mukinbudin WA

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS

Shire Of Murchison WA

Shire Of Narembeen WA

Shire Of Narrogin WA

Shire Of Northam WA

Shire Of Nungarin WA

Shire Of Perenjori WA

Shire Of Pingelly WA

Shire Of Quairading WA

Shire Of Ravensthorpe WA

Shire Of Tammin WA

Shire Of Three Springs WA

Shire Of Toodyay WA

Shire Of Trayning WA

Shire Of Victoria Plains WA

Shire Of Wagin WA

Shire Of Wandering WA

Shire Of West Arthur WA

Shire Of Westonia WA

Shire Of Wickepin WA

Shire Of Williams WA

Shire Of Wongan-Ballidu WA

Shire Of Woodanilling WA

Shire Of Wyalkatchem WA

Shire Of Yalgoo WA

Shire Of Yilgarn WA

Shire Of York WA

Town Of Narrogin WA

Zone vegetation characteristics

The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.

Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums (e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present are therefore not represented.

It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.

Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia. For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia. In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone (58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately 19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.

For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-information-system

Ramsar and Nationally Important WetlandsRAMSAR WETLANDS JURISDICTION HECTARESToolibin Lake (also known as Lake Toolibin)

WA 493.08

For more information on Ramsar please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/water/water-our-environment/wetlands/ramsar-convention-wetlands

NATIONALLY IMPORTANT WETLANDS JURISDICTION HECTARES CRITERIA

Balicup Lake System WA 720.63 1, 4, 5

Coyrecup Lake WA 380.89 2, 3, 4, 6

Dumbleyung Lake WA 5,595.48 2, 3, 4, 6

Lake Bryde – East Lake Bryde WA 0.10 4, 5

Lake Grace System WA 29,455.13 1, 3, 4, 5

Toolibin Lake WA 1,251.98 1, 2, 3, 6

Yealering Lakes System WA 1,060.21 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Yorkrakine Rock Pools WA 156.83 1, 2, 6

Nationally important wetlands are defined according to the following criteria:

1. It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia.

2. It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major wetland system/complex.

3. It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or provides a refuge when adverse conditions such as drought prevail.

4. The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa.

5. The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or vulnerable at the national level.

6. The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance.

Please note, the above are a subset of all the Nationally Important Wetlands found within the Zone. For more information on Nationally Important Wetlands please see: http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/directory-important-wetlands-australia-third-edition

World and National HeritageHERITAGE VALUES WORLD OR NATIONAL HERITAGE

TYPEJURISDICTION HECTARES % OF

ZONEStirling RangeNational Park

National Natural WA 904.04 0.01

Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, Western Australia

National Historic WA 69.49 0.001

Please refer to the Australian Heritage Database for detailed information on listing criteria for these heritage values: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-heritage-database

For more information on Australia’s world and national heritage please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage

Major National Reserve System propertiesMAJOR NATIONAL RESERVE SYSTEM PROPERTIES

Name Property type IUCN category

Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone

Lake Magenta Nature Reserve IA WA 108,052 0.80

Frank Hann National Park II WA 68,041 0.50

White Wells Reserve NRS Addition – Gazettal in Progress

II WA 53,489 0.40

Lake King Nature Reserve IA WA 38,669 0.29

Dragon Rocks Nature Reserve IA WA 32,247 0.24

Dunn Rock Nature Reserve IA WA 24,558 0.18

Chinocup Nature Reserve IA WA 19,891 0.15

Kadji Kadji NRS Addition – Gazettal in Progress

II WA 14,104 0.10

Lochada NRS Addition – Gazettal in Progress

II WA 12,497 0.09

Karara NRS Addition – Gazettal in Progress

II WA 11,771 0.09

Lake Campion Nature Reserve IA WA 10,796 0.08

Yarra Yarra Lake Conservation Park II WA 10,761 0.08

Cheadanup Nature Reserve IA WA 6,720 0.05

Mollerin Nature Reserve IA WA 6,506 0.05

North Karlgarin Nature Reserve IA WA 5,822 0.04

Chiddarcooping Nature Reserve IA WA 5,300 0.04

Boyagin Nature Reserve IA WA 4,846 0.04

Ninghan Indigenous Protected Area III WA 4,545 0.03

Unnamed WA28940 Nature Reserve IA WA 4,348 0.03

Dumbleyung Lake Nature Reserve IA WA 4,101 0.03

THE IUCN CATEGORIES ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Ia Strict Nature Reserve IUCN protected area management categories classify protected areas according to their management objectives. The categories are recognised by international bodies such as the United Nations and are utilised by many national governments, including the Australian Government, as the global standard for defining and recording protected areas.

Ib Wilderness Area

II National Park

III Natural Monument or Feature

IV Habitat/Species Management Area

V Protected Landscape/ Seascape

VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources

Please refer to the IUCN website for further explanation: http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/

For more information on Australia’s National Reserve System please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system

Source: Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database 2012.

EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communitiesTHREATENED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

Name Listing status % of total distribution* % of zone**

Perched Wetlands of the Wheatbelt region with extensive stands of living sheoak and paperbark across the lake floor (Toolibin Lake)

Endangered 100 0.004

Proteaceae Dominated Kwongkan Shrublands of the Southeast Coastal Floristic Province of Western Australia

Endangered 1.22 0.11

* % of the total national distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the Threatened Ecological Community that is found within the zone.

** % of the total zone area describes the proportion of the zone that the Threatened Ecological Community is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given Threatened Ecological Community above does not imply that the Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. Rather, the % of the TEC’s total distribution (*) within the zone is an indication of its importance to that zone in terms of conservation efforts. The % of the zone (**) indicates how rare, or difficult the ecological community may be to find within the zone.

The threatened ecological communities above are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. For more information, please refer to http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities

EPBC Act (1999) threatened speciesTHREATENED MAMMALS

Common name Scientific name Status % of totaldistribution*

% of zone**

Red-tailed Phascogale Phascogale calura Endangered 57.62 5.50

Chuditch, Western Quoll Dasyurus geoffroii Vulnerable 42.25 51.67

Woylie Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi Endangered 5.57 0.31

Dayang, Heath Rat Pseudomys shortridgei Vulnerable 3.26 0.24

Numbat Myrmecobius fasciatus Vulnerable 3.19 0.13

Black-flanked Rock-wallaby Petrogale lateralis lateralis Vulnerable 0.58 0.02

Dibbler Parantechinus apicalis Endangered 0.14 0.01

Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis Vulnerable 0.01 0.12

Quokka Setonix brachyurus Vulnerable Locally extinct

Locally extinct

THREATENED BIRDS

Common name Scientific name Status % of totaldistribution*

% of zone**

Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo, Short-billed Black-Cockatoo

Calyptorhynchus latirostris Endangered 42.43 69.4

Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo, Long-billed Black-Cockatoo

Calyptorhynchus baudinii Vulnerable 2.73 1.15

Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata Vulnerable 1.89 15.0

Muir’s Corella (southern), Western Long-billed Corella (southern)

Cacatua pastinator pastinator Vulnerable 0.92 0.07

Slender-billed Thornbill (western) Acanthiza iredalei iredalei Vulnerable 0.81 3.33

Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis Endangered 0.36 0.52

Australian Fairy Tern Sternula nereis nereis Vulnerable 0.31 0.13

Western Ground Parrot, Kyloring Pezoporus flaviventris Critically Endangered

0.1 0.003

Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus Endangered May be present

May be present

Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii naso Vulnerable May be present

May be present

* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone.

** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in.

The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.

THREATENED REPTILES

Common Name Scientific name Status % of totaldistribution*

% of zone**

Western Spiny-tailed Skink, Baudin Island Spiny-tailed Skink

Egernia stokesii badia Endangered 51.66 23.48382532

OTHER THREATENED FAUNA

Common name Scientific name Status % of totaldistribution*

% of zone**

Shield-backed Trapdoor Spider, Black Rugose Trapdoor Spider

Idiosoma nigrum Vulnerable 20.43 10.95

THREATENED FLORA

Common Name Scientific name Status % of totaldistribution*

% of zone**

Velvety Spiral Pod Wattle Acacia cochlocarpa subsp. velutinosa

Critically Endangered

100 1.63

Koobabbie Poverty Bush Eremophila sp. Koobabbie (R.J.Chinnock 9540)

Critically Endangered

100 0.03

None Guichenotia seorsiflora Critically Endangered

100 0.06

Ballerina Orchid Caladenia melanema Critically Endangered

100 0.48

Woolly Lysiosepalum Lysiosepalum abollatum Critically Endangered

100 0.13

Sickle-leaved Waxflower Philotheca falcata Critically Endangered

100 0.03

Remote Thorny Lignum Muehlenbeckia horrida subsp. abdita

Critically Endangered

100 1.13

Scaly-leaved Featherflower Verticordia spicata subsp. squamosa

Endangered 100 0.02

Wongan Featherflower Verticordia staminosa subsp. staminosa

Endangered 100 1.12

Hairy Phalanx Grevillea Grevillea dryandroidessubsp. hirsuta

Endangered 100 10.30

Round-leaf Lasiopetalum Lasiopetalum rotundifolium Endangered 100 0.24

Silky Eremophila Eremophila nivea Endangered 100 2.11

Hairy Mat Conostylis Conostylis seorsiflora subsp. trichophylla

Endangered 100 0.18

Matchstick Banksia, Quairading Banksia Banksia cuneata Endangered 100 0.45

Williams Spider Orchid Caladenia williamsiae Endangered 100 0.0002

Phalanx Grevillea Grevillea dryandroides subsp. dryandroides

Endangered 100 0.01

Wongan Conostylis Conostylis wonganensis Endangered 100 0.03

Lonely Hammer-orchid Drakaea isolata Endangered 100 0.001

Granite Tetratheca Tetratheca deltoidea Endangered 100 0.003

Hughan’s Featherflower Verticordia hughanii Endangered 100 0.17

Wongan Eriostemon Philotheca wonganensis Endangered 100 0.08

Western Woolly Cyphanthera, Western Cyphanthera

Cyphanthera odgersii subsp. occidentalis

Endangered 100 0.03

None Grevillea murex Endangered 100 0.11

Wongan Eremophila Eremophila ternifolia Endangered 100 0.08

Wundowlin Wattle, Ghost Wattle Acacia sciophanes Endangered 100 0.34

THREATENED FLORA

Spike Poison, Wongan Poison Gastrolobium glaucum Endangered 100 0.50

Wyalkatchem Foxglove Pityrodia scabra Endangered 100 0.10

Wongan Gully Wattle Acacia pharangites Endangered 100 0.08

Large-fruited Tammin Wattle Acacia ataxiphylla subsp. magna Endangered 100 1.56

Quairading Jacksonia, Quairading Stinkwood Jacksonia quairading Endangered 100 0.02

Hairy-stemmed Zig-Zag Wattle Acacia subflexuosa subsp. capillata

Endangered 100 0.01

Cunderdin Daviesia Daviesia cunderdin Endangered 100 0.06

Whorled Eremophila Eremophila verticillata Endangered 100 3.30

Pinnate-leaf Eremophila Eremophila pinnatifida Endangered 100 0.07

Wongan Hills Triggerplant, Wongan Triggerplant Stylidium coroniforme Endangered 100 0.12

Wongan Cactus Daviesia euphorbioides Endangered 100 2.21

Chinocup Wattle Acacia leptalea Endangered 100 0.06

Corrigin Grevillea Grevillea scapigera Endangered 100 1.68

White-flowered Philotheca Philotheca basistyla Endangered 100 0.02

Tangled Wattle, Tangle Wattle Acacia volubilis Endangered 100 0.10

Dwarf Rock Wattle Acacia pygmaea Endangered 100 0.13

Harlequin Bell Darwinia polychroma Endangered 100 0.04

a shrub Boronia capitata subsp. capitata Endangered 100 2.78

Kulin Conostylis, Single-flowered Conostylis

Conostylis rogeri Vulnerable 100 0.10

Woolly Sheoak Allocasuarina fibrosa Vulnerable 100 0.04

Echidna Wattle Acacia depressa Vulnerable 100 0.02

Mason’s Darwinia Darwinia masonii Vulnerable 100 0.03

Twisted Sheoak Allocasuarina tortiramula Vulnerable 100 0.04

Hill Thomasia Thomasia montana Vulnerable 100 0.16

Silver Mallee Eucalyptus crucis subsp. crucis Vulnerable 100 0.12

Wongan Microcorys Microcorys eremophiloides Vulnerable 100 0.12

Column Hakea Hakea aculeata Vulnerable 100 0.05

Resinous Poverty Bush Eremophila vernicosa Vulnerable 100 0.02

Woolly Wattle Acacia lanuginophylla Endangered 99.99 1.70

Bancrofts Symonanthus Symonanthus bancroftii Endangered 99.97 3.53

Sandplain Thomasia Thomasia glabripetala Vulnerable 99.96 1.89

Saltmat Roycea pycnophylloides Endangered 99.95 12.46

Wongan Rhagodia Rhagodia acicularis Vulnerable 99.94 0.80

Resinous Eremophila Eremophila resinosa Endangered 99.92 3.67

Stilted Tinsel Lily Calectasia pignattiana Vulnerable 99.91 0.82

Granite Featherflower Verticordia staminosa subsp. cylindracea var. cylindracea

Endangered 99.9 4.38

THREATENED FLORA

Bodallin Poison Gastrolobium diabolophyllum Critically Endangered

99.87 1.53

Silky Frankenia Frankenia conferta Endangered 99.05 0.01

Gypsum Goodenia Goodenia integerrima Vulnerable 98.55 0.29

Fitzgerald’s Mulla-mulla Ptilotus fasciculatus Endangered 98.54 0.16

None Drakonorchis drakeoides Endangered 97.86 1.59

Native Foxglove, Woolly Foxglove Pityrodia axillaris Critically Endangered

97.85 0.77

Three Springs Daviesia Daviesia bursarioides Endangered 97.47 0.07

Underground Orchid,Western Australian Underground Orchid

Rhizanthella gardneri Endangered 96.62 22.06

Wongan Melaleuca Melaleuca sciotostyla Endangered 95.5 0.10

Granite Pink Tribonanthes purpurea Vulnerable 95.35 0.92

Yornaning Wattle Acacia insolita subsp. recurva Endangered 95.07 0.38

* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone.

** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.

The above species are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation.

Please note that the list of threatened flora species is not comprehensive. The flora listed here have a significant proportion of their total national distribution within the zone. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species or the Species Profiles and Threats Database http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

EPBC Act (1999) migratory speciesMIGRATORY BIRDS

Common name Scientific name

Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus

Cattle Egret Ardea ibis

Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus

Great Egret,White Egret

Ardea alba

Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis

Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis(sensu lato)

White-belliedSea-Eagle

Haliaeetus leucogaster

Threatened endemic speciesTHREATENED ENDEMIC SPECIES

Taxonomic group

Scientific name Reservation status EPBC Act status IUCN status

Molluscs Bothriembryon praecelsus Recorded in reserves n/a Endangered

Plants Caladenia drakeoides Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Caladenia melanema Recorded in reserves Critically Endangered n/a

Plants Caladenia williamsiae Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Drakaea isolata Unreserved Endangered n/a

Plants Stylidium coroniforme Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Halosarcia bulbosa Unreserved Vulnerable n/a

Plants Rhagodia acicularis Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a

Plants Roycea pycnophylloides Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Acacia auratiflora Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Acacia depressa Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a

Plants Acacia leptalea Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Acacia pharangites Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Acacia pygmaea Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Acacia semicircinalis Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a

Plants Acacia vassalii Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Acacia volubilis Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Daviesia cunderdin Unreserved Endangered n/a

Plants Gastrolobium diabolophyllum Unreserved Critically Endangered n/a

Plants Gastrolobium glaucum Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Allocasuarina fibrosa Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a

Plants Guichenotia seorsiflora Recorded in reserves Critically Endangered n/a

Plants Lysiosepalum abollatum Unreserved Critically Endangered n/a

THREATENED ENDEMIC SPECIES

Plants Thomasia glabripetala Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a

Plants Chamelaucium sp. gingin Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Darwinia masonii Unreserved Vulnerable n/a

Plants Eucalyptus recta Unreserved Endangered n/a

Plants Verticordia hughanii Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Glyceria drummondii Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Banksia cuneata Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Grevillea involucrata Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a

Plants Grevillea murex Unreserved Endangered n/a

Plants Grevillea pythara Unreserved Endangered n/a

Plants Grevillea scapigera Unreserved Endangered n/a

Plants Hakea aculeata Unreserved Vulnerable n/a

Plants Isopogon robustus Unreserved Critically Endangered n/a

Plants Boronia revoluta Unreserved Endangered n/a

Plants Philotheca basistyla Unreserved Endangered n/a

Plants Haloragis platycarpa Unreserved Critically Endangered n/a

Plants Symonanthus bancroftii Unreserved Endangered n/a

Concentrations of unreserved endemic species

The colour grids and numbers are an indication of the location and number of endemic species that have all their known range outside of the National Reserve System. Concentrations of unreserved endemic species may be useful focal areas for private land conservation efforts.

Endemism analyses were provided by the Australian Government Department of Environment Australian Natural Heritage Assessment Tool (ANHAT). The ANHAT database has been compiled from specimens and site records held in state agency wildlife atlases, museum collections, and the work of individual researchers. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-natural-heritage-assessment-tool

Invasive speciesINVASIVE MAMMALS

Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone**

Rabbit, European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 2.46 100

Red Fox, Fox Vulpes vulpes 2.19 100

Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat Felis catus 1.76 100

House Mouse Mus musculus 3.5 92.3

Goat Capra hircus 3.5 55.6

Pig Sus scrofa 1.08 28.2

Black Rat, Ship Rat Rattus rattus 2.42 19.9

Domestic Dog Canis lupus familiaris 0.51 9.4

Feral deer species in Australia Feral deer 2.23 6.3

Domestic Cattle Bos taurus 0.31 4.0

Horse Equus caballus 0.29 3.2

Donkey, Ass Equus asinus 0.17 1.5

Dromedary, Camel Camelus dromedarius 0.04 0.9

Northern Palm Squirrel, Five-striped Palm Squirrel

Funambulus pennantii 0.85 0.1

OTHER INVASIVE FAUNA

Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone**

Laughing Turtle-dove, Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis 37.03 85.30

Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon Columba livia 3.69 69.75

Spotted Turtle-Dove Streptopelia chinensis 1.77 10.95

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 1.78 9.32

Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris 0.14 2.17

Mute Swan Cygnus olor 79.8 1.55

Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus 0.15 0.31

European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis 0.01 0.05

House Sparrow Passer domesticus May be present May be present

* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone.

** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

INVASIVE FLORA

Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone**

Athel Pine, Athel Tree, Tamarisk, Athel Tamarisk, Athel Tamarix, Desert Tamarisk, Flowering Cypress,Salt Cedar

Tamarix aphylla 15.39 80.46

Buffel-grass, Black Buffel-grass Cenchrus ciliaris 2.76 70.50

INVASIVE FLORA

Bitou Bush, Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera 16.87 70.50

Ward’s Weed Carrichtera annua 8 70.50

Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Creeper, Smilax, Florist’s Smilax, Smilax Asparagus

Asparagus asparagoides 10.58 64.35

Silver Nightshade, Silver-leaved Nightshade, White Horse Nettle, Silver-leaf Nightshade, Tomato Weed, White Nightshade, Bull-nettle, Prairie-berry, Satansbos, Silver-leaf Bitter-apple, Silverleaf-nettle, Trompillo

Solanum elaeagnifolium 5.78 6.40

African Boxthorn, Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum 1.08 4.19

Blackberry, European Blackberry Rubus fruticosus aggregate 0.55 3.37

Willows except Weeping Willow, Pussy Willow and Sterile Pussy Willow

Salix spp. except S.babylonica, S.x calodendron & S.x reichardtii

0.62 3.03

Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera

1.21 2.86

Gorse, Furze Ulex europaeus 0.8 2.35

Flax-leaved Broom, Mediterranean Broom, Flax Broom

Genista linifolia 2.27 0.69

Prickly Pears Opuntia spp. 0.21 0.59

Montpellier Broom, Cape Broom, Canary Broom, Common Broom, French Broom, Soft Broom

Genista monspessulana 0.43 0.47

Prickly Pears Austrocylindropuntia spp. 3.24 0.30

Salvinia, Giant Salvinia, Aquarium Watermoss, Kariba Weed

Salvinia molesta 0.02 0.05

Lantana, Common Lantana, Kamara Lantana, Large-leaf Lantana, Pink Flowered Lantana, Red Flowered Lantana, Red-Flowered Sage, White Sage, Wild Sage

Lantana camara 0.01 0.05

Broom Genista sp. X Genista monspessulana

May be present May be present

Radiata Pine Monterey Pine, Insignis Pine, Wilding Pine

Pinus radiata May be present May be present

* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone.

** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given invasive species above does not imply that the species is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. The % of the zone area (**) indicates how common or rare the species may be within the zone.

For more information on invasive species please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species

Vegetation profiles and management recommendations

Vegetation extent information and species lists contained in the vegetation profiles are based on analysis from the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS), including analysis of Major Vegetation Subgroups and NVIS Level V descriptions. Please see http://www.environment.gov.au/node/18930 for more information.

The management recommendations have been drawn from EPBC Act Recovery Plans, EPBC Act Ecological Communities Listing Advice and other sources. The recommendations are indicative only. Systematic reviews of management literature, consultation processes and improved Natural Resource Management program monitoring and evaluation will support development of a comprehensive set of management recommendations over time.

Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile

11.92% Remaining

Commonly found species within this communityEucalyptus salmonophloia; Eucalyptus loxophleba; Eucalyptus wandoo; Eucalyptus occidentalis; Eucalyptus accedens; Corymbia calophylla; Eucalyptus flocktoniae; Eucalyptus salubris; Eucalyptus longicornis; Allocasuarina huegeliana; Acacia acuminata; Eucalyptus astringens; Melaleuca sp.; Hakea preissii; Gastrolobium calycinum; Dianella revoluta; shrub; sedge; tussock grass; forb.

Management recommendationsPROTECTION SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE

REHABILITATION FIRE MANAGEMENT

WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

WEED MANAGEMENT

FERAL ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Encourage uptake of conservation Agreements and covenants on private land. See: http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au for information on covenants and private land conservation.Protect from firewood harvesting.Protect paddock trees.

Fence, and exclude stock from remnants.Minimise spray drift from adjacent agricultural lands.Maintain native vegetation remnants and paddock trees as this provides protection against dryland salinity.Fence paddock trees. If no saplings appear after fencing and stock exclusion, then replant with tubestock from locally sourced seed.Use shade cloth to construct artificial paddock shade and prevent stock camping under trees.Minimise ground and surface water extraction.

Overstorey eucalypt species may not easily regenerate if sites have been previously grazed. Sites that have retained mosses and lichens are more likely to regenerate naturally.Undertake revegetation where no natural regeneration occurs. Ensure seed and tubestock are locally sourced and attempt to replicate the structure and diversity of local, high quality remnants on similar soils and aspect.Monitor and actively manage weed species in rehabilitation sites.

Reduce the incidence and extent of wildfire by undertaking mosaic burning, maintaining a diversity of vegetation age classes across unburnt patches.Fire is an important ecological process to stimulate regeneration. Please consult your local Natural Resource Management region for advice on site appropriate fire regimes.

If fallen timber has been removed from remnants, replace with coarse woody debris (such as untreated railway sleepers). Fallen timber provides habitat for wildlife.Maintain and protect mature trees as it can take 150–180 years for tree hollows to develop. Hollow provide shelter and breeding habitat for mammals and birds.If few or no mature hollow bearing trees are present within remnants, provide nesting boxes. Monitor regularly for invasive birds and feral honey bees.Ensure fencing is wildlife fencing –no electric fencing, and no barbed wire.

Monitor and manage weeds in remnants and surrounding agricultural lands.Moraea fugax, M. collina and M. flaccida, Hesperantha spp. and Sparaxis spp bulb species are particularly problematic in Wandoo woodland remnants.

Manage foxes, rabbits and feral cats.Ensure foxes and rabbits are managed simultaneously to avoid foxes switching to predation on native species or increases in rabbit populations.

Maintain strict hygiene protocols to avoid spreading Phytophthora by vehicle tyres, earthmoving machinery and boots.Treat dieback with phosphite in early Summer, and repeat 4–5 weeks later. Sites should be treated for a wide area around an infected site.Remove all parts of affected plants, including as much of the root system as possible.Manage public access to control the spread of dieback.

Other shrublands vegetation profile

23.2% Remaining

Commonly found species within this communityActinostrobus arenarius; Allocasuarina huegeliana; Allocasuarina acutivalvis; Adenanthos stictus; Leptospermum erubescens; Melaleuca uncinata; Banksia burdettii; Verticordia lepidophylla; Verticordia monadelpha; Verticordia polytricha; Verticordia plumosa; Grevillea huegelii; Grevillea pectinata; Pileanthus peduncularis; shrub; forb; grass-tree.

Management recommendationsPROTECTION SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURALPRACTICE

REHABILITATION FIREMANAGEMENT

WILDLIFEMANAGEMENT

WEEDMANAGEMENT

FERALANIMALMANAGEMENT

DISEASEMANAGEMENT

Encourage uptake of conservation agreements and covenants on private land. See: http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au for information on covenants and private land conservation. Purchase high quality remnants into reservation.Create buffer zones with locally found native vegetation and fence remnants. Encourage wise water usage, and avoid over extraction of surface and ground water.

Exclude stock from remnants. Maintain stands of native vegetation to protect against dryland salinity and water erosion. Manage run-off, increased nutrient levels and pollution.

Reintroduce local native species where remnants are no longer capable of regeneration.Regeneration may be more difficult in weedy sites, or where grazing has occurred. However, overstorey species may still be producing viable seed. Where possible, seed from the same occurrence should be used for rehabilitation. Please seek advice from your local NRM organisation if there is no viable seedwithin a patch.Monitor and actively manage weed species in

Develop and implement appropriate fire management plans. Please seek advice from your local NRM organisation on appropriate regimes. Fire frequency and intensity should be minimised.Manage highly flammable weeds and monitor for weeds afterfire disturbance.Maintain existing fire-breaks with a minimum of soil disturbance, using herbicides or mowing wherever possible.

Manage Phytophthora outbreaks as this affects food sources for wildlife, particularly honey possums and other small marsupials.Many plant species are pollinated by marsupials.

Monitor and manage weeds. Implement hygiene practices to prevent weed spread.

Manage foxes, rabbits and feral cats. Ensure foxes and rabbits are managed simultaneously to avoid foxes switching to predation on native species or increases in rabbit populations.

Maintain strict hygiene protocols to avoid spreading Phytophthora by vehicle tyres, earthmoving machinery and boots. Treat dieback with phosphite in early Summer, and repeat 4-5 weeks later. Sites should be treated for a wide area around an infected site.Remove all parts of badly affected plants, including as much of the root system as possible. Manage public access to control the spread of dieback.

Other Acacia tall open shrublands and shrublands vegetation profile

24.75% Remaining

Commonly found species within this communityAcacia ramulosa; Acacia neurophylla; Eucalyptus loxophleba; Acacia acuminata; Acacia murrayana; Acacia quadrimarginea; Acacia tetragonophylla; Allocasuarina dielsiana; Borya nitida; Boronia caerulescens; Ptilotus obovatus; Cephalipterum drummondii; Waitzia aurea; tussock grass; shrub; forb; sedge.

Management recommendations

Management recommendationsPROTECTION SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURALPRACTICE

REHABILITATION

FIREMANAGEMENT

WILDLIFEMANAGEMENT

WEEDMANAGEMENT

FERALANIMALMANAGEMENT

DISEASEMANAGEMENT

Encourage uptake of conservation agreements and covenants on private land. See: http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au for information on covenants and private land conservation.Protect aquifers, surface waters and overland flow from over-extraction.Where possible, buffer remnants with five to six rows of trees. Buffers protect remnants against weed and feral animal invasion, as well as chemical spray drift.

Lower total grazing pressure and exclude stock where possible.Avoid fodder over-harvesting.Protect from soil disturbance and water flow changes caused by livestock trampling and track construction.Maintain native vegetation remnants as this provides protection against dryland salinity, and protects soils and water tables.

Where possible, reconnect remnants with 40 metre wide, indigenous plantings. Drainage lines and water courses make good candidates for restoration and development of wildlife corridors.Reintroduce local native species where remnants are no longer capable of regeneration.Regeneration may be more difficult in weedy sites, or where grazing has occurred. However, the overstorey species may still be producing viable seed.Where possible, seed from the same occurrence should be used for rehabilitation. Please seek advice from your local NRM organisation if there is no viable seed within a patch.Monitor and actively manage

Develop and implement appropriate fire management plans. Please seek advice from your local NRM organisation on appropriate regimes.Manage highly flammable weed species, such as Buffel grass,

Identify and mange key refugia and wildlife habitats.Monitor and manage populations of native herbivores (e.g. Kangaroos).

Control weeds including pasture grasses (e.g. Buffel grass).Manage Rubber Vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora), Mother of Millions (Bryophyllum tubiflorum), and Parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeata).Prevent weeds from establishing in high value refugia and wildlife habitat.

Undertake simultaneous cat, fox and rabbit eradication, particularly following major rainfall events.

Maintain strict hygiene protocols to avoid spreading Phytophthora by vehicle tyres, earthmoving machinery and boots.Treat dieback with phosphite in early Summer, and repeat 4–5 weeks later. Sites should be treated for a wide area around an infected site.Remove all parts of badly affected plants, including as much of the root system as possible.Manage public access to control the spread of dieback.

Mallee with a dense shrubby understorey vegetation profile

49.38% Remaining

Commonly found species within this communityEucalyptus eremophila; Eucalyptus redunca; Eucalyptus tetragona; Eucalyptus oleosa; Allocasuarina acutivalvis; Adenanthos flavidiflorus; Melaleuca uncinata; Melaleuca pungens; Melaleuca scapigera; Melaleuca viminea; Melaleuca scabra; Melaleuca concinna; Banksia repens; Banksia media; Banksia prostrata; Grevillea sp.; Hakea sp.; Acacia bidentata; shrub; forb; tussock grass.

Management recommendationsPROTECTION SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURALPRACTICE

REHABILITATION FIREMANAGEMENT

WILDLIFEMANAGEMENT

WEEDMANAGEMENT

FERALANIMALMANAGEMENT

DISEASEMANAGEMENT

Encourage uptake of conservation agreements and covenants on private land. See: http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au for information on covenants and privateland conservation. Close or fence artificial sources of water in conservation reserves as these attract feral species and trampling.Protect, and where appropriate, fence important wildlife habitat including for Malleefowl.

Manage total grazing pressure. Where possible, exclude stock from remnants to enable regeneration of over and understorey species.Create windbreaks with mallee species to reduce the impacts of soil erosion. Reduce tillage in zones around remnants.Avoid creating new access tracks and roads through remnants.

Undertake restoration where there are few mature overstorey species.Choose mallee species that occur on similar soils and slope aspect. Match the relative abundance of different species according to intact remnant patches.Manage wildlife corridors between remnant patches. Create buffer zones around remnants by revegetating previously cleared lands with mallee and ground storey species.

Use mosaic burning techniques. Target mosaic burns at different age classes of vegetation to maintain age diversity between, and within, remnant patches. Avoid clearing roadsides for firebreaks. Discourage broad-scale burning for agricultural purposes in Malleefowl habitat.

Monitor and manage populations of native herbivores (e.g. Kangaroos).Avoid grain spillage when transporting through Malleefowl habitat as this attracts birds to the roadside.Erect signs warning drivers that Malleefowl may be on the road.

Actively manage weeds when undertaking restoration to ensure weeds do not compete for soil moisture with vulnerable native replantings. A 1-metre radius weed free buffer should be maintained around native woody plants. Use spot control to maintain this. Apply herbicides to actively growing weeds and avoid spray drift. Do not leave areas of bare ground to avoid wind and water erosion of soils. Retain some weed cover and stagger removal

Control foxes and rabbit simultaneously to avoid foxes switching to predation on native species or increases in rabbit populations.All herbivore populations should be closely monitored and excluded from revegetation sites. Livestock, deer, rabbits and kangaroos should be managed to avoid the destruction of young seedlings.

Low closed forest or tall closed shrublands (including Acacia, Melaleuca and Banksia) vegetation profile

15.61% Remaining

Commonly found species within this communityAllocasuarina campestris; Eucalyptus loxophleba; Acacia resinomarginea; Melaleuca uncinata; Allocasuarina acutivalvis; Acacia stereophylla; Dryandra sp.; Leptospermum erubescens; Lachnostachys ferruginea; Baeckea grandis; Borya nitida; forb; shrub; grass-tree.

Management recommendationsPROTECTION SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURALPRACTICE

REHABILITATION FIREMANAGEMENT

WILDLIFEMANAGEMENT

WEEDMANAGEMENT

FERALANIMALMANAGEMENT

DISEASEMANAGEMENT

Protect remnants from further clearing for peri-urban development, mining and fire breaks. Buffer remnants with locally found species to protect remnants from weed and feral animal incursion, and chemical spray drift.

Avoid herbicide and fertiliser application in adjacent crops and pastures.

Fire intervals should be of a minimum of 10 years or more. Overly frequent prescribed burns diminish regeneration capacity, and impact negatively on the health and population levels of grounddwelling fauna. Soil movement during firebreak maintenance can increase the incidence of Phytophthora. Ensure hygiene protocols are in place to avoidPhytophthora spread.

African lovegrass, perennial Veldt Grass and Bridal Creeper should be actively monitored

and managed.Concentrations of phosphorus support weed proliferation and lead to weeds outcompeting native flora (which is adapted to lowfertility soil).

Rabbits, cats and foxes should be managed simultaneously.Mice, rats, goats and pigs should also be managed. Pigs are a major cause of the spread of Phytophthora.

Maintain strict hygiene protocols to avoid spreading Phytophthora by vehicle tyres, earthmoving machinery and boots. Treat dieback with phosphite in early Summer, and repeat 4–5 weeks later. Sites should be treated for a wide area around an infected site. Ensuring spraying is accompanied by weed management.Remove all parts of badly affected plants, including as much of the root system as possible. Manage public access to control the spread of dieback.Impacts of Phytophthora can