Conservation agriculture: profitable yet sustainable

8/9/2019 Conservation agriculture: profitable yet sustainable

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Meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn8 |reijkoan zn }~}kjgkoan Z~hj Gjjge

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;' Okmcfre~gb

Brjyng oz `n gnv cgevanbfn kgb nm`geaefjn} ei `n frnng rnyea~jeg! verab kynrkfn mnrnka zjnab}

jgmrnk}nb oz dern `kg ? |nrmng kgg~kaaz b~rjgf `n ;:9<} kgb ;:6<}! (IKE! ?<<?*' @evnynr! jg

me~grjn} ei K}jk kgb `n \kmjijm rnfjeg `n rkn ei jgmrnk}n jg mre| zjnab} `k} }aevnb }jgmn `ng

onmk~}n ei ajdjnb ~}n ei jg|~} }~m` k} inrjajxnr kgb e`nr kfrem`ndjmka} kgb `n bnfrkbkjeg ei akgb

kgb vknr rn}e~rmn} eg v`jm` kfrjm~a~rn j} bn|ngbng'

Kfrjm~a~rn jg fngnrka jg `n rnfjeg `k} onng m`kgfjgf ired rkbjjegka }~o}j}ngmn ikrdjgf e debnrg

meddnrmjka ikrdjgf |rkmjmn} k ykrje~} rkn}' R`j} `k} anb! fngnrkaaz! evkrb} jgng}jijnb kgb

}|nmjkajxnb%meddnrmjkajxnb ikrdjgf vj` dnm`kgjxkjeg! jgng}jyn jaakfn kgb jgmrnk}nb kfrem`ndjmka

~}n' O~ `n jgng}jijmkjeg ei ikrdjgf vj` `jf` jg|~} kgb akoe~r$}kyjgf nm`geaefjn} `k} anb! jg

}edn mk}n}! e }edn jd|erkg nme}z}nd$ok}nb |rkmjmn} }~m` k} mre| rekjeg kgb bjynr}jijnb

mre||jgf onjgf kokgbegnb! kaè~f` `nz `kyn onng kaaevnb ier m~ajykjeg ei akrfn krnk}'

Meg}n{~ngaz `n rnfjeg j} ikmjgf `n ~gkyejbkoan bnfrkbkjeg ei gk~rka rn}e~rmn}! n}|nmjkaaz vknr!

akgb kgb ojebjynr}jz'

Akgb bnfrkbkjeg k} k rn}~a ei jgng}jyn jaakfn j} kge`nr rnk}eg ier rnb~mnb zjnab}! kgb j kiinm} `n

niijmjngmz ei inrjajxnr} k} vnaa k} |reb~mjyjz! n}|nmjkaaz vj` rn}|nm e v`nk' Akgb bnfrkbkjeg

dkgjin}} j}nai k} m`kgfn} jg `n {~kajz ei }eja! vknr! kgb e`nr krjo~n} `k rnb~mn `n kojajz ei

akgb e |reb~mn feeb} kgb }nryjmn} `k krn yka~nb oz `~dkg}' R`n med|rn`ng}jyn k}}n}}dng ei akgb

bnfrkbkjeg (FAK]EB* |~oaj}`nb jg ;::; n}jdknb `k =0 |nrmng ei `n verab‚} mre|akgb `kb onng

bnfrkbnb e }edn npng k} k rn}~a ei `~dkg kmjyjz' @evnynr! de} ei `n }eja} ~gbnr dkgkfndngjg `k }~bz }èv bnfrkbkjeg |remn}}n}' ]eja nre}jeg vk} jbngjijnb k} `n dkher jgbjmker ei

bnfrkbkjeg! ieaaevnb oz ae}} ei }eja g~rjng} kgb e`nr |remn}}n}! jgma~bjgf |`z}jmka bnnrjerkjeg'

Kge`nr }~bz (Bng! ;::<* n}jdknb `k `n |re|erjeg ei `n rnfjeg‚} akgb `k j} irnn ired }eja$

rnaknb meg}rkjg} e kfrjm~a~rka |reb~mjeg vk} egaz ;2 |nrmng' Zjnab} me~ab on d~m` `jf`nr jg `n

ko}ngmn ei }eja bnfrkbkjeg (kgb%er me}} me~ab `kyn onng rnb~mnb*' Kgb! `n rnfjeg k} k vèan }nnd}

e `kyn rnkm`nb er |k}}nb `n }kin ajdj} ier `n èrjxegka np|kg}jeg ei kfrjm~a~rka |reb~mjeg'

; Akgb Dkgkfndng Eiijmnr! IKE _nfjegka Eiijmn ier K}jk kgb `n \kmjijm



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Megyngjegka /krkoan/ kfrjm~a~rn j} gerdkaaz ok}nb eg }eja jaakfn k} `n dkjg e|nrkjeg ier }nnb onb

|rn|krkjeg vj` `n ‑bevg~rg— onjgf ge niier e bnynae| kg nre}jeg$|renmjyn erfkgjm d~am` meynr'

]eja jaakfn `k} jg `n |k} onng k}}emjknb vj` jgmrnk}nb inrjajz! v`jm` erjfjgknb ired `n

djgnrkajxkjeg ei }eja g~rjng} k} k meg}n{~ngmn ei }eja jaakfn' R`j} |remn}} èvnynr ankb} jg `n

aegf$nrd e k rnb~mjeg ei }eja erfkgjm dknr kgb meaak|}n ei `n }eja }r~m~rn' ]eja erfkgjm dknr

ge egaz |reyjbn} g~rjng}! o~ efn`nr vj` djgjdka dnm`kgjmka }eja bj}~rokgmn! j} ka}e k mr~mjka

dknrjka ier `n }kojajxkjeg ei }eja }r~m~rn `re~f` `n kmjeg ei }eja djmre$erfkgj}d} kgb ier

brjyjgf n}}ngjka }eja ojem`ndjmka kgb `zbreaefjmka |remn}}n}'

R`n }r~m~rka! ojem`ndjmka kgb `zbreaefjmka bnfrkbkjeg ei `n }eja}! ired rn|nknb jaakfn! rn}~a} jg

`n ierdkjeg ei mr~}} kgb `n med|kmjeg ei bnn|nr }eja akznr}' Vjè~ erfkgjm }eja meynr! `n

e~medn j} bjdjgj}`nb }~rikmn }eja }r~m~rn! jgmrnk}nb vknr r~geii kgb meg}n{~ng }nynrn }eja kgb

vjgb nre}jeg' R`j} |remn}} j} de} brkdkjm ~gbnr re|jmka majdkjm }j~kjeg} onmk~}n ei `jf`

nd|nrk~rn} kgb `nkyz rkjgikaa jgng}jjn}' Egmn `n inrjan }~rikmn }eja} `kyn onng nrebnb!

med|kmnb }~o}eja} jg`joj vknr jgijarkjeg (|krjm~akraz jg `n rkjgz }nk}eg*! ankbjgf e oe` rjaa$ kgb

f~aaz nre}jeg' K||re|rjkn akgb |rn|krkjeg efn`nr vj` mre| rekjeg mkg |rnyng `j}' K ajyjgf kgb

}koan }eja }r~m~rn j} n}}ngjka e ng`kgmn vknr jgijarkjeg `k |rnyng} }eja nre}jeg'

]eja nre}jeg rn}~ajgf ired }eja jaakfn `k} iermnb ~} e aeec ier kanrgkjyn} }e k} e rnynr}n `n

|remn}} ei }eja bnfrkbkjeg' R`n gk~rka k||rekm` e `j} j} djgjd~d (er xnre* dnm`kgjmka }eja

bj}~rokgmn' R`j} |reb~mn} dkgz ongnij}! kgb `k} anb e deyndng} |redejgf v`k `k} fngnrkaaz

onmedn cgevg k} meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn (MK*' R`j} jgyeayn} xnre jaakfn kgb |renmjeg ei `n }eja

vj` kg erfkgjm d~am` meynr! kgb mre| rekjeg kgb%er mre| bjynr}jijmkjeg' \rkmjmn} }~m` k} `n

|rnmj}n |akmndng ei kfrem`ndjmka}! kgb k||ajmkjeg ei kgjdka dkg~rn kgb mre| rn}jb~n}! mkg ng`kgmn

`n |e}jjyn niinm} ired MK' MK vj` `n megreaanb deyndng ei ikrd yn`jman} ka}e rnb~mn} `n }eja

med|kmjeg `k rn}~a} ired npmn}}jyn ~}n ei `nkyz dkm`jgnrz ier ijnab e|nrkjeg}'

MK kjd} e meg}nryn! jd|reyn kgb dkcn dern niijmjng ~}n ei gk~rka rn}e~rmn} `re~f` `n jgnfrknbdkgkfndng ei kykjakoan }eja! vknr kgb ojeaefjmka rn}e~rmn} medojgnb vj` |~rm`k}nb npnrgka

jg|~}' J megrjo~n} e ngyjregdngka meg}nrykjeg kgb ng`kgmn} kgb }~}kjg} kfrjm~a~rka |reb~mjeg'

J mkg ka}e on rninrrnb e k} rn}e~rmn$niijmjng %rn}e~rmn$niinmjyn z|n ei kfrjm~a~rn'

Gk~rka nme}z}nd}! jg `njr kanrnb }kn}! `kyn kavkz} onng rnajnb ~|eg e }~||er megjg~jz ei

kfrjm~a~rn |reb~mjeg kgb |reyj}jeg ei nme}z}nd }nryjmn} }~m` k} iaeeb megrea! dnbjkjeg ei vknr

{~kajz! djmremajdkn rnf~akjeg kgb ojebjynr}jz' Jd|re|nr kfrjm~a~rka |rkmjmn} mkg rnb~mn `n

kojajz ei nme}z}nd} e |reyjbn ieeb kgb e`nr }nryjmn}! o~ niier} e |reden ieeb }nm~rjz kgb

ngyjregdngka }~}kjgkojajz mkg eing rnjgiermn nkm` e`nr kgb mkg ngkoan kaa ikrdnr} e kbk| e kgb

djjfkn `n jd|km ei majdkn m`kgfn' ]edn ei `n}n niier} vjaa on ok}nb eg k||re|rjkn nm`geaefjn}

}~m` k} MK kgb |rkmjmn} `k rn}ern gk~rka nme}z}nd} kgb jd|reyn `n rn}jajngmn ei ikrdjgf}z}nd}! `~} ng`kgmjgf ieeb }nm~rjz'

R`n rnfjeg j} |regn e k vjbn rkgfn ei gk~rka bj}k}nr} }~m` k} bre~f`} kgb iaeeb}! mzmaegn}!

}~gkdj} kgb nkr`{~kcn} `k `rnkng ikrd kgb r~rka ajynajèeb}' Majdkn m`kgfn dkz jgmrnk}n oe`

`n irn{~ngmz kgb }nynrjz ei vnk`nr$rnaknb bj}k}nr}' K} }~m`! majdkn m`kgfn |e}n} dkher rj}c} e



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ieeb }nm~rjz! fngnrkaaz! kgb `n kfrjm~a~rn }nmer! }|nmjijmkaaz' R`n np|nmnb jd|km ei majdkn

m`kgfn j} |krjm~akraz irk~f` vj` bkgfnr ier }dkaaèabnr ikrdnr} jg bnynae|jgf me~grjn} kgb ier

karnkbz y~agnrkoan |e|~akjeg} kgb ngyjregdng}' MK j} egn ei `n e|jeg} ier megiregjgf `n

m`kaangfn} ei majdkn m`kgfn'

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Kfrjm~a~rka |rkmjmn} mkg rnb~mn `n kojajz ei nme}z}nd} e |reyjbn feeb} kgb }nryjmn}' Ier

npkd|an! `jf` k||ajmkjeg} ei inrjajxnr} kgb |n}jmjbn} mkg jgmrnk}n g~rjng} kgb epjg} jg

fre~gbvknr kgb }~rikmn vknr! jgm~rrjgf `nka` kgb vknr |~rjijmkjeg me}}! kgb bnmrnk}jgf ij}`nrz

kgb rnmrnkjegka yka~n}' Kfrjm~a~rka |rkmjmn} `k bnfrkbn }eja {~kajz megrjo~n e n~re|`jmkjeg ei

k{~kjm `kojk} kgb dkz gnmn}}jkn `n np|ng}n ei jgmrnk}nb inrjajxkjeg! jrrjfkjeg kgb ngnrfz e

dkjgkjg `n |reb~mjyjz ei bnfrkbnb }eja}' \rkmjmn} `k m`kgfn }|nmjn} med|e}jjeg er rnb~mn

ojebjynr}jz jg geg$kfrjm~a~rka }z}nd} dkz ka}e bjdjgj}` feeb} kgb }nryjmn}! onmk~}n `n kojajz ei

nme}z}nd} e |reyjbn }edn }nryjmn} bn|ngb} oe` eg `n g~donr kgb z|n ei }|nmjn} jg kg nme}z}nd'

R`n rnmngaz `nab jgnrgkjegka dnnjgf eg kfrenmeaefz jg Or~}}na} jg H~gn ?<;< rn|ernb `k de}

niier} e oee} ieeb |reb~mjeg iem~}nb eg akrfn$}mkan jgyn}dng} jg akgb kgb vnrn bjrnmnb evkrb}

k frnng rnyea~jeg debna! kgb }mkg kngjeg `k} onng |kjb e `n dern niinmjyn kfrenmeaefjmka

dnèb}' R`n dnnjgf ka}e rn|ernb `k kfrenmeaefjmka k||rekm`n} rn}~anb jg kg kynrkfn mre| zjnab

fkjg ei 6: |nr mng' J vk} nd|`k}jxnb `k `n}n }~}kjgkoan nm`gj{~n} d~} on rk|jbaz }mkanb ~| e

kbbrn}} `n |reoand} ei ieeb jg}nm~rjz! majdkn m`kgfn! kgb bn|anjeg ei gk~rka rn}e~rmn}!

}jd~akgne~}az'

K} }knb nkrajnr! niier} e |reden ieeb }nm~rjz kgb ngyjregdngka }~}kjgkojajz mkg eing rnjgiermn

nkm` e`nr' Jg dkgz mk}n}! `n dern ngyjregdng$irjngbaz nm`gj{~n} dkz ka}e |reyn e on dern

|reb~mjyn' Kbe|jgf `n med|andngkrz k||rekm`n} dern vjbnaz kgb ng}~rjgf `k `nz krn krfnnb

e ongnij `n |eer me~ab jd|reyn oe` ieeb }nm~rjz kgb ngyjregdngka }~}kjgkojajz'

MK j} ok}nb eg `n |rjgmj|an} ei rno~jabjgf `n }eja! e|jdjxjgf mre| |reb~mjeg jg|~}! jgma~bjgf

akoe~r! kgb e|jdjxjgf |reij}' J kbyemkn} `k `n medojgnb }emjka kgb jgmrnk}jgfaz nmegedjm

ongnij} fkjgnb ired medojgjgf |reb~mjeg kgb |renmjgf `n ngyjregdng! jgma~bjgf rnb~mnb jg|~

kgb akoe~r me}}! krn frnknr `kg è}n ired |reb~mjeg kaegn' MK jgyeayn} `n jgnfrkjeg ei

nmeaefjmka dkgkfndng vj` debnrg! }mjngjijm! kfrjm~a~rka |reb~mjeg'

MK `k} onng |rkmjmnb ier dern `kg `rnn bnmkbn} jg bjiinrng aemkjeg} kgb `n ijnab rn}~a} krn oz ge

dnkg} jg}jfgjijmkg' Jgbnnb! `nz }èvnb `k `n jgreb~mjeg ei mre| rekjeg! ge$jaakfn kgb }rkv

d~am`jgf j} nmegedjmkaaz yjkoan kgb `k MK `k} `n kojajz e megrea vnnb}! rnkjg }eja dej}~rn kgb

`~} e |reyjbn onnr megbjjeg} ier |akg bnynae|dng' Bn}|jn `n eoyje~} kbykgkfn} kgb ongnij}ei MK jg nrd} ei |reb~mjyjz k} vnaa k} ired nmegedjm! ngyjregdngka kgb }emjka |nr}|nmjyn}! j}

kbe|jeg ben} ge `k||ng }|egkgne~}az' R`nrn dkz on feeb rnk}eg} ier ikrdnr} ge e kbe| MK'

R`n okrrjnr} e kbe|jgf MK me~ab on jgnaanm~ka! }emjka! ijgkgmjka! oje|`z}jmka kgb nm`gjmka!

jgirk}r~m~rka er dkz on rnaknb e |eajmz j}}~n}' Cgevjgf `n rn}|nmjyn oeangnmc} kgb |reoand}

kaaev} `n bnynae|dng ei }rknfjn} e eynrmedn `nd' Mrj}j} kgb ndnrfngmz }j~kjeg} v`jm` krn

ajcnaz e onmedn dern irn{~ng k} k rn}~a ei majdkn m`kgfn! kgb `n |eajjmka |rn}}~rn} ier dern

}~}kjgkoan ~}n ei gk~rka rn}e~rmn} kgb |renmjeg ei `n ngyjregdng |reyjbn e||er~gjjn} e



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`krgn}} }~||er ier `n kbe|jeg kgb }|rnkb ei MK kgb e `na| eynrmedn `n npj}jgf `~rban} e j}

kbe|jeg'

=' Jggeykjeg%feeb |rkmjmn}

Dkjg |rjgmj|an} ei meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn

MK dkjgkjg} k |nrdkgng erfkgjm }eja meynr' _k`nr `kg rndeyjgf mre| ojedk}} ier kgjdka innb er

i~na! MK ankyn} }~m` dknrjka} eg `n }eja }~rikmn e rnb~mn djgnrkajxkjeg kgb jgmrnk}n anyna} ei }eja

erfkgjm dknr' Kbbjjegkaaz! `n rnkjgnb ojedk}} }nryn} k} |`z}jmka |renmjeg ei `n }eja }~rikmn

ired }~gajf`! rkjg kgb vjgb' J ka}e innb} }eja ojek kgb |reb~mn} k ikye~rkoan ngyjregdng ier }eja

ik~gk! jg |krjm~akr nkr`verd} `k jg }kgbjnr kgb }jaz }eja} |reyjbn kaa$jd|erkg oje|ern} e kcn

vknr ired `n }eja }~rikmn jge `n kmjyn mre| ree xegn kgb nyng~kaaz e `n k{~jinr' _nngjeg ei

}~rikmn rn}jb~n}! kgb `n }~o}n{~ng rnb~mjeg jg r~geii! rnb~mn} |eaa~jeg ei }~rikmn vknr kgb

fre~gbvknr oz kfrjm`ndjmka}! kgb jd|reyn} `n niijmjngmz ei jg|~ ~}n kgb `na|} vj` vnnb

dkgkfndng' I~r`nr ongnij} jgma~bn rnb~mnb ~}n ei i~na! akoe~r! vknr kgb inrjajxnr}! an}} |eaa~jeg

kgb jgmrnk}nb mkroeg }n{~n}rkjeg'

Np|nrjngmn `k} }èvg `k nm`gj{~n} k}}emjknb vj` MK krn d~m` dern `kg h~} rnb~mjgf

dnm`kgjmka jaakfn' R`nz {~n}jeg `n |krkbjfd ei }eja jaakfn kaefn`nr' Jg k }eja `k j} ge jaanb ier

dkgz znkr}! `n mre| rn}jb~n} rndkjg eg `n }eja }~rikmn kgb |reb~mn k akznr ei erfkgjm d~am`' R`j}

akznr |renm} `n }eja ired `n |`z}jmka jd|km kgb ka}e }kojajxn} }eja dej}~rn kgb `n nd|nrk~rn

ei `n }~rikmn akznr}' Jg `n}n vkz}! `j} xegn onmedn} k `kojk ier k vèan nme}z}nd ei erfkgj}d}!

ired akrfnr jg}nm} bevg e }eja$oergn i~gfj kgb okmnrjk' Rè}n erfkgj}d} dkmnrkn `n d~am`!

jgmer|erkn kgb djp j vj` `n }eja kgb bnmed|e}n j }e `k j onmedn} `~d~}' R`j} jg ~rg

megrjo~n} e `n |`z}jmka }kojajxkjeg ei `n }eja }r~m~rn' K `n }kdn jdn `j} }eja erfkgjm dknr

|reyjbn} k o~iinr i~gmjeg ier vknr kgb g~rjng}'

Akrfnr med|egng} ei `n }eja ik~gk! }~m` k} nkr`verd}! |reyjbn k }eja }r~m~rjgf niinm! |reb~mjgf

ynrz }koan }eja kffrnfkn} k} vnaa k} ~gjgnrr~|nb dkmre|ern} ankbjgf ired `n }eja }~rikmn e `n

}~o}eja kgb kaaev ik} vknr jgijarkjeg jg `n nyng ei `nkyz rkjg}' R`j} |remn}} j} meddegaz mkaanb

/ojeaefjmka jaakfn'/ @evnynr! ojeaefjmka jaakfn j} ge med|kjoan vj` dnm`kgjmka jaakfn k} vj`

jgmrnk}nb dnm`kgjmka jaakfn `n ojeaefjmka }eja }r~m~rjgf |remn}}n} vjaa bj}k||nkr3 `k j} ekaaz `n

e||e}jn ei `n niinm ei ojeaefjmka jaakfn'

De} jaakfn e|nrkjeg} krn! èvnynr! krfnnb k k aee}ngjgf ei `n }eja v`jm` jgnyjkoaz jgmrnk}n} j}

epzfng megng! ankbjgf e djgnrkajxkjeg kgb `~} e k rnb~mjeg jg erfkgjm megng' Erfkgjm dknr jg

`n }eja j} n}}ngjka ier }eja ajin' R`~} kfrjm~a~rn vj` djgjd~d dnm`kgjmka }eja bj}~rokgmn j} egaz

|e}}joan v`ng }eja erfkgj}d} krn kcjgf eynr `n k}c ei vercjgf `n }eja' R`j} ka}e `k} jd|ajmkjeg}ier `n ~}n ei m`ndjmka jg|~}' ]zg`njm |n}jmjbn} kgb djgnrka inrjajxnr} `kyn e on ~}nb jg k vkz

kgb jg {~kgjjn} `k be ge `krd }eja ajin er bj}r~| `n ojeaefjmka }z}nd} jg `n }eja kgb koeyn `n

}~rikmn'

MK |rkmjmn} rnb~mn }eja bnfrkbkjeg `re~f` rnb~mnb jd|km ei rkjgikaa kgb `nrniern rnb~mnb

}r~m~rka ornkcbevg! an}} nre}jeg kgb bjdjgj}`nb r~geii' @ngmn! kyejbkgmn ei jaakfn kgb bjrnm

}nnbjgf `re~f` k |renmjyn erfkgjm }eja meynr krn jd|erkg nandng} ei MK' K bjynr}jijnb mre|



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rekjeg j} jd|erkg e kyejb o~jab ~| ei bj}nk}n kgb |n} |reoand}' Jg kbbjjeg! `n kmm~d~aknb }eja

meynr ~ajdknaz `na|} dkgkfn vnnb}! ka`e~f` ier `n ijr} inv znkr} vnnb} dkz `kyn e on

megreaanb oz `n megyngjegka dnkg} ei m`ndjmka kgb%er |`z}jmka megrea' Akrfn krnk} ei ikrd akgb jg

dkgz me~grjn} jg `n rnfjeg `kyn onng np`k~}nb oz megjg~e~} mre||jgf ei dkrcn$erjngnb mre|}

}~m` k} }ezonkg! merg kgb mk}}kyk (Rjyn! ?<<>*' _k|jb rnmeynrz ei bnfrkbnb }eja} vj` MK jg Ake

\B_ jgmrnk}nb |reb~mjyjz ei merg e 0 %`k ired 9'> %`k vj` k megyngjegka |ae~f`nb }z}nd

(]nf~z n ka'! ?<<0*'

R`n ongnij} ei MK ka}e jgma~bn aevnr ikrd rkiijm! rnb~mjeg jg ~}n ei dnm`kgjmka |evnr kgb akoe~r

jg|~} `~} rn}~ajgf jg dern jdnaz ijnab e|nrkjeg}! aevnr rj}c ei mre| ikja~rn kgb ~ajdknaz `jf`nr

zjnab}! aevnr me}} kgb rnb~mjeg jg ngyjregdngka |eaa~jeg (IKE! ?<<;3 Ck}}kd n ka'! ?<<:*' R`n

aknr rnakn} e rnb~mnb ~}n ei ie}}ja i~na} vj` k}}emjknb rnb~mjeg jg frnng`e~}n fk} ndj}}jeg}!

rnb~mnb ~}n ei inrjajxnr kgb m`ndjmka} kgb `ngmn jd|reynb mkroeg }n{~n}rkjeg' MK }kyn} 6>

|nrmng er dern eg i~na! ~}n} koe~ `kai `n kde~g ei `nrojmjbn! kgb rn{~jrn} k ank} ;< |nrmng an}}

vknr! v`jm` j} n{~jykang e k djaajeg ajrn} an}} eg k `nmkrn ei akgb! eg de} jrrjfknb mre|}! kgb k}

d~m` k} =< e >< |nrmng an}} vj` rjmn (@eoo} kgb Derrj}! ;::9*'

Faeokaaz! MK }z}nd} krn n}jdknb e `kyn onng kbe|nb eg eynr ;<9 djaajeg `k (Ck}}kd n ka'! ?<<:*

akrfnaz! o~ ge npma~}jynaz! jg rkjginb krnk}' R`j} j} n{~jykang e koe~ 6 |nrmng ei `n eka verab

mre||nb krnk' R`n me~grjn} v`nrn `n }z}nd j} onjgf kbe|nb kgb |redenb npng}jynaz jgma~bn8

Mkgkbk (?>': |nrmng ei eka mre||nb krnk*! Orkxja (=0'= |nrmng*! Krfngjgk (>0'0 |nrmng*! \krkf~kz

(>2'> |nrmng*! Ckxkc`}kg (>'6 |nrmng*! kgb K~}rkajk (?9': |nrmng* (Ck}}kd n ka'! ?<<:*' Jg Jgbjk

kgb e`nr ]e~` K}jkg me~grjn}! `n }|rnkb ei MK nm`geaefjn} j} kcjgf |akmn jg `n jrrjfknb Jgbe$

Fkgfnjm |akjg}! v`nrn `n rjmn$v`nk mre||jgf }z}nd (_VM]* bedjgkn}' ]jdjakraz! M`jgk j}

|redejgf MK eg oe`! rkjginb kgb jrrjfknb akgb'

Eynr `n |k} ve bnmkbn}! k} np|nrjngmn `k} onng fkjgnb vj` `j} gnv k||rekm` e kfrjm~a~rn! MK

nm`geaefjn} `kyn onng jd|reynb kgb kbk|nb e kaa ikrd }jxn}! }eja kgb mre| z|n} kgb majdkjm xegn}'Rnm`geaefjn} krn gev kykjakoan (kgb ~}nb* e |rkmjmn MK eg }dkaa ikrd} vj` kgjdka rkmjeg kgb eg

ynrz }dkaa ikrd} vj` egaz dkg~ka n{~j|dng (n'f' hko |akgnr}*' R`n }z}nd `k} onng kbk|nb ier

mnrnka}! |~a}n}! ynfnkoan}! }~fkrmkgn kgb ree mre|} (Bnr|}m`! ?<<=*' \nrnggjka mre|} ajcn ir~j kgb

yjgn mkg ka}e on frevg ~}jgf MK nm`gj{~n}' Jgbnnb! MK j} |rkmj}nb ired `n `~djb re|jm} e

kade} `n Krmjm Mjrman kgb eg kaa cjgb} ei }eja}'

Ajyn}emc |reb~mjeg mkg on i~aaz jgnfrknb jge MK oz `n rnmzmajgf ei g~rjng}' R`j} rnb~mn} `n

ngyjregdngka |reoand} mk~}nb oz megmngrknb kgb jgng}jyn ajyn}emc |reb~mjeg' Jgnfrkjeg ei

ajyn}emc jge kfrjm~a~rka mre| |reb~mjeg ngkoan} `n ikrdnr e jgreb~mn ierkfn mre|} jge `n mre|

rekjeg! `~} vjbngjgf j kgb rnb~mjgf |n} |reoand}' Ierkfn mkg eing on ~}nb k} b~ka |~r|e}n mre|}

ier iebbnr kgb }eja meynr' Jg kbbjjeg `nz mkg kbb k }~o}kgjka kde~g ei erfkgjm mkroeg e `n }ejakgb jd|reyn }eja `nka` kgb }r~m~rn' \krjm~akraz jg krjb kgb }ndj$krjb krnk} vj` aev |reb~mjeg ei

ojedk}}! `n kaaemkjeg onvnng `n ~}n ei erfkgjm dknr e innb `n kgjdka} er e meynr kgb innb `n

}eja d~} on dkgkfnb bjiinrngaz'

Dkher kbykgkfn} ei meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn



9

MK! k} bn}mrjonb koeyn! |reyjbn} k g~donr ei kbykgkfn} k `n faeoka! rnfjegka! aemka kgb ikrd

anyna8

  j |reyjbn} k r~az }~}kjgkoan |reb~mjeg }z}nd! ge egaz meg}nryjgf o~ ka}e ng`kgmjgf

gk~rka rn}e~rmn} kgb jgmrnk}jgf `n ykrjnz ei }eja ojek! ik~gk kgb iaerk (jgma~bjgf vjabajin*

jg kfrjm~a~rka |reb~mjeg }z}nd} vjè~ }kmrjijmjgf zjnab} er `jf` |reb~mjeg anyna}3

  MK$ok}nb |reb~mjeg km} k} k }jgc ier ME? $ v`ng k||ajnb eg k faeoka }mkan j me~ab |reyjbn

k dkher megrjo~jeg e `n megrea ei kjr |eaa~jeg jg fngnrka kgb faeoka vkrdjgf jg |krjm~akr3

  }eja jaakfn j} `n de} ngnrfz meg}~djgf ei kaa ikrdjgf e|nrkjeg} $ oz ge jaajgf `n }eja!

ikrdnr} mkg }kyn onvnng =< kgb 6< |nrmng ei jdn! akoe~r kgb ie}}ja i~na} k} med|krnb e

megyngjegka mre||jgf3

  }eja} ~gbnr MK `kyn ynrz `jf` vknr jgijarkjeg mk|kmjjn}! rnb~mnb }~rikmn r~geii kgb

meg}n{~ngaz rnb~mnb }eja nre}jeg $ `j} jd|reyn} `n {~kajz ei }~rikmn vknr oz rnb~mjgf

|eaa~jeg ired }eja nre}jeg! kgb ng`kgmn} fre~gbvknr rn}e~rmn}3

  `n }z}nd bn|ngb} eg |re|nraz i~gmjegjgf ojeaefjmka |remn}}n} kgb `~} j ng`kgmn}

ojebjynr}jz jg kg kfrjm~a~rka |reb~mjeg }z}nd eg k djmre k} vnaa k} dkmre anyna! jgma~bjgf

iaerk kgb ik~gk3  MK fjyn} zjnab} med|krkoan e debnrg jgng}jyn kfrjm~a~rn $ o~ jg k }~}kjgkoan vkz $ kgb

`~} j} oz ge dnkg} k aev e~|~ kfrjm~a~rn3 zjnab} kgb |reij dkrfjg} ngb e jgmrnk}n eynr

`n znkr} vj` oe` zjnab ykrjkjeg kgb jg|~ rn{~jrndng} bnmrnk}jgf3 kgb

  ier `n ikrdnr! MK j} krkmjyn k} j kaaev} k rnb~mjeg jg |reb~mjeg me}}! rnb~mjeg ei jdn

kgb akoe~r! |krjm~akraz jg `n |nkc jdn} ei |akgjgf! kgb j rnb~mn} jg dnm`kgjxnb }z}nd}

`n me}} ei jgyn}dng kgb dkjgngkgmn ei dkm`jgnrz jg `n aegfnr nrd'

MK j} ge ‑o~}jgn}} k} ~}~ka—! ok}nb eg dkpjdjxjgf zjnab} v`jan eynr$~jajxjgf `n }eja kgb e`nr

kfre$nme}z}nd rn}e~rmn}! |reb~mjgf gnfkjyn npnrgkajjn} ired jgniijmjng ~}n ei kfrem`ndjmka}'

_k`nr! MK j} ok}nb eg e|jdjxjgf rn}e~rmn ~}n! zjnab} kgb |reij} e km`jnyn k okakgmn ei kfrjm~a~rka!

nmegedjm kgb ngyjregdngka ongnij}' R`n ongnij} kmmr~n ge egaz eg `n |reb~mjeg }jbn! o~ ka}eired rnb~mnb me} kgb bjdjgj}`nb ngyjregdngka |rn}}~rn} v`jm`! ji ani e megjg~n! ve~ab bnfrkbn

er bn}rez `n gk~rka rn}e~rmn ok}n ~|eg v`jm` `n ikrdnr bn|ngb}' Vj` MK! ikrdjgf medd~gjjn}

onmedn |reyjbnr} ei dern `nka`z ajyjgf ngyjregdng} ier `n vjbnr medd~gjz `re~f` rnb~mnb ~}n

ei ie}}ja i~na}! |n}jmjbn}! kgb e`nr |eaa~kg}! kgb `re~f` meg}nrykjeg ei ngyjregdngka jgnfrjz

kgb }nryjmn}' K `n }kdn jdn! MK j} fngnrkaaz dern |reijkoan ier `n ikrdnr (Okcnr kgb ]kpeg!

?<<63 Cgevanr kgb Orkb}`kv! ?<<9*'

MK }rjyn} e bnynae| k okakgmnb me$npj}ngmn onvnng r~rka kgb ~rokg }emjnjn}! ok}nb eg jgmrnk}nb

~rokg kvkrngn}} ei `n ngyjregdngka ongnij} kgb }nryjmn} |reyjbnb oz `n r~rka }nmer' J verc} vj`

`n jgnrgkjegka kgb gkjegka dkrcn|akmn e bnynae| ijgkgmjka dnm`kgj}d} e ng}~rn `k

ngyjregdngka ongnij} |reyjbnb oz MK krn rnmefgjxnb oz }emjnz k akrfn! kgb `n |rkmjjegnr}rnvkrbnb kmmerbjgfaz' K rnmng npkd|an ired v`jm` an}}eg} mkg on brkvg j} `n dkrcnjgf ei mkroeg

mrnbj} ~gbnr `n Czee Kmmerb' Kaè~f` `j} }z}nd ben} ge zn k||az e kfrjm~a~rn! j j}

jgmrnk}jgfaz onjgf bj}m~}}nb jg `j} megnp' R`j} j} egaz `n onfjggjgf' Dkgz e`nr e||er~gjjn} ier

ngyjregdngka |kzdng} vjaa bnynae| jg `n i~~rn! jgma~bjgf `n |engjka ier ikrd |reb~m} |reb~mnb

~gbnr MK e on }eab ~gbnr k gnv ‑meg}nrykjeg akona—! k} gev `k||ng} jg Krfngjgk' R`n rk|jb

kbe|jeg ei meg}nrykjeg nm`geaefjn} oz ikrdnr} jg dkgz krnk} ei `n verab! eing vjè~



6

feynrgdng }~||er! j} mankr nyjbngmn ei k ank} `n nmegedjm ongnij} `k kmmr~n ired `n}n

|rkmjmn}'

Meg}rkjg} eg meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn kbk|kjeg

MK j} }jaa k gnv kgb ~gcgevg megmn| v`nrnk} `n dkherjz ei `n verab‚} ikrdnr} |rkmjmn

megyngjegka jaakfn$ok}nb ikrdjgf' R`n |rjdkrz meg}rkjg} krn jgnaanm~ka $ `n MK megmn| kgb

|rjgmj|ka} krn me~gnrjg~jjyn kgb megrkbjm `n meddeg jaakfn$ok}nb ikrdjgf np|nrjngmn! kgb `nrn

j} k akmc ei np|nrjdngka bkk eg MK'

E`nr meg}rkjg} krn oje|`z}jmka kgb nm`gjmka jg `k jg |rjgmj|an MK |rkmjmn `k} e on bnynae|nb

aemkaaz bn|ngbjgf eg `n }|nmjijm ikrdjgf }j~kjeg kgb kfrenmeaefjmka megbjjeg}' Aegf$nrd

np|nrjngmn vj` MK faeokaaz `k} }èvg `k j ben} ge fjyn dern er invnr |reoand} ier `n ikrdnr!

o~ bjiinrng egn}! ier npkd|an! `n med|annaz gnv bzgkdjm} ei MK }z}nd}! v`jm` rn{~jrn `jf`$

anyna dkgkfndng }cjaa} kgb k }nn| ankrgjgf |remn}} oz `n ikrdnr' Gnynr`nan}}! j }è~ab on genb

`k kaa |reoand} mkg on }eaynb' Ier npkd|an! jg erbnr e kbe| MK! `n djgjd~d k ikrdnr gnnb} j} k

xnre jaakfn |akgnr! v`jm` dkz on ~gkykjakoan jg `n gnjfòe~rèeb' O~zjgf egn vjè~ cgevjgf `n

}z}nd er vjè~ nyng `kyjgf }nng `n }z}nd j} k rj}c `k inv ikrdnr} vjaa kcn' Dkm`jgnrz bnkanr}

djf` ge vj}` e |reden MK ji ge }~||ernb oz npng}jeg rjka}' R`j} j} |kraz onmk~}n ei `n me}

ei `n n{~j|dng o~ dern jd|erkgaz onmk~}n vjbn}|rnkb kbe|jeg ei MK vjaa rnb~mn dkm`jgnrz

}kan}! |krjm~akraz ei akrfn rkmer}'

Oniern k }jfgjijmkg g~donr ei }dkaa ikrdnr} mkg kbe| MK |rkmjmn}! `nz vjaa gnnb kmmn}} e

med|nng nm`gjmka k}}j}kgmn kgb aegf$nrd mrnbj k kiierbkoan rkn} e |~rm`k}n er }`krn k

djgjd~d ei n{~j|dng kgb dkm`jgnrz' @evnynr! MK mkg on |rkmj}nb }~mmn}}i~aaz k} k dkg~ka

}z}nd k} vnaa k} vj` }jd|an kgb kiierbkoan kgjdka brkvg n{~j|dng'

K g~donr ei }~bjn} `kyn }e~f` e jbngjiz okrrjnr} e kbe|jeg onzegb `n eoyje~} bjynrfngmn

onvnng egikrd me}} kgb vjbnr }emjka ongnij} ~gbnr MK' Ier npkd|an8

  jgjjka jgyn}dng me}} dkz bj}me~rkfn kbe|jeg3

  `n |nrmnjynb rj}c ei kbe|jgf MK dkz }nryn k} k okrrjnr3

  aegfnr fn}kjeg |nrjeb} ier }edn ei `n ongnij} ei MK e dknrjkajxn dkz }nryn k} k

bj}jgmngjyn e ikrdnr} vj` }èr$nrd |akggjgf èrjxeg}! n}|nmjkaaz ier ngkg ikrdnr}!

kaè~f` ongnij} mkg on `krgn}}nb jddnbjknaz ji `n rkg}ierdkjeg j} dkgkfnb |re|nraz3

kgb

  }edn okrrjnr} dkz on |krjm~akr e k m~a~rn er j} rnmng `j}erz'

Ijgkgmjka meg}rkjg} e kbe|jeg jgma~bn `n akmc ei kykjakojajz ei mk|jka e jgyn} jg `n m`kgfn ei

|reb~mjeg }z}nd! }~m` k} ier mrnkjgf ikye~rkoan megbjjeg} ier `n }eja kgb gnv n{~j|dng' K

}~jkoan dkrcn kgb }nryjmn jgirk}r~m~rn d~} on jg |akmn e |reyjbn jg|~} kgb e kaaev `n

|remn}}jgf kgb dkrcnjgf ei |reb~mn' R`~}! e `kyn k feeb }~||az ei jg|~} jgma~bjgf inrjajxnr}!

m`ndjmka} (`nrojmjbn}*! }nnb} ier meynr kgb rekjegka mre|} kgb n{~j|dng ier bjrnm }nnbjgf! |akgjgf

kgb rn}jb~n dkgkfndng! feeb jgirk}r~m~rn k} vnaa k} k |rekmjyn kj~bn ei `n }~||az }nmer! }~m`

k} bnkanr} kgb dkg~ikm~rnr}! krn gnmn}}krz' Kbn{~kn |eajmz j} gnmn}}krz e kmmnanrkn `n kbe|jeg

|remn}} meg}jbnrkoaz! n'f' oz rndeyjgf `n meg}rkjg} `re~f` k rkgfn ei }~||er} }~m` k}



0

jgierdkjeg kgb rkjgjgf mkd|kjfg}! }~jkoan anfj}akjeg kgb rnf~akerz irkdnverc}! rn}nkrm` kgb

bnynae|dng! jgmngjyn kgb mrnbj |refrkddn}'

2' Kmjeg krnk}%rnmeddngbkjeg}

MK j} k megmn| megkjgjgf }nynrka feeb kfrjm~a~rn |rkmjmn} kgb k feeb ok}n ier k }rknfz ei

}~}kjgkoan kfrjm~a~rn dkgkfndng' R`nrn krn dkgz mk}n }~bjn} ei }~mmn}}i~aaz jd|andngnb MK jg

]e~` kgb Ger` Kdnrjmk! K~}rkajk! kgb dern rnmngaz jg K}jk! o~ invnr jg Kirjmk kgb `n Djbban

Nk} (Ck}}kd n ka'! ?<<:*' R`n dkjg meg}rkjg} e |reden MK krn akmc ei cgevanbfn! akmc ei `n

gnmn}}krz }cjaa}! akmc ei }~jkoan n{~j|dng%dkm`jgnrz%eea}! kgb akmc ei `n yj}jeg rn{~jrnb e }nn `n

gnnb ier m`kgfn'

\redejeg ei MK kgb n}jgf feeb |rkmjmn} ier oe` }dkaa kgb akrfn }mkan ikrdnr}

De} me~grjn} meg}jbnr egaz jgjjka n}koaj}`dng me}} kgb ge `n }~o}n{~ng }~mmn}} er ikja~rn kinr

jd|andngjgf MK |rkmjmn}' @evnynr! `nrn krn dkgz }~mmn}} }erjn} jg me~grjn} }~m` k} jg Orkxja!

\krkf~kz kgb M`jgk jgyeayjgf akrfn kgb }dkaa ikrdnr}' Jg me~grjn} v`jm` }`krn k }jdjakr kfre$

nmeaefjmka ngyjregdng `nrn j} |engjka ier }`krjgf np|nrjngmn! cgevanbfn kgb nm`geaefjn}'

Meg}jbnrjgf `n eynrkaa ongnij} kgb kbykgkfn}! `nrn j} k gnnb e |reden MK kgb k||az j jg

|rkmjmn'

Bnynae|dng ei jg}j~jegka irkdnverc kgb gkjegka rekbdk| ier jgreb~mjeg ei MK

R`n jg}j~jegka irkdnverc ier `n jgreb~mjeg kgb }|rnkb ei MK vjaa gerdkaaz rn{~jrn }rngf`ngnb

degjerjgf kgb nyka~kjeg mk|kmjz' Kbe|jgf MK eg k }dkaa! geg$dnm`kgjxnb ikrd jgyeayn} bjiinrng

meg}jbnrkjeg} v`ng med|krnb e k akrfn dnm`kgjxnb ikrd' Ier npkd|an! k} }dkaaèabnr} ~}n inv

|~rm`k}nb jg|~}! geg$`nrojmjbn$bn|ngbng }rknfjn} ier vnnb dkgkfndng jg MK `kyn e on k||ajnb'

Jg kbbjjeg! inv }dkaaèabnr} ~}n }jfgjijmkg kde~g} ei m`ndjmka inrjajxnr! }e `k k bnokn eynr `n

jd|km ei MK eg inrjajxnr ~}n j} akrfnaz jrrnanykg'

Jgmrnk}jgf kmmn}} e mrnbj ier jgreb~mjeg ei MK |rkmjmn}

R`n kykjakojajz ei mrnbj e k}}j} vj` MK‚} gnnb ier bjiinrng n{~j|dng |akz} kg jd|erkg rean'

@evnynr! ji }dkaaèabnr} `jrn akgb |rn|krkjeg n{~j|dng! `ng k }vjm` e MK }è~ab on rnakjynaz

}jd|an! k} |k} jgyn}dng jg megyngjegka n{~j|dng j} ge k meg}jbnrkjeg' ]èr$r~g me}} ve~ab on

mae}n e aegf$r~g me}} v`ng }vjm`jgf e MK' Mk}n} krn cgevg v`nrn ynrz }dkaa$}mkan ikrdnr}

kbe|nb MK vjè~ kgz gnv jg|~}! ~}jgf k gkrrev èn e e|ng |akgjgf èan} ier `n }nnb}! rk`nr

`kg ènjgf `n ngjrn }~rikmn ei `n ijnab'

Kykjakojajz kgb kmmn}} e cgevanbfn kgb jgierdkjeg eg MK

Akmc ei kmmn}} e cgevanbfn kgb jgierdkjeg j} `n dkjg meg}rkjg e MK kbe|jeg jg de} me~grjn}

k} `n kbe|jeg ei MK bn|ngb} |rjdkrjaz eg ikrdnr}‚ |nrmn|jeg} ei j} }èr$nrd kgb gnkr$nrd

nmegedjm ongnij} rnakjyn e megyngjegka }z}nd}' Kg kor~| debjijmkjeg jg jaakfn }z}nd}

jgyeayn} jgmrnk}nb rj}c ~gja ikrdnr} fkjg }~iijmjng np|nrjngmn vj` bjiinrng mre| |reb~mjeg

megbjjeg}' R`~}! jgierdkjeg `k} e on rnanykg! km~ka! aemkaaz k||re|rjkn! kgb ~}ni~a jg erbnr e

fngnrkn jgnrn} kdegf ikrdnr}' R`n ijr} }n| oniern m`kgfjgf e `n MK }z}nd }è~ab on `k



:

ikrdnr}! rn}nkrm`nr}! nm`gjmjkg} kgb npng}jegj}} jd|reyn `njr cgevanbfn koe~ kaa k}|nm} ei `n

}z}nd' R`n }~|nrjerjz ei `n MK }z}nd eynr megyngjegka jaakfn `k} fngnrkaaz onng |reyng ~gbnr k

frnk ykrjnz ei megbjjeg} verabvjbn (Bnr|}m` kgb Irjnbrjm`! ?<<:*' J j} gnmn}}krz! gev! e bnynae|

kgb kbk| `n }z}nd aemkaaz kgb dkcn }~rn `k `n nm`geaefz verc} ~gbnr `n }|nmjka ngyjregdngka

kgb }emje$nmegedjm megbjjeg} ei nkm` }|nmjijm }jn'

Vn ka}e gnnb e ankrg v`k e`nr ajdjkjeg} e kbe|jeg npj} ~gbnr aemka megbjjeg} (j'n' kykjakojajz

ei dkm`jgn}! `nrojmjbn}! kbn{~kn mre| rekjeg}! kbn{~kn frnng dkg~rn meynr mre|}! cgevanbfn* kgb

ka}e on kvkrn ei }emje$nmegedjm meg}rkjg} kgb ijgb vkz} e eynrmedn è}n ajdjkjeg}'

Vn }è~ab ge on eynr megmnrgnb vj` aevnr zjnab} jg `n jgjjka |`k}n} ei MK

kbk|kjeg%n}koaj}`dng k} aegf k} vn `kyn `jf`nr |reij} kgb kyejb ngyjregdngka bnfrkbkjeg

ieaaevnb oz nyng~ka kmmed|aj}`dng ei zjnab} k} `jf` k} `nz krn jg megyngjegka kfrjm~a~rn' ]edn

ikrdnr} karnkbz kmmn|jgf k `jf`nr anyna ei rj}c `kyn `n |re}|nm ei bejgf MK onmk~}n ei frnknr

ianpjojajz jg `n frevjgf }nk}eg kgb aevnr rj}c ei `kyjgf e rn}m`nb~an er rn|nk e|nrkjeg} onmk~}n

ei jgmandng vnk`nr' Vj` aevnr ykrjkoan me}}! ikrdnr} mkg rnb~mn oerrevnb mk|jka' R`~}! zjnab

ae}}! ji ge med|njjyn vj` `n megyngjegka }z}nd n}|nmjkaaz jg `n jgjjka znkr}! mk~}nb ired

}vjm`jgf e MK! mkg on med|ng}knb oz kbbjjegka zjnab ired d~aj|an mre||jgf b~rjgf `n npngbnb

mre||jgf |nrjeb (Mre}}eg! n ka'! ;:09*' N}|nmjkaaz ~gbnr nrrkjm kgb ajdjnb rkjgikaa megbjjeg}! jdjgf

ei mre||jgf j} mrjjmkaaz jd|erkg e ~jajxn jg`nrngaz aev }eja inrjajz kgb `n ianpjojajz ei jdjgf j}

k frnk kbykgkfn ei MK' Vj` jd|reynb |reb~mjyjz |nr ~gj akgb krnk |nr znkr! ~gbnr faeokaaz

bnfrkbjgf }eja |reb~mjyjz! MK `k} k frnk |engjka ier kbbrn}}jgf ieeb }nm~rjz |reoand}' Jg fngnrka!

`n rj}c ei eokjgjgf aevnr zjnab} jg `n jgjjka |`k}n ei rkg}jjeg j} eynrrknb' Jg de} mk}n} zjnab}

rndkjg `n }kdn er nyng jgmrnk}n ired `n onfjggjgf' Zjnab bnmajgn! ji j emm~r}! j} de}az k rn}~a ei

dj}kcn} jg `n dkgkfndng onmk~}n ei jgnp|nrjngmn! v`jm` mkg on eynrmedn vj` kbn{~kn nm`gjmka

k}}j}kgmn'

Nre}jeg megrea! jd|reyndng ei `zbreaefjmka! m`ndjmka! |`z}jmka kgb ojeaefjmka }eja megbjjeg}!aevnr dkm`jgnrz me}}! rnb~mnb akoe~r kgb rkmer è~r}! jdnajgn}! `jf`nr nmegedjm rn~rg} kgb e`nr

ongnij} ei `n }z}nd vjaa f~krkgnn k }nkbz frev` ei MK jg de} rnfjeg} ei `n verab' K} `n

gnfkjyn jd|km} ei i~r`nr bnfrkbjgf kfrjm~a~rn akgb! jgmrnk}jgfaz }mkrmn vknr rn}e~rmn}! kgb

~g|rnbjmkoan majdkjm megbjjeg} onmedn jgmrnk}jgfaz k||krng! `n gnnb ier k gnv |krkbjfd vjaa

onmedn nyjbng' R`n kgkaz}j} jg Kirjmk }èvnb `k megyngjegka ikrdjgf |rkmjmn} rndkjg yjkoan

egaz ~gbnr `jf` rkjgikaa megbjjeg} kgb MK j} dern yjkoan ~gbnr gerdka kgb onaev gerdka (bre~f`*

rkjgikaa (Dkxyjdkyj kgb Rvedaev! ?<<0*' ^gbnr `jf` rkjgikaa megbjjeg}! `n rn|ernb merg zjnab}

vnrn ; 9>< cf%`k kgb ? :<< cf%`k ier megyngjegka kgb MK |rkmjmn}! rn}|nmjynaz' R`n merg zjnab

bnmrnk}nb e =6< cf%`k kgb ; 60< cf%`k ier megyngjegka kgb MK |rkmjmn}! rn}|nmjynaz! ~gbnr aev

rkjgikaa megbjjeg}'

Np|nrjngmn }èv} `k `nrn krn ge }z}nd$jg`nrng rnk}eg} ier aevnr zjnab} vj` MK e`nr `kg `n

akmc ei cgevanbfn ei `n ikrdnr' V`nrn akgb |reb~mjyjz j} aev! k} j} gerdkaaz `n mk}n vj` `n

|eern} ikrdnr}! vj` feeb f~jbkgmn! zjnab} ve~ab gerdkaaz rj}n rk`nr `kg bre|! nyng jg `n ijr}

znkr! kinr m`kgfjgf e MK'

Dern }|nmjijm }rknfjn} e megynr e MK krn gnnbnb e ngkoan ikrdnr} e }nn `n krkmjeg} ei MK

kgb ngme~rkfn `nd e dkcn `n jgjjka jgyn}dng' Feeb jgierdkjeg eg |engjka ongnij}!



;<

e||er~gjjn} kgb meg}rkjg} j} k |rnrn{~j}jn ier ikrdnr} jg dkcjgf `njr m`ejmn' K cnz jgnryngjeg

`nrn vjaa on k }nrjn} ei bndeg}rkjeg |ae} v`nrn ikrdnr} mkg }nn `n ongnij} vj` `njr evg nzn}'

Ijgbjgf `n rjf` k||rekm` ei ikmjajkjgf k |krjmj|kerz megynr}jeg kgb nm`geaefz bnynae|dng

rn{~jrn} `n }~||er ei megyjgmnb kgb mk|koan npng}jeg vercnr} kgb rn}nkrm`nr}' Oe` |akz kg

jd|erkg ikmjajkjgf rean jg rnkm`jgf k mrjjmka dk}} ei ikrdnr} kgb fngnrkjgf cgevanbfn kgb

kbk|kjeg} e `n }z}nd'

R`n np|nrjngmn} jg ]e~` Kdnrjmk jgbjmkn `k `n akrfn$}mkan }`ji e MK rn{~jrn} mae}n meaakoerkjeg

onvnng jggeykjyn ikrdnr} kgb `n |rjykn }nmer e bnynae| kgb bj}}ndjgkn k||re|rjkn n{~j|dng'

R`n n}jgf! dkg~ikm~rjgf kgb |reyj}jeg ei rn{~jrnb eea} kgb jd|andng}! meynr mre| }nnb}!

`nrojmjbn} kgb }|rkzjgf n{~j|dng `re~f` aemka dkrcn} krn mrjjmka'

Kmmn}} e jgierdkjeg j} ynrz jd|erkg jg rnkm`jgf k mrjjmka dk}} ei MK |rkmjjegnr}! oe` vj`jg

kgb onvnng me~grjn} kgb erfkgjxkjeg}' ]nanmnb mk}n }~bz dknrjka bn}mrjojgf MK np|nrjngmn}

~gbnr bjiinrng megbjjeg} mkg on dkbn kykjakoan kgb rn}nkrm`nr} mkg `na| ykajbkjgf jgierdkjeg }~m`

k} `n }nanmjeg ei meynr mre| }|nmjn} kgb kbk|kjeg ei bjiinrng n{~j|dng'

R`n rkg}inr ei `n megmn|}! |rjgmj|an} kgb nm`geaefjn} ei MK gnnb} gnverc jgnrm`kgfn vj`jg kgb

onvnng me~grjn} e ikmjajkn }`krjgf ei cgevg }ea~jeg} e |reoand} jbngjijnb b~rjgf `n megjg~ka

ankrgjgf |remn}}' ]~m` gnverc} mkg kmmnanrkn `n kbykgmndng ei cgevanbfn kgb nm`gj{~n} onjgf

}nkbjaz kmm~d~aknb oz oe` gkjegka jg}j~jeg} kgb medd~gjz fre~|} jg `njr niier} e rnynr}n

akgb bnfrkbkjeg eg k faeoka }mkan'

\eajmz }~||er! }nryjmn} kgb jgirk}r~m~rn ier ngkoajgf ngyjregdng

Re }|rnkb MK rk|jbaz kgb vjbnaz! feynrgdng |eajmjn}! }nryjmn} kgb jgirk}r~m~rn krn rn{~jrnb e

ikmjajkn m`kgfn' \eajmz }~||er j} gnnbnb e kbh~} k rkgfn ei |eajmz jg}r~dng} jg erbnr e mrnkn kg

ngkoajgf ngyjregdng' Bnynae|dng ei kg k||re|rjkn }n ei jgmngjyn} j} mr~mjka'

Gnv jgmngjyn dnk}~rn} me~ab jgma~bn `n jbngjijmkjeg kgb d~aj|ajmkjeg ei }nnb} kgb }~||az ei

n{~j|dng `re~f` |~oajm kgb |rjykn }nmer jgyeayndng' Ijgkgmjka }~||er kaegn mkgge oee} k MK

|refrkddn' J j} n}}ngjka e dkcn `n fngnrka |~oajm! bnmj}jeg$dkcnr} kgb e|jgjeg$dkcnr} kvkrn ei

`n }emjka ongnij} ei `n kbe|jeg ei `n}n |rkmjmn} jg erbnr e fkjg `n feynrgdng‚} }~||er ier `n

gk~rka rn}e~rmn dkgkfndng jgjjkjyn} ei ikrdnr}' Dnbjk mkd|kjfg} krn kge`nr jd|erkg ngrz

|ejg e |reden MK `re~f` jgnfrknb kmjeg k ikrd! medd~gjz! gkjegka kgb jgnrgkjegka anyna}'

Dkrcn bnynae|dng ier gnv mre|} `k vjaa ij jg `n bjynr}jijnb mre| rekjeg jg `n MK }z}nd j}

ka}e e on meg}jbnrnb'

Frevjgf rnmefgjjeg ei `n gnfkjyn jd|km ei majdkn m`kgfn! kgb |eajjmka |rn}}~rn} e ngme~rkfn

}~}kjgkoan gk~rka rn}e~rmn} ~}n kgb dkgkfndng |reyjbn e||er~gjjn} e `krgn}} `n}n |rn}}~rn} k}

k dnkg} ei }~||erjgf `n kbk|kjeg kgb }|rnkb ei MK' R`j} j} `n de} |redj}jgf |k` e kkjgjgf

}~}kjgkoan ieeb }nm~rjz (Irjnbrjm` kgb Ck}}kd! ?<<:3 Ck}}kd n ka'! ?<<:*' R`~}! `n jgmrnk}jgf

m`kaangfn} ikmnb kre~gb `n verab! ired `n rnmng }~bbng faeoka mrj}j} mk~}nb oz }ekrjgf ieeb |rjmn}!

`jf` ngnrfz kgb jg|~ me}}! jgmrnk}jgf ngyjregdngka megmnrg} e j}}~n} ei majdkn m`kgfn }dee`

`n |refrn}} ei `n h~}jijmkjeg ier |eajmz$dkcnr} e jgreb~mn }~||erjyn |eajmjn} kgb jg}j~jegka

}nryjmn} v`jm` me~ab on ajgcnb e `n jgreb~mjeg ei }~}kjgkoan ikrdjgf dn`eb} }~m` k} MK'



;;

Jg kmmnanrkjgf `n dkjg}rnkdjgf ei MK! k ierd~akjeg ei k faeoka gnverc ei jgnrmeggnmnb

medd~gjjn} ei |rkmjmn} (Me\}* vk} |re|e}nb k k }kcn`eabnr} dnnjgf jg H~az ?<<0 (IKE! ?<<0*

kgb k }dkaa jgnrjd ikmjajkjgf fre~|! meerbjgknb oz IKE! e eynr}nn `n mrnkjeg ei k faeoka

gnverc ei Me\}! e ijrd ~| `n kfngbk ier kmjeg kgb e dkgkfn rnaknb k}c}' Jg nkraz ?<<:! k faeoka

medd~gjmkjeg |akierd ier `n MK medd~gjz ei |rkmjmn (MK$Me\* vk} ak~gm`nb oz IKE k}

rnmeddngbnb oz `n }kcn`eabnr} dnnjgf'



;?

_ninrngmn}

Okcnr! M'H' ) ]kpeg! C'N' ?<<6' R`n ‐v`k‚ kgb ‐v`z‚ ei ge$jaakfn ikrdjgf' Jg Okcnr! M'H'! kgb

]kpeg! C'N' (nb}*' Ge$jaakfn }nnbjgf jg meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn' IKE kgb MKO Jgnrgkjegka'

Aegbeg! ^C'

Mre}}eg! \'! @kg`erg! D' ) B~iiz! D' ;:09' R`n nmegedjm} ei meg}nrykjeg jaakfn' Jg ]|rkf~n!

D'K' kgb Rrj|an! F'O' (nb}*' Ge$jaakfn kgb }~rikmn$jaakfn kfrjm~a~rn ” R`n jaakfn rnyea~jeg'

He`g Vjanz ) ]eg}'

Bng! I'H' ;::<' Akgb rn}e~rmn} ei K}jk kgb `n \kmjijm' \reoand }eja} ei K}jk kgb `n \kmjijm' _n|er'

_K\K _n|er (IKE*! ge' ;::<%9' IKE' Okgfcec'

Bnr|}m`! _' ?<<=' Meg}nrykjeg jaakfn! ge$jaakfn kgb rnaknb nm`geaefjn}' Jg Fkrmjk$Rerrn}! A ' n ka'

(nb}*' Meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn' Ca~vnr Kmkbndjm \~o' ||' ;0;$;:<'

Bnr|}m`! _' ) Irjnbrjm`! R' ?<<:' Faeoka eynryjnv ei meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn kbe|jeg' \remnnbjgf}!

Ankb \k|nr}! 2` Verab Megfrn}} eg Meg}nrykjeg Kfrjm~a~rn! 2$6 Inor~krz ?<<:! Gnv Bna`j!

Jgbjk! |2?:$2=0'

IKE' ?<<;' R`n nmegedjm} ei meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn' IKE! _edn'

IKE' ?<<?' Verab kfrjm~a~rn8 evkrb} ?<;>%?<=< }~ddkrz rn|er ' IKE! _edn

IKE' ?<<0' Jgyn}jgf jg }~}kjgkoan kfrjm~a~rka jgng}jijmkjeg8 `n rean ei meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn ”

k irkdnverc ier kmjeg' IKE! _edn! K~f~} ?<<0' (Kykjakoan k vvv'ike'erf%kf%mk% *'

Irjnbrjm`! R' ) Ck}}kd! K' ?<<:' Kbe|jeg ei meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn nm`geaefjn}8 meg}rkjg} kgb

e||er~gjjn}' JY` Verab Megfrn}} eg Meg}nrykjeg Kfrjm~a~rn! Gnv Bna`j! Inor~krz ?<<:'

@eoo}! \' ) D' Derrj}' ;::9' Dnnjgf ]e~` K}jk&} i~~rn ieeb rn{~jrndng} ired rjmn$v`nk

mre||jgf }z}nd}8 |rjerjz j}}~n} ikmjgf rn}nkrm`nr} jg `n |e}$frnng rnyea~jeg nrk' G_F \k|nr

:9$<;' Dnpjme! B'I'8 MJDDZR'

Ck}}kd! K'! Irjnbrjm`! R'! ]`kp}eg! I' ) \rnz! H' ?<<:' R`n }|rnkb ei meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn8

h~}jijmkjeg! }~}kjgkojajz kgb ~|kcn' Jgnrgkjegka He~rgka ei Kfrjm~a~rka ]~}kjgkojajz 6 (2*8

?:?$=?<

Cgevanr! B' ) Orkb}`kv! O' ?<<9' Ikrdnr}‚ kbe|jeg ei meg}nrykjeg kfrjm~a~rn8 K rnyjnv kgb

}zg`n}j} ei rnmng rn}nkrm`'!' =?8 ?>$20'

Dkxyjdkyj! C' ) Rvedaev! ]' ?<<0' Meg}nrykjeg ikrdjgf ier kfrjm~a~rka rnajni kgb bnynae|dng jg

Xjdokovn' Jg Febbkrb! R'! Xenoj}m`! D'K'! Fkg! Z'R'! Naa}j! V'! Vk}eg! K' ) ]edok|kgj! ]'

(nb}*' Ge$jaakfn ikrdjgf }z}nd}' ]|nmjka |~oajmkjeg Ge' =! VK]VM'

]nf~z! A'! Aeznr! B'! _jm`krb! HI' ) Djaan! N' ?<<0' ]~}kjgkoan }eja dkgkfndng8 Kfre$nmeaefz jgAke} kgb Dkbkfk}mkr' Jg Febbkrb! R'! Xenoj}m`! D'K'! Fkg! Z'R'! Naa}j! V'! Vk}eg! K' Kgb

]edok|kgj! ]' (nb}*' Ge$jaakfn ikrdjgf }z}nd}' ]|nmjka |~oajmkjeg Ge' =! VK]VM'

Rjyn! I' ?<<>' Bnynae|dng kgb jd|andngkjeg ei bjrnm$}nnbjgf d~am` ok}nb mre||jgf }z}nd} jg

]e~`nk} K}jk' Mk}n }~bjn} ired `n Ake Gkjegka Kfre$Nmeaefz \refrkddn8 :$?<' Kgg~ka

kmjyjz rn|er' MJ_KB! Deg|naajnr! Irkgmn'

Conservation agriculture: profitable yet sustainable

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