Conservación y desarrollo sostenible en las Montañas

8/2/2019 Conservacin y desarrollo sostenible en las Montaas

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Dnjtoqpiwfnj ijg Ttwifjialo

Gopolnucojw fj Cnjwifj Iqoit

Ogfwog av Ciqwfj @* Uqfdo


2/32

Dnjwojwt

Uiko

9 Uqo`ido

1 Cnjwifj Iqoit Klnail Uqfnqfwfot

[D@ wmoco 98 Odntvtwoc Cijikocojw Aqfgkfjk Ttwifjiaflfwv ijg Uqngdwfpfwv

7 Fjwokqiwog [iwoqtmog Cijikocojw

? Jow{nqbfjk Wn{iqgt Ttwifjiaflfwv fj wmo Ailbijt

0 Fjwokqiwog [iwoqtmog Cijikocojw Iqnjg Widij, Co}fdn ijg Kiwocili

; _tfjk wmo Odntvtwoc Iuuqnidm nq Cnjw Olknj

= Klnail Uqncnwfnj n` Qokfnjil Iuuqnidmot wn Cnjwifj Dnjtoqpiwfnj

6 Mfcil Fjfwfiwfpo nq Lijgtdiuo Cijikocojw

[D@ wmoco 18 Moilwm, Unpoqwv ijg Dnjtoqpiwfnj Qotunjgfjk wn wmo Dmillojko n` Mcij [oll#aofjk

95 Unpoqwv fj Cnjwifj Iqoit

99 Uoido Uiqbt fj I qfdit Kqoiw Libot Qokfnj

91 Gopolnufjk i Qokfnjil Twqiwokv `nq Dnjtoqpfjk Mfkm Ijgoij [owlijgt

94 Dnjtoqpfjk wmo Dlng @nqotwt n` Lncanb, Fjgnjotfi

97 Cnjwifjt8 17/ n` wmo Oiqwmt Lijg Tq`ido

[D@ Wmoco 48 Afngfpoqtfwv Lntt ijg Tuodfot O}wfjdwfnj Cijikfjk Qftb fj i Dmijkfjk [nqlg

90 Dnufjk {fwm Dlfciwo Dmijko fj wmo Cnjwifjt9; Klnail Cnjwifj Afngfpoqtfwv Ittottcojw

9= Klnail Cnjfwnqfjk fj Ilufjo Ojpfqnjcojwt

96 Wnu ?5 Cogfwoqqijoij Ulijwt

[D@ Wmoco 78 Ciqbowt, Atfjott ijg wmo Ojpfqnjcojw Twqojkwmojfjk Dnqunqiwo Qotunjtfaflfwv

15 Cnjwifj Uqngdwt Fcuqnpfjk Lfpolfmnngt

19 Jnj#wfcaoq @nqotw Uqngdwt fj wmo Cnjwifjt n` LIN UGQ ijg Pfowjic

11 Aojo fwfjk `qnc Cogfdfjil ijg Iqnciwfd Ulijwt fj wmo Mfjg Btm # Mfcilivi

14 Qo{iqgfjk Wijxijfit _ulijg Unnq nq Uqnpfgfjk Odntvtwoc [iwoq Toqpfdot

17 Wmo Kqij Qwi Fjdi Fjfwfiwfpo

1? Ojdnqikfjk Knng Uqidwfdo ijg Ojpfqnjcojwil Qotunjtfaflfwv

Wmo Cnjwifj Uiqwjoqtmfu

10 Wmo Cnjwifj Uiqwjoqtmfu

1= Ogfwnqt ijg Iwmnqt

16 Dqogfwt


3/32

Uqoìdo9

Uqoìdo

It F_DJ ijg fwt cocaoqt iqo kowwfjk qoigv `nq wmo [nqlg Dnjtoqpiwfnj Dnjkqott wmiw {fll ao molg fj Aijkbnb fj

Jnpocaoq 1557, F ic golfkmwog wn uqotojw vn {fwm i aqndmqo mfkmlfkmwfjk wmo dwwfjk#ogko cnjwifj#

qoliwog fjfwfiwfpot n` F_DJ ijg fwt uiqwjoqt fj oidm n` wmo `nq wmocot n` wmo [nqlg Dnjtoqpiwfnj @nqc89& Odntvtwoc cijikocojw aqfgkfjk ttwifjiaflfwv ijg uqngdwfpfwv

1& Moilwm, unpoqwv ijg dnjtoqpiwfnj qotunjgfjk wn wmo dmillojko n` mcij {oll#aofjk

4& Afngfpoqtfwv lntt ijg tuodfot o}wfjdwfnj cijikfjk qftb fj i dmijkfjk {nqlg

7& Ciqbowt, atfjott ijg wmo ojpfqnjcojw twqojkwmojfjk dnqunqiwo qotunjtfaflfwv*

Cnjwifjt iqo dmiqidwoqfxog av i mfkm gokqoo n` afnlnkfdil ijg dlwqil gfpoqtfwv it mit aooj qodnkjfxog

fjwoqjiwfnjillv tfjdo wmo Oiqwm Tccfw fj Qfn go Hijofqn fj 9661* Ilwmnkm wmov mipo kqoiw odnjncfd unwojwfil

fj cijv uiqwt n` wmo {nqlg o*k* fj woqct n` {iwoq qotnqdot ijg wnqftc cntw cnjwifj qokfnjt iqo

unlfwfdillv ijg odnjncfdillv ciqkfjilfxog ijg ftnliwog, ijg cnjwifj unuliwfnjt n`woj `fjg wmoctolpot iw i

dloiq gftigpijwiko av dncuiqftnj {fwm nwmoq qokfnjt*

Aw iuiqw `qnc dmillojkot, cnjwifjt iltn qouqotojw ìjwitwfd nuunqwjfwfot wn gocnjtwqiwo wmo fcunqwijdo n`

wmo ojpfqnjcojwil toqpfdot uqnpfgog wn nq tndfowfot av wmo Oiqwmt odntvtwoct, ijg wn qoilfto ttwifjialo

gopolnucojw uqidwfdot nj wmo kqnjg* Wmft aqndmqo tmn{ditot o}iculot n` mn{ F_DJ ijg nq uiqwjoqt fj wmo

Cnjwifj Fjfwfiwfpo Witb @nqdo, otwialftmog av wmo dmifqt n` F_DJt Dnccfttfnj nj Odntvtwoc Cijikocojw ijg

[nqlg Dnccfttfnj nj Uqnwodwog Iqoit, mipo qotunjgog wn wmoto nuunqwjfwfot ijg wmo lottnjt wmiw mipo

aooj loiqjog*

Wmft ft otuodfillv wfcolv it wmo fculocojwiwfnj n` wmo Fjwoqjiwfnjil Uiqwjoqtmfu `nq Ttwifjialo Gopolnucojw fj

Cnjwifj Qokfnjt wmiw {it n``fdfillv lijdmog iw wmo [nqlg Tccfw `nq Ttwifjialo Gopolnucojw -[TTG& fj

Hnmijjotaqk, Tnwm I`qfdi fj 1551 ijg `nq {mfdm @IN, i cocaoq n` wmo Cnjwifj Fjfwfiwfpo Witb @nqdo,

uqnpfgot wmo fjwoqfc todqowiqfiw ft kowwfjk jgoq{iv*

It tn n`woj, wmft annblow dnlg jnw mipo aooj uqngdog {fwmnw wmo dncuowojw ijg ojoqkowfd ittftwijdo n`F_DJt Dnccfttfnj pnljwooqt ijg uiqwjoq nqkijfxiwfnjt* F {nlg lfbo wn wmijb otuodfillv Gq Ciqwfj Uqfdo,

Dmifq n` wmo Cnjwifj Fjfwfiwfpo Witb @nqdo, it {oll it wmo uiqwjoq nqkijfxiwfnjt qouqotojwog fj wmft Witb @nqdo8

@nng ijg Ikqfdlwqo Nqkijfxiwfnj n` wmo _jfwog Jiwfnjt -@IN&

Klnail Natoqpiwfnj Qotoiqdm Fjfwfiwfpo fj Ilufjo Ojpfqnjcojwt -KLNQFI&

Klnail Cnjwifj Afngfpoqtfwv Ittottcojw -KCAI&

Cnjwifj Qotoiqdm Fjfwfiwfpo -CQF&

_jfwog Jiwfnjt Ogdiwfnjil, Tdfojwf`fd ijg Dlwqil Nqkijfxiwfnj -_JOTDN&

_jfwog Jiwfnjt Ojpfqnjcojw Uqnkqicco -_JOU&

[nqlg Cnjwifjooqfjk ijg Dlfcafjk @ogoqiwfnj -_FII&

Low co ojg av {ftmfjk ill n` vn {mn iqo fjwoqotwog fj afngfpoqtfwv dnjtoqpiwfnj ijg ttwifjialo gopolnucojw

fj cnjwifj qokfnjt i tddott`l F_DJ Dnjkqott*

Idmfc Twofjoq

Gfqodwnq#Kojoqil

F_DJ Wmo [nqlg Dnjtoqpiwfnj _jfnj


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Cnjwifj Iqoit # Klnail Uqfnqfwfot1

Cnjwifj iqoit klnail uqfnqfwfotCnjwifjt dnpoq 17/ n` wmo lijg tqìdo n` nq ulijow -too uiko 97&* Wmoto poqv gfpoqto qokfnjt, twqowdmfjk `qnc wmo Oyiwnqilcntw wn anwm unlot, iqo mnco wn 91/ n` wmo klnail unuliwfnj* [mflo cijv cnjwifj uonulo lfpo fj qqil iqoit n`woj fj

qocnwo, unnq ijg gftigpijwikog dnccjfwfot cijv nwmoqt iqo qaij, lfpfjk fj wn{jt ijg dfwfot fj cnjwifj pillovt ijg njln{oq cnjwifj tlnuot* Klnaillv, 10/ n` mcijbfjg lfpo fj, ighidojw, nq poqv dlnto wn cnjwifj iqoit8 cijv fj cihnq dfwfot fjdlgfjk Co}fdn Dfwv, Wnbvn, ijg Yfwn ijg iltn fj wn{jt ijg dfwfot nj ill wmo fjmiafwog dnjwfjojwt* Wmt, {oll npoq i afllfnjuonulo gouojg nj ighidojw cnjwifjt nq knngt ijg toqpfdot fjdlgfjk {iwoq, nng, nqotw uqngdwt, ijg qodqoiwfnj* Wmov, ijg`qwmoq afllfnjt, iltn aojo`fw `qnc nwmoq cnjwifjt fj nwmoq {ivt, fjdlgfjk wmo uqnpftfnj n` ojoqkv ijg cfjoqilt2 wmofq qnlot itdojwqot n` afngfpoqtfwv, wnqftc, ijg qolfkfnt tfkjf`fdijdo2 ijg dloiq opfgojdo n` dlfciwo dmijko*

Wmo klnail fcunqwijdo n` cnjwifjt mit aooj fjdqoitfjklv qodnkjftog fj klnail `nqi fj qodojw voiqt* Fj 9661, fj Qfn go Hijofqn,wmo _J Dnjòqojdo nj Ojpfqnjcojw ijg Gopolnucojw, nqOiqwm Tccfw, fjdlgog Dmiuwoq 94 Cijikfjk @qikflo Odntvtwoct8Ttwifjialo Cnjwifj Gopolnucojw fjIkojgi 19, fwt ulij `nq idwfnj* Fj 966?, wmo Klnail Ojpfqnjcojw @idflfwv -KO@& fgojwf`fogcnjwifj odntvtwoct it wmo tahodw n` njo n` fwt woj nuoqiwfnjil uqnkqiccot* Av 1551, KO@ mig dnccfwwog npoq '015 cfllfnj

ijg lopoqikog ianw '9*7 afllfnj n` iggfwfnjil `jgfjk `nq npoq 955 uqnhodwt fj 07 dnjwqfot*

Fj 966=, fj i qotnlwfnj tunjtnqog av 945 dnjwqfot, wmo _J Kojoqil Ittocalv uqndlifcog wmiw 1551 {nlg ao wmo FjwoqjiwfnjilVoiq n` Cnjwifjt -FVC&* I wnwil n` ;= dnjwqfot dqoiwog jiwfnjil dnccfwwoot `nq wmo FVC* Gqfjk wmo FVC, i Cnjwifj Uiqwjoqtmfu

-too uiko* 10& {it otwialftmog iw wmo [nqlg Tccfw nj Ttwifjialo Gopolnucojw fj Hnmijjotaqk, {mfdm gopnwog uiqikqium 71n` fwt Ulij n` Fculocojwiwfnj wn cnjwifjt* Iw wmo ojg n` wmo voiq, wmo _J Kojoqil Ittocalv ignuwog i qotnlwfnj iuuoilfjk wn_J nqkijftiwfnjt, knpoqjcojwt, fjwoqjiwfnjil fjijdfil fjtwfwwfnjt, JKNt, ijg idigocfd, uqfpiwo todwnq ijg nwmoq twibomnlgoqt wn`qwmoq twqojkwmoj wmofq fjpnlpocojw fj cnjwifj fttot* Fj 1557, wmo topojwm Dnj oqojdo n` Uiqwfot wn wmo Dnjpojwfnj njAfnlnkfdil Gfpoqtfwv ignuwog i {fgo#qijkfjk uqnkqicco n` {nqb nj cnjwifj afnlnkfdil gfpoqtfwv*

Bov klnail pilot ijg dmillojkot

Tdm fjfwfiwfpot dloiqlv tmn{ wmiw cnjwifj iqoit ijg wmofq qotnqdot iqo fcunqwijw `nq afllfnjt n` uonulo, jnw njlv wmnto lfpfjk{fwmfj ijg fccogfiwolv ighidojw wn wmoc, aw iltn gn{jtwqoic ijg `qwmoq i`folg* Uoqmiut wmo kqoiwotw klnail pilo n` cnjwifjiqoit goqfpot `qnc wmo ìdw wmiw ilcntw ill n` wmo {nqlgt cihnq qfpoqt qfto {fwmfj wmoc* Wmov iqo wmo tnqdo n` cdm n` wmo {nqlgt{iwoq tuulv cntw jnwialv uqnpfgfjk =5#955/ n` `qotm{iwoq fj iqfg ijg tocf#iqfg qokfnjt n` wmo wqnufdt ijg ta#wqnufdt, awiltn i tfkjf`fdijw uqnunqwfnj opoj fj mcfg iqoit* Wmt, cnjwifj {iwoq ulivt i `jgicojwil qnlo fj klnail `nng todqfwv,otuodfillv {moj tog `nq fqqfkiwfnj ijg `nng uqngdwfnj2 fj tnco qokfnjt, 6?/ n` ipiflialo `qotm{iwoq ft tog `nq wmoto uquntot*[iwoq ft iltn i pfwil tnqdo n` ojoqkv, anwm fj wmo cnjwifjt, aw uiqwfdliqlv gn{jtwqoic* I bov ftto ft wn ojtqo wmo qolfialogolfpoqv n` {iwoq `ln{t n` wmo jodottiqv yilfwv ijg yijwfwv, {mfdm civ jodottfwiwo wmo uivcojw n` fjdojwfpot wn utwqoic lijg

cijikoqt -too uikot 0 ijg 14&*

Cntw dojwqot n` kqoiwotw afngfpoqtfwv iqo fj, nq fjdlgo wqnufdilcnjwifjt8 wmo Iwlijwfd nqotw n` Aqixfl, jnqwmoqj Anqjon,

wmo oitwoqj Ijgot, wmo oitwoqj Mfcilivi#Vjjij qokfnj, ijgUiui#Jo{ Kfjoi* Cijv todnjgiqv dojwqot iqo fj Cogfwoqqijoijiqoit -too uiko 96& fjdlgfjk Tnwm I`qfdit Diuo Uqnpfjdo, it {ollit iqfg cnjwifjt, uiqwt n` wmo Qndbv Cnjwifjt, ijg Dojwqil Itfi*Cijv ìdwnqt dncafjo wn dqoiwo wmoto mfkm lopolt n` afngfpoqtfwv-too uiko 9;&* Tdm qfdmjott ft fcunqwijw jnw njlv `nq fwt fjwqfjtfdpilo, aw iltn it wmo aitft `nq lndil lfpolfmnngt -too uikot 15#11&,ijg `nq fwt kojowfd unwojwfil* @nq fjtwijdo, wmo nqfkfjil piqfowfot n`cijv nng dqnut fjdlgfjk {moiw, cifxo, unwiwnot, aoijt,ijg iuulot dnco `qnc cnjwifj iqoit* Mfkm lopolt n` afnlnkfdilgfpoqtfwv iqo iltn njo qoitnj wmiw ilcntw i yiqwoq n` wmo {nqlgtuqnwodwog iqoit iqo fj cnjwifj qokfnjt -too uiko =&* It gftdttog

iw wmo ?wm [nqlg Uiqbt Dnjkqott fj 1554 ijg fj cijv nwmoq pojot,wmo dnjtoqpiwfnj n` afngfpoqtfwv qoyfqot o`òdwfpo uiqwjoqtmfutaow{ooj lndil dnccjfwfot, knpoqjcojw ijg jnj#knpoqjcojwildnjtoqpiwfnj ikojdfot, ijg nwmoq twibomnlgoqt wn ittqo wmolnjk#woqc tqpfpil n` wmoto pfwil odntvtwoct -too uikot ?, =, 99#94&*

UMNWNT8 -Wnu qfkmw& [mflo cntw n` wmo lijg fj cnjwifj iqoit ft qqil, wmov iltn

fjdlgo cihnq dfwfot, tdm it Yfwn, Odignq -Nwwn go Bofxoq&*

-Qfkmw& Cnjwifjt fjdlgo cijv tidqog ulidot, {mnto tqqnjgfjkt n`woj mipo mfkmafngfpoqtfwv go wn lnjk#woqc uqnwodwfnj2 tdm ulidot iqo n`woj iltn fcunqwijw wnqftw

gotwfjiwfnjt* Njo o}iculo ft Twgojfdi cnjitwoqv, Toqafi, i dlwqil [nqlg Moqfwiko

Tfwo {fwmfj wmo Knlfhi#Twgojfdi Afntumoqo Qotoqpo -Ciqwfj Uqfdo&*


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Cnjwifj Iqoit # Klnail Uqfnqfwfot4

Cnjwifjt iqo iltn dojwqot n` dlwqil gfpoqtfwv, nq qoitnjt fjdlgfjk ftnliwfnj, qo`ko qnc gncfjijw dlwqot, ijg gftwijdo qncdojwqot n` un{oq* Mn{opoq, cijv cnjwifj dlwqot ijg wqigfwfnjt iqo wmqoiwojog av wmo `nqdot n` klnailftiwfnj, j`nqwjiwolvfjdlgfjk gocijgt `nq gqkt tdm it ciqfhiji, dndifjo, ijg moqnfj {mfdm liqkolv goqfpo `qnc cnjwifj iqoit* I `qwmoq `nqdon` klnailftiwfnj ft wnqftc* Cnjwifj iqoit iqo i cihnq `ndt `nq qodqoiwfnj ijg wnqftc, n` fjdqoitfjk klnail fcunqwijdo it cnqo

wmij mil` n` t lfpo fj qaij iqoit `qnc {mfdm {o joog wn otdiuo uoqfngfdillv, wn o}uoqfojdo gf`òqojw ojpfqnjcojwt ijg ojhnv i

{fgo qijko n` nwgnnq ijg dlwqil idwfpfwfot* Wnqftc, wmo {nqlgt liqkotw fjgtwqv, dij aqfjk anwm aojo`fwt ijg jokiwfpo fcuidwtwn cnjwifj uonulo ijg wmofq ojpfqnjcojwt -too uikot 17, 1?&* Mn{opoq, wmo toitnjilfwv ijg lnjk#woqc juqogfdwiaflfwv nìlcntw opoqv wvuo n` cnjwifj wnqftc fculv wmo joog wn gopolnu fw wn ao dnculocojwiqv wn nwmoq odnjncfd idwfpfwfot ijg lijgtot* Anwm wmo wnqftc fjgtwqv ijg knpoqjcojwt joog wn gopolnu ijg fculocojw unlfdfot ijg `fjijdfil fjtwqcojwt wn ojtqowmiw wnqftct odnjncfd aojo`fwt jnw htw lndillv, aw wn jiwfnjil odnjncfot iqo qofjpotwog fj wmo qotnqdot wmiw iwwqidwwnqftwt2 jnw htw umvtfdil fj`qitwqdwqo, aw iltn lijgtdiuot ijg dlwqot*

I bov ìdwnq fj klnailftiwfnj ijg wmo qiufg gopolnucojw n` wnqftc fj cijv cnjwifj iqoit mit aooj fjdqoitog iddottfaflfwv avill coijt8 qnig, qifl, ijg ifq* Tdm fjdqoitot mipo liqkolv aooj gqfpoj av o}woqjil uqfnqfwfot8 fjdlgfjk jnw njlv wmo gopolnucojw n`wnqftc, aw iltn wmo joog wn o}wqidw qi{ ciwoqfilt ijg wn uqnpfgo cflfwiqv iddott wn `qnjwfoq iqoit {mfdm iqo n`woj ilnjkcnjwifj qijkot* Qnig ijg qiflqnig dnjtwqdwfnj mit log wn jo{ odnjncfd nuunqwjfwfot `nq tnco cnjwifj uonulo, aw iltn wndmijkot fj wmofq tndfowfot ijg wmo gotwqdwfnj ijg `qikcojwiwfnj n` cnjwifj miafwiwt* @qwmoqcnqo, coijt n` wqijtunqwun{oqog av `nttfl òlt iqo lfjbog gfqodwlv wn wmo ocfttfnj n` kqoojmnto kitot ijg mojdo wn dlfciwo dmijko* Wmft {fll mipotfkjf`fdijw dnjtoyojdot `nq cnjwifj uonulo ijg wmo ojpfqnjcojwt nj {mfdm wmov ijg afllfnjt n` nwmoqt gouojg -too uiko 90&*Uiqign}fdillv, wmft lfjbt wn i `qwmoq pilo n` cnjwifj iqoit8 wmo ìdw wmiw doqwifj olocojwt n` wmofq lijgtdiuot ijg odntvtwoct iqo

aofjk, ijg {fll ao, fj`lojdog cnqo qiufglv av dlfciwo dmijko dncuiqog wn nwmoq qokfnjt* Wmft aqfjkt nuunqwjfwfot `nqcnjfwnqfjk fj cnjwifj odntvtwoct wn uqnpfgo oiqlv#{iqjfjk tvtwoct `nq nq ulijow -too uiko 9=&*

Lfjbfjk dmillojkot ijg nuunqwjfwfot

Fj i qiufglv dmijkfjk {nqlg, cnjwifj qokfnjt ijg wmofq uonulo iqo n`woj o}uoqfojdfjk kqoiwoq ijg ìtwoq dmijkot wmij cntw*Dnjtoyojwlv, fw civ ao iuuqnuqfiwo wn o}ulfdfwlv lfjb wmo dmillojkot ìdfjk cnjwifj uonulo ijg odntvtwoct {fwm tnco n` wmonuunqwjfwfot fjmoqojw wn cnjwifj qokfnjt* Njo unttfaflfwv ft wn gopolnu lfpolfmnngt aitog nj yilfwv cnjwifj uqngdwt -toouiko 15&, qodnkjftfjk wmo fcunqwijw lfjbikot aow{ooj wmo cifjwojijdo n` afnlnkfdil ijg dlwqil gfpoqtfwv ijg wmo joog wncifjwifj wmo fgojwfwv ijg dlwqil wqigfwfnjt n` uonulo nj cnjwifj iqoit* Cnjwifj uqnwodwog iqoit ijg ighidojw lijg dnlg aoi uiqwfdliq `ndt `nq tdm fjfwfiwfpot -too uikot ;, 94, 11&*

Ijnwmoq unttfaflfwv ft `nq cnjwifj uqnwodwog iqoi cijikoqt wn wibo wmo loig fj uqncnwfjk wmo gopolnucojw n`, ijg wflftfjk,

twiwo#n`#wmo#iqw wodmjnlnkfot fj tcill#tdilo ilwoqjiwfpo ojoqkv tnqdot ijg ojoqkv dnjtoqpiwfnj* Wmoto iqo n`woj uiqwfdliqlviuuqnuqfiwo fj cnjwifj iqoit aodito n` wmofq mfkm tnliq qigfiwfnj, twoou {iwoqdnqtot, ijg {fjgfjott, ijg aodito n` mfkm dntwtn` dnjjodwfnj wn qokfnjil nq jiwfnjil kqfgt ijg n` wqijtcfttfnj* Tfcfliqlv, twiwo#n`#wmo iqw cowmngt n` {iwoq to ijg cijikocojwtmnlg ao fculocojwog fj cnjwifj uqnwodwog iqoit*

[mflo wmo fculocojwiwfnj n` tdm wodmjnlnkfot {fll mipo cfjfcil gfqodw o`òdwt nj cnjwifj odntvtwoct, wmov dij tfkjf`fdijwlvaojo`fw cnjwifj uonulo2 ijg {oll#flltwqiwog, dloiq fjwoquqowiwfpo ciwoqfilt ijg uqnkqiccot iggqottog wn wmo cfllfnjt {mn pftfwcnjwifj uqnwodwog iqoit dnlg mipo ij fcunqwijw fcuidw fj qiftfjk i{iqojott n` wmo pfwil moqfwiko wmov uqnwodw ijg wmo {ivtfj {mfdm fw ft ojgijkoqog av dlfciwo dmijko* Tfcfliqlv, {o mnuo wmiw wmft aqndmqo, flltwqiwfjk knng uqidwfdo ijg fjjnpiwfpofjfwfiwfpot aofjk jgoqwiboj av F_DJ ijg fwt uiqwjoqt fj fwt Cnjwifj Fjfwfiwfpo Witb @nqdo, {fll dnjwqfawo wn kqoiwoqjgoqtwijgfjk n` wmo pilot n` cnjwifj iqoit ijg tnco n` wmo gfpoqto coijt wn iggqott wmo cijv dmillojkot `nq wmofq

dnjtoqpiwfnj ijg ttwifjialo gopolnucojw*

Ciqwfj @* Uqfdo

UMNWNT8 -Lo`w& Fj i {iqcfjk {nqlg, uqulo ti}f`qiko -Ti}f`qiki nuuntfwf`nlfi& mit

cfkqiwog wn mfkmoq ilwfwgot fj wmo Ilut gqfjk wmo 15wm dojwqv2 fw mit aooj njg it i

jo{ tuodfot nj topoqil uoibt -Miqilg Uilf&*

-Qfkmw& Cnjwifj {iwoq ft pfwil nq afllfnjt n` uonulo, ijg {fll opoj aodnco cnqo tn it

unuliwfnjt kqn{ ijg wmo dlfciwo {iqct -Ciqwfj Uqfdo&*


6/32

Fjwokqiwog {iwoqtmog cijikocojw[iwoqtmogt iqo gqifjiko iqoit {moqo `qotm cnjwifj {iwoq kiwmoqt ijg `ln{t gn{jtwqoic wn òog qfpoqt ijg libot, ao`nqoqjjfjk fjwn wmo ndoij* Cnqo wmij mil` n` wmo {nqlgt unuliwfnj gouojgt gfqodwlv nj wmoto cnjwifj {iwoqtmogt `nq {iwoq wn

kqn{ `nng, wn kojoqiwo ojoqkv, wn gqfjb, ijg `nq nwmoq gncotwfd uquntot* N`woj, uonulo lfpfjk fj cnjwifj {iwoqtmogt iqoicnjktw wmo unnqotw ijg cntw gftigpijwikog fj wmo gopolnufjk {nqlg* Unpoqwv, ftnliwfnj, kqn{fjk unuliwfnj, ijg lfcfwogiddott wn lijg iqo `nqdfjk cijv ulijg uonulot wn ignuw jttwifjialo ìqcfjk ijg lijg#to uqidwfdot tdm it o}dottfpolfpotwndb kqixfjk, wqoo òllfjk, ijg wmo dlwfpiwfnj n` ciqkfjil lijgt* Npoq wmo litw wmqoo godigot, wmoto ijg nwmoq wmqoiwt wn ulijg{iwoqtmogt tdm it cfjfjk, klnail {iqcfjk, wnqftc ijg qaijfxiwfnj, mipo uw wmo tuulv n` wmo {nqlgt qotm {iwoq iw kqoiw q ftb*

Wmo o`òdwt dij ao tooj fj oqngog tnflt, lijgtlfgot, gotwqdwfpo wnqqojwt, lntt n` afngfpoqtfwv, `lnngfjk n` ikqfdlwqil lijgt fj joiqavgn{jtwqoic iqoit, unnq kqnjg{iwoq qodmiqko, gfcfjftmog {iwoq yilfwv ijg yijwfwv, wmo togfcojwiwfnj n` qotoqpnfqt ijg

fqqfkiwfnj fj`qitwqdwqo, qogdog ikqfdlwqil uqngdwfpfwv, ijg topoqo odnlnkfdil fcailijdot*

Cijikfjk dnculo} tvtwoct `nq ttwifjialo gopolnucojw

@nqotwog {iwoqtmogt iqo pfwil `nq wmo odnlnkfdil moilwm n` wmo {nqlg* Fj iggfwfnj wn wmofq fcunqwijw uqnwodwfpo qnlo, wmov tmolwoqfccojto afngfpoqtfwv, uqnpfgo `nng ijg `nggoq ijg iqo fcunqwijw tnqdot n` i {fgo piqfowv n` {nng ijg jnj#{nng uqngdwt*Vow, {o joog wn aowwoq jgoqtwijg wmo dqdfil qoliwfnjtmfu aow{ooj `nqotwt ijg {iwoq f` {o iqo wn fcuqnpo wmo cijikocojw n`

`qotm{iwoq qotnqdot nq anwm utwqoic ijg gn{jtwqoic toqt*

Fjwokqiwog {iwoqtmog cijikocojw coijt fculocojwfjk tvtwoct wmiw ojtqo lijg qotnqdot iqo dnjtoqpog ijg togttwifjialv jn{ ijg `nq `wqo kojoqiwfnjt* Wmo fjwokqiwog {iwoqtmog cijikocojw iuuqnidm dncafjot `nqotwqv, ikqfdlwqo,mvgqnlnkv, odnlnkv, dlfciwnlnkv ijg nwmoq tdfojdot wn `fjg aowwoq {ivt n` dnjtoqpfjk ijg tfjk lijg qotnqdot* Aw {iwoqtmog

cijikocojw ft cnqo wmij jiwqil tdfojdo cowmngt ijg wnnlt* Fw ft ij nj#knfjk uqndott {mfdm idwfpolv fjpnlpot lndil uonulo ijggodftfnj ciboqt # fj anwm utwqoic ijg gn{jtwqoic iqoit # fj ijilvtfjk wmo uqnaloct ijg gopolnufjk iuuqnuqfiwo tnlwfnjt wnojtqo wmiw wmo idwfpfwfot jgoqwiboj iqo {oll igiuwog wn wmo lndil tfwiwfnj ijg jnw npoqlv gouojgojw nj o}woqjil qotnqdot*[oll#gotfkjog ijg uqnuoqlv fculocojwog {iwoqtmog cijikocojw uqnkqiccot dij fcuqnpo wmo lfpolfmnngt n` lndil uonulo{mflo uqnwodwfjk wmo ojpfqnjcojw nj {mfdm wmov gouojg*

Lnnbfjk wn{iqg wmo jo}w kojoqiwfnj n` {iwoqtmog cijikocojw

Fjwokqiwog {iwoqtmog cijikocojw ijg fwt aojo`fwt iqo iwwqidwfjk fjdqoitfjk iwwojwfnj iqnjg wmo {nqlg* Mn{opoq, wmo litwtvtwociwfd, klnail#tdilo ittottcojw n` {iwoqtmog cijikocojw twqiwokfot ijg iuuqnidmot {it diqqfog nw fj 96=?, ijg cijv n`wmo tico uqnaloct ijg dnjtwqifjwt fw njg twfll o}ftw* Fj 1551, @IN, fj dnnuoqiwfnj {fwm bov twibomnlgoqt, lijdmog i Qopfo{ ijgittottcojw n` {iwoqtmog cijikocojw iuuqnidmot uqouiqfjk wmo jo}w kojoqiwfnj n` {iwoqtmog cijikocojw uqnkqiccot, wnuqnpfgo i uliw`nqc wn tmiqo fj`nqciwfnj ijg gqi{ lottnjt `qnc `folg o}uoqfojdo, fj nqgoq wn gopolnu fcuqnpog twqiwokfot `nq wmofculocojwiwfnj n` o`òdwfpo {iwoqtmog cijikocojw iw lndil, jiwfnjil, ijg qokfnjil lopolt* Wmo fjfwfiwfpo fjdlgog i tqpov n` bovidwnqt, i twndbwibfjk.qopfo{ n` @INt {iwoqtmog cijikocojw`folg idwfpfwfot, ijilvtft n` dito twgfot, qokfnjil {nqbtmnut,ijg i `fjil fjwoqjiwfnjil dnjòqojdo fj Tiqgfjfi fj 1554*

Wmo qotlwt n` wmft fjfwfiwfpo {fll ao gfttocfjiwog wn godftfnjciboqt, uqidwfwfnjoqt ijg qotoiqdmoqt {nqbfjk fj {iwoqtmog

cijikocojw fj fjwoqjiwfnjil nqkijfxiwfnjt, jiwfnjilfjtwfwwfnjt, ijg JKNt* Wmov iqo o}uodwog wn dnjwqfawo wnfcuqnpog iuuqnidmot, unlfdfot, uqnkqiccot ijg folg

uqnhodwt fj {iwoqtmog cijikocojw, ijg wn molu aowwoqnqfojw qotoiqdm*

Wmncit Mnòq

UMNWNT8 -Lo`w& Tlitm#ijg#aqj ikqfdlwqo qocnpot

`nqotwt ijg tfkjf`fdijwlv i`òdwt wmo yilfwv ijg

yijwfwv n` gn{jtwqoic {iwoq ln{t -F* Polox.@IN&*

-Wnu Qfkmw& Iw wmo klnail tdilo, òl{nng ft wmo cifj

tnqdo n` ojoqkv fj cnjwifj mntomnlgt* Mn{opoq,

f` fw ft jnw miqpotwog ttwifjialv, wmo qotlwfjk lntt n`

`nqotw dnpoq dij mipo topoqo dnjtoyojdot

-K* Gfiji.@IN&*

-Qfkmw& Iuuqn}fciwolv ;5 uoqdojw n` klnail qotm

{iwoq dnjtcuwfnj ft tog fj fqqfkiwog ikqfdlwqo,

ijg cnqo {iwoq {fll ao tog fj wmo `wqo it {nqlg

`nng uqngdwfnj fjdqoitot wn coow wmo kqn{fjkgocijg -I* Ngnl.@IN&*

[D@ Wmoco 98 Odntvtwoc Cijikocojw #

Aqfgkfjk Ttwifjiaflfwv ijg Uqngdwfpfwv7

{{{*ìn*nqk.`nqotwqv.tfwo.cnjwifjt.oj


7/32


Aqfgkfjk Ttwifjiaflfwv ijg Uqngdwfpfwv?

Jow{nqbfjk wn{iqgt ttwifjiaflfwv fj wmo AilbijtFj wmo Wqbftm lijkiko, wmo {nqg Ailbijt gojnwot i cnjwifj nq cnjwifj qijko* Av wmo ojg n` wmo 96wm dojwqv, wmft migaodnco wmo jico `nq ill n` Tnwm#oitwoqj Oqnuo* Liqko ciccilt ijg afqgt n` uqov mipo ill `njg qo`kot fj wmft pitw

cnjwifjnt uojfjtli* Ailbij lvj}, aqn{j aoiqt, {nlpot, ijg fcuoqfil oiklot iqo i o{ n` wmo `liktmfu tuodfot dnj`fjog wn wmotocnjwifjt, {mnto tqpfpil gouojgt nj {fto cijikocojw n` wmofq miafwiwt*

Gfpoqtfwv ijg todqfwv

Wmo Ailbijt mipo tnco n` wmo mfkmotw odnlnkfdil gfpoqtfwv fj Oqnuo ijg iqo dmiqidwoqftog av tcill twiwot {fwm cijv anqgoqt,n`woj ilnjk cnjwifj qfgkot* Wmt wmo bov wn uqotoqpo wmft jfyo ijg gfpoqto qokfnj ft o`òdwfpo wqijtanjgiqv dnnuoqiwfnj,wmo ifc n` F_DJt uqnhodw Dnjtoqpiwfnj {fwmnw @qnjwfoqt8 Jow{nqbfjk wn{iqgt Ttwifjiaflfwv fj wmo Ailbijt* Av gopolnufjk tdmi uqnhodw fj {mfdm dnjwqfot iqo o}uodwog wn hnfj fj dnjtoqpfjk wmofq jiwqil moqfwiko, ijg dnjtfgoqfjk wmo qokfnjt wqalojwunlfwfdil tfwiwfnj, F_DJ mit i dmillojkfjk witb* Cntw n` wmo dnjwqfot o}uoqfojdog {iq ijg fjtwiaflfwv it `nqcoq Vkntlipfigftfjwokqiwog, qotlwfjk fj jtwialo odnjncfot ijg lidb n` `jgt ijg dnnqgfjiwfnj nq dnjtoqpiwfnj idwfpfwfot* Vow, gotufwo wmounlfwfdil fjtodqfwv ijg go wn wmo nqcoqlv dlntog anqgoqt, wmoto iqo tnco n` Oqnuot cntw jwndmog cnjwifj lijgtdiuot,icnjk wmo cntw fcunqwijw qokfnjt `nq wqijtanjgiqv dnnuoqiwfnj {nqlg{fgo*

Dnnuoqiwfnj idqntt `qnjwfoqt

Aojo`fwt n` wqijtanjgiqv dnnuoqiwfnj fjdlgo o`òdwfpo ijg oyfwialo cijikocojw n` dnccnj qotnqdot2 hnfjw qotnlwfnj n`dnccnj uqnaloct tdm it `nqotw `fqot2 diuidfwv aflgfjk wmqnkm bjn{logko wqijtòq 2 ijg aflgfjk n` wqtw fj unlfwfdillv tojtfwfpoiqoit* N`woj, uqnwodwog iqoit mipo jnw vow aooj gotfkjiwog2 tnco iqoit iqo uqnwodwog fj njo dnjwqv, aw jnw fj fwt jofkmanq*F_DJt Uqnkqicco N``fdo `nq Tnwm#Oitwoqj Oqnuo ft toqpfjk it i uliw`nqc ijg ij fj`nqciwfnj dojwqo wn kojoqiwo ijggfttocfjiwo bjn{logko ijg aotw uqidwfdot fj wqijtanjgiqv dnnuoqiwfnj* Wmft mit ilqoigv aooj otwialftmog iw Tbigiq libo-Ilaijfi .Cnjwojokqn& ijg fj wmo Twiqi Ulijfji -Toqafi.Alkiqfi&2 cnqo wmij 45 unwojwfil tfwot `nq wqijtanqgoq dnnuoqiwfnj

fjdlgfjk o}dollojw qouqotojwiwfpot n` Uoido Uiqbt, tdm it wmo Uqnblowfho cnjwifjt, tmiqog av Toqafi ijg Cnjwojokqn, Bntnpnijg Ilaijfi mipo iltn aooj fgojwf`fog*

Wmqnkm wmo `ndt nj wqijtanjgiqv uqnwodwog iqoit, wmft uqnhodw wndmot nj w{n wmociwfd iqoit8 uqnwodwog iqoit2 ijg

afngfpoqtfwv dnjtoqpiwfnj ijg ttwifjialo to* Fj qoliwfnj wn uqnwodwog iqoit, F_DJ ifct wn molu fcuqnpo dnpoqiko n` uqnwodwog

iqoit fj wmo qokfnj, fj`lojdo wmofq o`òdwfpo cijikocojw, ijg dqoiwo odnlnkfdil jow{nqbt* Fj woqct n` afngfpoqtfwv dnjtoqpiwfnj,F_DJ ulidot ocumitft nj fcuqnpfjk fj`nqciwfnj ln{t, uqnwodwfjk cfkqiwfnj dnqqfgnqt, ijg fjdqoitfjk unuliwfnjt n` `liktmfutuodfot* I lnjk#woqc knil ft wn otwialftm i Ailbij Kqoojaolw it uiqw n` wmo OqnuoijKqoojaolw ilnjk wmo `nqcoq Fqnj Dqwifj, `nqcfjk i jnqwm#tnwm aidbanjo n` wmoUij#Oqnuoij Odnlnkfdil Jow{nqb, ijg idwfjk it i tvcanl n` jfnj aow{ooj Oitw ijg[otw, wmt twqojkwmojfjk wmo fjwokqiwfnj aow{ooj Oqnuoij dnjwqfot*

Civi Xfwbnpfd

UMNWNT8 -Qfkmw& Ij o}ftwfjk wqijtanjgiqv tfwo8 Libo Tbigiq ijg wmo cnjwifjt njwmo anqgoq aow{ooj Ilaijfi ijg Cnjwojokqn -Ciqwfj Tdmjofgoq#Hidnav&*

-Wnu qfkmw& Fcuoqfil Oiklo i liktmfu tuodfot n` wmo Ailbijt-Fjtwfwwo nq Jiwqo Uqnwodwfnj n` Toqafi&*

-Ianpo& Gfjiqi#Lfpijhtbn unlho, i unwojwfil wqijtanjgiqv tfwo fj

wmo biqtw lijgtdiuo aow{ooj Dqniwfi ijg Antjfi ijg

Moqxoknpfji -Ciqwfj Tdmjofgoq#Hidnav&*

{{{*dnjwgn{j1595*jow.kqoojaolw*mwc


8/32



Fjwokqiwog {iwoqtmog cijikocojw iqnjg

Widij, Co}fdn ijg KiwociliWidij pnldijn ft tfwiwog nj wmo Co}fdn#Kiwocili anqgoq* It uiqw n` wmo [iwoq ijg Jiwqo Fjfwfiwfpo, F_DJ ijg lndil uiqwjoqtfj anwm dnjwqfot iqo fculocojwfjk i `nq#voiq uqnhodw nj wmo fjwokqiwog cijikocojw n` {iwoqtmogt ittndfiwog {fwm Widij*

Wmo knil ft wn fjdqoito knpoqjijdo, ocun{oqcojw, ijg joknwfiwfnj tbfllt `nq godftfnj#cibfjk* Wmo uqnhodw iqoi fjdlgot wmo{iwoqtmogt n` wmo Tdmfiwo ijg Dniwj qfpoqt, tmiqog av Co}fdn ijg Kiwocili, ijg wmo Co}fdij {iwoqtmogt n` Dimnidj ijgDntiliui* Ianw 4?5,555 Co}fdijt ijg 455,555 Kiwocilijt lfpo fj wmft 49;5 bc1 iqoi* Cntw iqo qqil, {fwm cfg# wn mfkm#lopolciqkfjilfwv, uiqwfdliqlv fj wmo fjgfkojnt owmjfd kqnut*

Fj wmo Kiwocilij xnjo, uqngdwfpo idwfpfwfot ndt nj aitfd nng dqnut tdm it dnqj, unwiwnot, aoijt, ijg {moiw*Lijg gftwqfawfnj ft fjoyfwialo8 6?/ n` wmo ìqct iqo jgoq topoj modwiqot fj iqoi ijg dncuqfto 16/ n` wmo dlwfpiwog lijg*Fj wmo Dniwj {iwoqtmog, 6=/ n` wmo ìqct iqo jgoq topoj modwiqot, ndduvfjk =0/ n` wmo dlwfpiwog iqoi* Iddott wn gqfjbfjk{iwoq qijkot `qnc ?=/ fj qaij iqoit wn 40/ fj qqil iqoit* Nj wmo Co}fdij tfgo, wmo cifj dqnut iqo dn`òo, aijiji, ijg cijknt,ilnjk {fwm dnqj, tnv, ijg totico* Lijg wojqo icnjk ìqcoqt dij ao gfpfgog fjwn w{n cifj kqnut8 lijgmnlgoqt {fwm jgoq fpomodwiqot, dnjdojwqiwog fj wmo Dniwj {iwoqtmog2 ijg wmnto {fwm cnqo wmij `fpo modwiqot, fj wmo Tdmfiwo {iwoqtmog* Wmo liwwoq ftwmo njlv uiqw n` wmo Co}fdij xnjo {fwm tfkjf`fdijw fqqfkiwfnj, dnpoqfjk 0,155 modwiqot* Iddott wn gqfjbfjk {iwoq qijkot `qnc ;5/

fj qaij iqoit wn 4=/ fj qqil iqoit*

Wmo uqnhodw ifct wn ntwoq wmo fjwokqiwog cijikocojw n` {iwoq qotnqdot ijg wmofq ittndfiwog odntvtwoct av dnjtnlfgiwfjkcodmijftct `nq dnnqgfjiwfnj ijg wmo cijikocojw n` {iwoq ijg tnfl qotnqdot* I bov idwfpfwv ft wn kojoqiwo wmo fj`nqciwfnj wnuqouiqo dncuqomojtfpo {iwoqtmog cijikocojw ulijt* I twqiwokv `nq i{iqojott qiftfjk ijg fj`nqciwfnj gfttocfjiwfnj {fll ao

gopolnuog, ilnjk {fwm twqiwokfd illfijdot nq tmnqw#, cogfc#, ijg lnjk#woqc fculocojwiwfnj n` wmo cijikocojw ulijt*@qwmoq nahodwfpot iqo wn tow u uflnw uqnhodwt nj uqfnqfwfot fgojwf`fog fj wmo cijikocojw ulijt2 ijg wn fculocojw i tvtwoc `nquqnhodw cnjfwnqfjk, opiliwfnj, ijg loiqjfjk*

Wmo odntvtwoc iuuqnidm, oyfwv ijg ttwifjiaflfwv iqo dqnttdwwfjk wmocot aofjk fjwokqiwog fj ill uqnhodw idwfnjt* Wmt, gqfjkwmo uqnhodw, ocumitft {fll ao kfpoj wn fgojwf`vfjk, tolodwfjk, gfqodwfjk, ijg twqojkwmojfjk o``nqwt av jnj#knpoqjcojwilnqkijfxiwfnjt, knpoqjcojw ikojdfot, idigocfd fjtwfwwfnjt ijg dnccjfwv kqnut wn ojtqo wmo dnjwfjfwv n` idwfnjtotwialftmog fj wmo dncuqomojtfpo cijikocojw ulijt `nq wmo {iwoqtmogt*

Dnccjfdiwfnjt _jfw n` F_DJ#Cotnicoqfdi

UMNWNT8 -Qfkmw& Wmo qfpoqt ln{fjk qnc Widij

uqnpfgo{iwoq nq 0?5,555 uonulo -Qfdiqgn Moqjjgox Ioqaidm&*

-Lo`w& Wmo fjikqiwfnj n` wmo Widij uqnhodw fj

Wiuidmli* Co}fdn -Ciqdn Dilpn&*

F_DJt [iwoq ijg Jiwqo Fjfwfiwfpo

F_DJt [iwoq ijg Jiwqo Fjfwfiwfpo ft i dnllianqiwfpo o``nqw n` npoq =5 nqkijftiwfnjt {nqlg#{fgo wn fcuqnpo {iwoq qotnqdotcijikocojw* Fw ft i gfqodw qotunjto wn wmo dill `nq idwfnj n` wmo 1jg [nqlg [iwoq @nqc fj Wmo Miko fj Ciqdm 1555 ijg wmoojgnqtocojw wmft coowfjk kipo wn F_DJt Pftfnj nq [iwoq ijg Jiwqo*

Wmo Fjfwfiwfpo gocnjtwqiwot wmo odntvtwoc iuuqnidm wn {iwoq cijikocojw fj `folg uqnhodwt iqnjg wmo {nqlg, tuunqwogav uqnhodwt wmiw gopolnu wiflnqog wnnlt nq ocun{oqcojw, knpoqjijdo, fjijdo, bjn{logko ijg loiqjfjk* Fw gopolnutuqidwfdil tnlwfnjt wn unllwog {iwoq{ivt, gqfog#u qfpoqt, ijg gqifjog {owlijgt, ijg tmn{t wmiw odntvtwoc#aitogcijikocojw ijg uiqwfdfuiwfnj n` twibomnlgoqt {fll molu tnlpo wmo {iwoq dqftft n` wngiv # aqfjkfjk qfpoqt aidb wn lfò ijg

cifjwifjfjk wmo lfpolfmnngt n` cijv* Wmo nahodwfpot iqo wn8

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Ant Olqnv

{{{*ìn*nqk.`nqotwqv.tfwo.cnjwifjt.oj


9/32


Aqfgkfjk Ttwifjiaflfwv ijg Uqngdwfpfwv;

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Liqojw Jwimki

UMNWNT8 -Ianpo& Coj diqqvfjk tcnbog aicannt, miqpotwog iddnqgfjk wn i

dnllianqiwfpo cijikocojw ikqoocojw aow{ooj Cnjw Olknj Jiwfnjil Uiqb ijgwmo tqqnjgfjk dnccjfwfot -Gipfg Mfjdmlov&*

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Wqbiji fj Bojvi, ft njo n` cijv ln{fjk qnc

Cnjw Olknj -Ogcjg Aiqqn{&*


10/32


Aqfgkfjk Ttwifjiaflfwv ijg Uqngdwfpfwv=

Klnail uqncnwfnj n` qokfnjil iuuqnidmot wn

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Wqijtanjgiqv Cnjwifj Uqnwodwog Iqoit

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{{{*fdj*nqk.wmocot.{dui.afnco.cnjwifj.cnjwifj*mwcl


11/32



Mfcil Fjfwfiwfpo `nq Lijgtdiuo Cijikocojw

Unnq, ciqkfjilfxog ijg wmqoiwojog

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12/32

[D@ Wmoco 18 Moilwm, Unpoqwv ijg Dnjtoqpiwfnj #

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Unpoqwv fj cnjwifj iqoitCnjwifj uonulo iqo icnjk wmo {nqlgt unnqotw ijg cntw gftigpijwikog* Iddnqgfjk wn @IN, 17? cfllfnj qqil cnjwifj uonulofj gopolnufjk ijg wqijtfwfnj dnjwqfot civ ao iw qftb n`, nq idwillv o}uoqfojdfjk, mjkoq* Lfpfjk ìq `qnc wmo dojwqot n`

dnccoqdo ijg un{oq, wmov mipo lfwwlo fj`lojdo npoq wmo unlfdfot ijg godftfnjt wmiw fj`lojdo wmofq lfpot ijg dnjwqfawo wn wmogowoqfnqiwfnj n` wmofq cnjwifj mncolijgt* [fwm ò{ o}douwfnjt, wmo pnfdot n` cnjwifj uonulo kojoqillv kn jmoiqg* It iqotlw, cijv cnjwifj uonulo lfpo nj wmo odnjncfd `qfjko it tatftwojdo ìqcoqt ijg moqgoqt, wqigoqt ijg giv lianqoqt, {fwm jniwmnqfwv npoq wmnto {mn o}ulnfw wmofq cnjwifj mncot*

Cnjwifjt iqo qfdm fj afngfpoqtfwv, vow cntw cnjwifj uonulo lfpo fj unpoqwv* Wmft ft n`woj aodito wmo cntw pilog cnjwifjqotnqdot, tdm it nqotwt, cfjoqilt, ijg {iwoq, iqo o}uqnuqfiwog ijg o}ulnfwog av nwtfgoqt ijg cnjwifj uonulo qiqolv uqn`fw`qnc wmo qotnqdot aofjk o}wqidwog* Wn cibo ciwwoqt {nqto, odnjncfd idwfpfwfot fj cnjwifj iqoit iqo tolgnc cijikogttwifjialv, loipfjk cnjwifj uonulo wn lfpo fj gokqigog nq mfkmlv unllwog ojpfqnjcojwt* Wmo tuodf`fd joogt n` cnjwifjqokfnjt iqo n`woj jnw dnjtfgoqog av dojwqil knpoqjcojwt* Dlwqil, qidfil, owmjfd ijg qolfkfnt gf`òqojdot dij ao i tnqdo n`dnj`lfdw aow{ooj cnjwifj uonulo ijg dojwqil iwmnqfwfot*

Fjdqoitfjk uqottqot nj {ncoj

Cnjwifjt, {mfdm iqo icnjk wmo {nqlgt miqtmotw ojpfqnjcojwt fj {mfdm wn lfpo, iqo n`woj lo`w wn ciqkfjilfxog uonulo, tdm itfjgfkojnt dnccjfwfot ijg dlwqil cfjnqfwfot* Utmog umfll wn o}wqoco ilwfwgot, cijv cnjwifj uonulo dij aiqolv tdqiwdmnw i lfpfjk it wmov twqkklo wn kqn{ dqnut nj twooulv tlnufjk, `folgt {fwm `qikflo tnflt ijg tmnqw kqn{fjk toitnjt* Tnco cnjwifjuonulo tqpfpo it moqgoqt, jncigt ijg `nqikoqt* Nwmoqt {nqb it giv lianqoqt `nq dnccoqdfil `nqotwqv ijg cfjfjk dncuijfot*Mn{opoq, i kqn{fjk jcaoq n` cnjwifj coj iqo cfkqiwfjk wn dfwfot fj toiqdm n` hnat, loipfjk {ncoj, dmflgqoj ijg wmo olgoqlv

wn cifjwifj wmo mncotwoig* It i dnjtoyojdo, cnjwifj unpoqwv mit fjdqoitfjklv dmiqidwoqftog {ncoj*

Fj cijv cnjwifj dnccjfwfot, {ncoj mipo il{ivt wiboj dmiqko n` ìqc idwfpfwfot* Aw wngiv, {fwm ò{oq cilo ìcflv cocaoqtuqotojw, {ncojt aqgojt mipo fjdqoitog tatwijwfillv* Gotufwo wmofq iggfwfnjil qotunjtfaflfwfot ijg gouojgojdo nj ìqcfjk

fjdnco, ò{ {ncoj iqo kfpoj wfwlo wn cnjwifj ìqclijg, ijg ò{oq twfll mipo iddott wn `fjijdfil dqogfw* Fj tnco cnjwifjtndfowfot, {ncojt cnpocojwt ijg idyifjwijdot iqo qotwqfdwog, uqopojwfjk wmoc qnc aojo`fwfjk qnc ogdiwfnjil ijgo}wojtfnj nuunqwjfwfot* @nq o}iculo, cnjwifj coj n`woj mipo nuunqwjfwfot wn iwwojg tdmnnl ijg loiqj wmo jiwfnjillijkiko, {mflo cnjwifj {ncoj aodnco `qwmoq ciqkfjilfxog aodito wmov tuoib jnwmfjk nwmoq wmij i lfwwlo#bjn{j wqfailgfilodw* Oidm n` wmoto ìdwnqt ulidot wmo kqoiwotw aqgoj n` unpoqwv nj cnjwifj {ncoj*

Fjdqoitfjk iddott8 untfwfpo ijg jokiwfpo fcuidwt

Qnigt, qifl{ivt, ijg wolodnccjfdiwfnjt tvtwoct mipo nuojog cnjwifj dnccjfwfot wn nwtfgo fj`lojdot* Wmoto dmijkotmipo aooj anwm knng ijg aig `nq cnjwifj uonulo* Aowwoq wqijtunqwiwfnj, `nq o}iculo, mit cigo fw oitfoq `nq cnjwifj uonulown cnpo wmofq knngt wn ciqbowt, {mflo fcunqwog knngt mipo aodnco dmoiuoq ijg cnqo {fgolv ipiflialo fj cnjwifjdnccjfwfot* Mn{opoq, it iddott wn cnjwifj qokfnjt fjdqoitot, tn wnn gnot wmo unwojwfil `nq o}ulnfwiwfnj n` cnjwifj uonuloijg cnjwifj qotnqdot* Uwwfjk un{oq aidb fjwn wmo mijgt n` cnjwifj uonulo ijg igpndiwfjk unlfdfot ijg uqidwfdot wmiwojtqo oyfwialo iddott wn ijg gftwqfawfnj n` wmo aojo`fwt `qnc cnjwifj qijkolijg, {iwoq, `nqotwt ijg cfjfjk iqo fcunqwijwtwout wn{iqgt illopfiwfjk unpoqwv fj cnjwifj dnccjfwfot*

Unpoqwv ft anwm i dito ijg i qotlw n` jttwifjialo gopolnucojw uqidwfdot fj cnjwifj qokfnjt* Fcuqnpog lfpolfmnngnuunqwjfwfot ijg unpoqwv qogdwfnj iqo unttfalo, aw njlv f` wmo jgoqlvfjk ditot n` unpoqwv fj cnjwifjt tdm it dnj`lfdw,`nng fjtodqfwv ijg lidb n` fj`qitwqdwqo iqo toqfntlv iggqottog*

Gnklit CdKfqo

UMNWNT8 -Lo`w& Fj wmo Owmfnufij mfkmlijgt, Itoloòdm ft ijnw#n`#{nqb tfjklo cnwmoq {mn dijw òog moq dmflgqoj

aodito moq dlwqo nqafgt moq qnc ulnkmfjk moq

n{j lijg* Fjtwoig, tmo ctw mfqo i cij wn ulnkm nq

moq ijg, fj qowqj, uiv mfc mil` n` moq miqpotw* It i

qotlw, tmo mit njlv ojnkm `nng wn òog moq dmflgqoj

`nq wmqoo cnjwmt n` wmo voiq -H* Mooq.@IN&*

-Cfgglo& Fj wmo Ijgot ilnjo, cnqo wmij w{n wmfqgt n` ill

uonulo lfpo fj o}wqoco unpoqwv -I* Cfmfdm.@IN&*

-Qfkmw& Fj 9666, 14 n` wmo 1; cihnq iqcog dnj`lfdwt fj wmo

{nqlg {oqo aofjk nkmw fj cnjwifj qokfnjt, fjdlgfjkI`kmijftwij -@* Anwwt, @IN&*


13/32



Uoido Uiqbt fj I`qfdit Kqoiw Libot QokfnjI`qfdit Kqoiw Libot qokfnj mntwt kqoiw afnlnkfdil gfpoqtfwv, fjdlgfjk wmqoiwojog ojgocfd tuodfot tdm it cnjwifj knqfllit ijgmfkm#ilwfwgo `nqotw tuodfot* Topoqil uqnwodwog iqoit ijg uiqbt, w{n {fwm [nqlg Moqfwiko twiwt, mipo aooj otwialftmog*

_j`nqwjiwolv, wmo qokfnj ft iltn wmo twiko `nq qodqqojw dnj`lfdwt, n`woj qotlwfjk fj odntvtwoc gotwqdwfnj, tmnqw#woqco}ulnfwiwfnj, ijg ikkqipiwog tuodfot o}wfjdwfnj2 otuodfillv fj wmo Pfqjki Jiwfnjil Uiqb -GQ Dnjkn&, Pnldijn Uiqb -Q{ijgi&, ijgBfafqi Uiqb -Aqjgf&* Wmoto Jiwfnjil Uiqbt iqo lfjbog {fwm uqnwodwog iqoit fj ighidojw dnjwqfot2 wmo w{n `nqcoq uiqbt iqo

dnjwfknt*

Wmo Uoido Uiqbt fjfwfiwfpo n` F_DJt Dojwqil I`qfdij uqnkqicco mit gopolnuog i dngo n` dnjgdw `nq wmo cijikocojw nùqnwodwog iqoit gqfjk iqcog dnj`lfdwt* Wmqnkm wmft uiqwfdfuiwnqv uqndott, wmo uiqwfot iqo jn{ dlnto wn wmo ignuwfnj n` i

wqijtanjgiqv dngo fj wmo Kqoiw Libot qokfnj*

Lndil gopolnucojw fjfwfiwfpot

Wmo o`òdwfpojott n` jiwqo dnjtoqpiwfnj ft wn i liqko o}wojw gowoqcfjog av lndil gopolnucojw* Lndil uonulo qoyfqo ttwifjialolfpolfmnngt wmqnkm idwfpfwfot {mfdm tatwfwwo nq wmofq o}ulnfwiwfnj n` jiwqil qotnqdot* Wmofq uqngdwfnj dij ao qonqkijfxog, nq

fjtwijdo av qopfwilftfjk gopolnucojw dnccfwwoot fj wmo pfllikot, nqcfjk dnnuoqiwfpot, ijg uqnpfgfjk cfdqn#dqogfw* Wmotoidwfpfwfot iltn `fw {fwm qotnlpfjk untw#dnj`lfdw uqnaloct tdm it {iwoq iatwqidwfnj, qogopolnufjk wnqftc ijg ojtqfjk wmiwqopojot iqo tmiqog oyfwialv* Wmo joogt n` wmo lndil uonulo iqo ojnqcnt ijg qoyfqo iggfwfnjil `fjijdfjk `qnc nwmoq tnqdot*

Wmo cnaflftiwfnj n` ualfd nufjfnj ikifjtw gotwqdwfnj n` uqnwodwog iqoit ft njlv unttfalo {moj wmo ualfd ft dnjpfjdog n` wmofcunqwijdo n` wmo dnjtoqpiwfnj n` afngfpoqtfwv* Dnjtoyojwlv, ojpfqnjcojwil ogdiwfnj fj pflliko tdmnnlt ft pfwil `nq ttwifjialodnjtoqpiwfnj2 ijg wmo uqncnwfnj n` gfilnko dnccfwwoot wn cijiko dnj`lfdwt ft twfll qoyfqog*

Dnnuoqiwfnj `nq dnjtoqpiwfnj

Dnnuoqiwfnj aow{ooj wmo gf`òqojw uiqwjoqt ft joogog wn gopolnucnjfwnqfjk uqndogqot ijg {iqjfjk tvtwoct, jnw njlv wn goil {fwmwmo umvtfdil gokqigiwfnj tdm it `nqotw dloiqdwwfjk ijg uiqbojdqnidmcojw, aw iltn ikifjtw fjgfqodw wmqoiwt8 unllwfnj ijg mcij

idwfpfwfot fj uqnwodwog iqoit* Fw ft ottojwfil wmiw cfjfjk idwfpfwfot iqocnjfwnqog ijg wmiw fcuidw ittottcojwt iqo cigo ao`nqo twiqwfjkknlg o}ulnfwiwfnj*

Wmo fjwoqjiwfnjil dnccjfwv ft dqqojwlv ndttfjk fwt o``nqw njqotwnqfjk uoido fj wmo Kqoiw Libot Qokfnj* Ilwmnkm qokfnjildnnuoqiwfnj aow{ooj knpoqjcojwt qocifjt cngotw go wn wmo

todqfwv tfwiwfnj, wmoqo ft dnllianqiwfnj aow{ooj dnjtoq piwfnjfjtwfwwfnjt fj wmo dnjdoqjog dnjwqfot* Wmo Dojwqil I`qfdij OdnjncfdDnccjfwv ctw ao qopfwilftog wn uw dnjtoqpiwfnj#gopolnucojwfttot nj wmo qokfnjil ikojgi* Wmo Uoido Uiqb fjfwfiwfpo ojdnqikotwmo knpoqjcojwt wn ao uiqwjoqt fj gopolnucojw ijg dnjtoqpiwfnj`nq i aowwoq `wqo gotufwo cwil mntwflfwfot* Ignuwfnj n` wmo dngo{fll loig wn fcuqnpog tvjoqkfot aow{ooj wmo dnjwqfot fj cijikfjk

wmo piqfnt wqijt`qnjwfoq uqnwodwog iqoit*

Afmfjf [nj [i Ctfwf

UMNWNT8 -Wnu qfkmw& Lndil uonulo qoyfqo ttwifjialo

lfpolfmnngt f` jiwqo dnjtoqpiwfnj ft wn ao o`òdwfpo*

-Lo`w& Wmo Kqoiw Libot qokfnj mit cijv pnldijnot,

{fwm gojto unuliwfnjt lfpfjk qnc wmo oqwflo tnfl*

-Qfkmw& Cnjwifj knqfllit8 i wmqoiwojog tuodfot

-ill umnwnt av Ilwnj Avoqt&*


14/32



Wmo Ijgot dqntt gfpoqto dlfciwo xnjot ijg iqo n` klnail fcunqwijdo `nq wmofq afngfpoqtfwv* Cntw n` wmo dfwfot ijg i tatwijwfiluqnunqwfnj n` wmo ikqfdlwqil uqngdwfnj fj wmo Ijgot aojo`fw `qnc {iwoq `qnc wmo mfkm Ijgot* Wmofq qfpoq aitfjt fjdlgo {owlijgtvtwoct {fwm mfkm afngfpoqtfwv, wmiw golfpoq {iwoq wn mntomnlgt, ikqfdlwqo ijg fjgtwqv npoq i liqko uiqw n` Tnwm Icoqfdi8 npoq955 cfllfnj uonulo aojo`fw `qnc wmft ojpfqnjcojwil toqpfdo* Nwmoq ojpfqnjcojwil toqpfdot uqnpfgog av {owlijgt fjdlgo wmoqogdwfnj n` `lnngfjk qftbt, `nqcfjk i ttwifjialo lfpfjk ojpfqnjcojw `nq qqil ijg fjgfkojnt dnccjfwfot, ijg uqnpfgfjkmiafwiw `nq wmqoiwojog tuodfot*

Fj tufwo n` wmofq ojpfqnjcojwil, tndfil, dlwqil, ijg odnjncfd fcunqwijdo, wmo mfkm Ijgoij {owlijgt iqo wmqoiwojog av i jcaoqn` idwnqt, fjdlgfjk o}dottfpo {iwoq o}wqidwfnj, cfjfjk, fjwojtfpo ikqfdlwqo, fjpitfpo tuodfot ijg fjwojtfpo wnqftc* Wmo {owlijgto}wqoco pljoqiaflfwv ijg `qikflfwv `qwmoq qofj`nqdo ij qkojw joog `nq idwfnj*

Dnnuoqiwfnj `nq i jo{ twqiwokv

Gqfjk wmo =wm Dnjòqojdo n` Uiqwfot wn wmo Qictiq Dnjpojwfnj nj [owlijgt fj 1551, w{n qotnlwfnjt nj cnjwifj {owlijgt {oqoiuuqnpog* Njo ifct wn fcuqnpo wmo qiwfnjil to ijg dnjtoqpiwfnj n` cnjwifj {owlijgt {nqlg#{fgo* I todnjg goilt tuodf`fdillv{fwm Mfkm Ijgoij {owlijgt it twqiwokfd odntvtwoct, ifcfjk wn uqotoqpo wmofq mfkm lopolt n` afngfpoqtfwv, wmofq {iwoq qokliwfnj

`jdwfnj ijg wmofq ojpfqnjcojw*

Dqqojwlv, wmo Qictiq Todqowiqfiw ijg wmo F_DJ#T_Q n``fdo iqo tuunqwfjkknpoqjcojwt fj i uqndott wn aflg i twqiwokv wn dnjtoqpo wmo mfkm Ijgoij[owlijgt* Uiqwjoqt iqo wmo topoj Ijgoij dnjwqfot ijg Dntwi Qfdi, {mfdm

mit tfcfliq {owlijgt2 Qictiq2 [[@2 [owlijgt Fjwoqjiwfnjil2 AfqglfòFjwoqjiwfnjil2 Kqun Uqicn2 ijg Kqun go Dnjtoqpidfj go @licojdntIlwnijgfjnt* Wmo cifj nahodwfpo n` wmo twqiwokv ft wn kiqijwoo wmodnjtoqpiwfnj ijg qiwfnjil to n` wmo mfkm Ijgoij {owlijgt ijg ittndfiwogodntvtwoct* Fwt cifj nwlfjo {it gowoqcfjog fj Ciqdm 1557 iw i {nqbtmnu{fwm ill uiqwfdfuiwfjk uiqwfot* Wmo {nqbtmnu {it `nlln{og av ij ijilvtft n`

wmo dqqojw tfwiwfnj fj oidm dnjwqv ijg ij ijilvtft n` qoliwog twqiwokfot,dnjpojwfnjt ijg fjfwfiwfpot* Fj Jnpocaoq 1557, wmo gqi`w twqiwokv {fll aouqotojwog iw wmo Qictiq Uij#Icoqfdij coowfjk fj Co}fdn* Wmo `fjiltwqiwokv {fll ao uqotojwog wn wmo 6wm Dnjòqojdo n` Uiqwfot wn wmo QictiqDnjpojwfnj fj Jnpocaoq 155? fj _kijgi*

Tuunqw wn wmo Mfkm Ijgoij [owlijgt Twqiwokv ft njo n` F_DJ#T_Qtidwfpfwfot fj Tnwm Icoqfdi wmiw aflg nj wmo uqfjdfulot n` wmo odntvtwociuuqnidm ijg nlln{t wmo umflntnumv n` F_DJt [iwoq ijg Jiwqo Fjfwfiwfpo-[IJF& -too uiko 0&* Wmo twqiwokv mit aooj fcuqnpog wmqnkm dqfwfdil

qopfo{ av Tnwm#Icoqfdij o}uoqw#cocaoqt n` wmo F_DJ Dnccfttfnj njOdntvtwoc Cijikocojw -DOC& ijg wmo F_DJ [nqlg Dnccfttfnj njUqnwodwog Iqoit -[DUI&* F_DJ cocaoqt fj Tnwm Icoqfdi goilfjk {fwm{owlijgt mipo iltn aooj dnjtlwog*

Nwwn go Bofxoq

ijg

Ogiqgn Koqqoqn

Gopolnufjk i Qokfnjil Twqiwokv `nq Dnjtoqpfjk

Mfkm Ijgoij [owlijgt

UMNWNT8 -Lo`w& Wmo gqfjbfjk {iwoq nq Yfwn, wmo diufwil

n` Odignq, dnco qnc Ijgoij {owlijgt -Nwwn go Bofxoq&*

-Wnu qfkmw& Uqicn pokowiwfnj ijg uoiwlijg iw 4;55 c fj

Ol Ijkol Odnlnkfdil Qotoqpo, Odignq -Hoqqv Twqfb&*

-Qfkmw& 955 cfllfnj uonulo gouojg nj {iwoq qnc wmo Mfkm

Ijgot -Hoqqv Twqfb&*


15/32



Dnjtoqpfjk wmo dlng `nqotwt n` Lncanb,

FjgnjotfiQftfjk `qnc ln{lijg qfdo uiggfot wn 4,;10c, Kjjk Qfjhijf gncfjiwot wmo Fjgnjotfij ftlijg n` Lncanb* Wmo uuoq tlnuot iqodlnwmog fj dlng `nqotw* [fjgt `qnc wmo toi dnnl it wmov qfto u wmo cnjwifjt tlnuot, cnftwqo dnjgojtot njwn wmo pokowiwfnj,ijg tn wmo wqoot iqo uoqcijojwlv {ow, òtwnnjog fj oufumvwfd nqdmfgt, lfdmojt, ijg cnttot* Wmo `nqotwt iqo mnco wn qiqo afqgt,alidb oanjv loi` cnjbovt, aiqbfjk gooq, lonuiqg diwt, ijg uilc dfpowt* Vow wmov iqo jgoq fjwojto uqottqo* Lncanb ft njo n`Fjgnjotfit unnqotw ijg cntw gojtolv unuliwog ftlijgt8 1*6 cfllfnj uonulo nj ?,555 bc1* Uqottqo `nq lijg mit il{ivt aoojfjwojto, aw wmft mit knw cdm {nqto `nlln{fjk wmo 966; Itfij odnjncfd dqftft, {moj cfkqijw {nqboqt {oqo tojw mnco2 ijg wmo1559 Ailf ancafjk, {mfdm mig i mko fcuidw nj wnqftc, {mfdm oculnvog cijv uonulo fj mnwolt ijg qotwiqijwt ijg uqngdfjkmijgfdqi`wt* Lidb n` ditm oculnvcojw ft `nqdfjk uonulo aidb njwn wmo lijg*

Uqottqot nj wmo `nqotwt

Fj wmonqv, Kjjk Qfjhijft dlng `nqotwt, wmo njlv njot lo`w nj Lncanb, iqo lokillv uqnwodwog* Aw wmo @nqotw Gouiqwcojw `fjgt fwgf``fdlw wn oj`nqdo li{t {moj wmov dijjnw n`òq ijv ilwoqjiwfpo wn unpoqwv#twqfdboj ìqcoqt* Cdm n` wmo ln{oq `nqotw mit aodnco

i uiwdm{nqb n` tcill `folgt, tdiwwoqog wqoot, tdqa, ijg kqittot* @fqot `qnc wmoto iqoit oiw fjwn wmo mfkmoq `nqotwt* Wmft mitfculfdiwfnjt `nq wmo ojwfqo ftlijg, it wmoto `nqotwt idw it {iwoq#dnllodwnqt `nq ill n` Lncanb, tuulvfjk {iwoq wn wn{jt ijg wnqftwqotnqwt ijg uqnpfgfjk fqqfkiwfnj {iwoq `nq qfdo nj wmo ulifjt* Ln{lijg qfdo ìqcoqt iqo dnculifjfjk8 wmoqo ft jnw ojnkm {iwoq `nqdqnut fj wmo gqv toitnj, ijg cnqo `lnngt {moj fw qifjt*

I cngol `nq tnlwfnjt

Lncanbt uqnpfjdfil knpoqjcojw mit lfjbog u {fwm [[@ ijg wmo _B Gouiqwcojw `nq Fjwoqjiwfnjil Gopolnucojw wn uqnwodw wmo`nqotwt ijg wmofq {iwoqtmog `jdwfnjt, ijg twfll uqnpfgo lijg ijg oculnvcojw* I tfculo dncuwoq cngol mit aooj gopolnuog{fwm lndil twibomnlgoqt wn wqv ijg jqipol wmo dnculo}fwv n` wmo tndfil#odnlnkfdil tvtwoc* Njo n` wmo aotw nuwfnjt wn ocoqko mitaooj wn doito wqvfjk wn qowifj knpoqjcojw uqnwodwfnj n` wmo {iwoqtmog `nqotwt ijg wn uiqdol nw wmo lijg wn unnq uonulo, {mnctw ulijw wqoot nj fw* @iqcoqt iqo kfpoj 5*9 mi n` lijg ijg illn{og wn kqn{ `folg dqnut tdm it dmfllf uouuoqt {mfdm wmov dij

toll nq `nq voiqt, jwfl wmo wqoot kqn{* Anwm qfw ijg wfcaoq wqoot iqo aofjk ulijwog* Cijknot, uiuivit, gqfijt, hidb`qfw,

dtwiqg iuulot, qicawijt ijg tilib `qfw iqo ill aofjk uqngdog* Hidb`qfw ijg cidigicfi iqo otuodfillv unuliq it wmov uqngdoanwm pilialo `qfw ijg jwt, ijg wfcaoq fj mfkm gocijg `qnc dqfn diqpoqt*

Wmo lijg qocifjt jgoq `nqotw gouiqwcojw n{joqtmfu, ijg wmo ìqcoqt mipo wn uiv i tcill qojw nq wmo qfkmw wn dlwfpiwo fw* Nj i

uflnw tdilo, wmft uqnkqicco mit aooj i tddott* Vow wmo ciqbow `nq `qfw ijg wfcaoq ft lfcfwog ijg, jlott wmo kojoqil odnjncvufdbt u, fw {fll ao gf``fdlw wn o}wojg wmo tdmoco wn ill wmo gokqigog iqoit n` uqnwodwfnj `nqotw* Wmo ikqn`nqotwqv wqoot uqnwodwwmo tnflt ijg {iwoq tuulfot, ijg wmo uonulo oiqj i knng lfpfjk* [mflo wmoto iqwf`fdfil `nqotwt gn jnw mipo wmo tico afngfpoqtfwvpilot it wmo `nqcoq jiwqil `nqotwt n` wmo Uqnwodwfnj @nqotwt, wmov iqo aowwoq wmij wmo gokqigog tdqa ijg ìqclijg wmiw dnpoqogwmo tfwot {moj wmo uqnkqicco aokij* Wmov iltn n`òq wmo mnuo n` uqnpfgfjk twialo ijg todqolijg to iqnjg wmo ln{oq anjgiqv n` wmo `nqotwt*

Wmo tddott n` wmo ikqn`nqotwqv iuuqnidm {fll ao poqv tojtfwfpo wn wmo fjdncot nawifjog avìqcoqt `nq wmofq `qfw ijg wfcaoq* Wmo dncuwoq cngol {fll uqnpfgo i giwi aito ijg cnjfwnqfjkwnnl `nq lndil twibomnlgoqt wn molu jgoqtwijg mn{ lfpolfmnngt ijg lijg dnpoq dmijko, ijg mn{wmoto iqo lfjbog* I jiwfnjil uiqb dijjnw ao uqnwodwog f` wmntijgt n` unpoqwv twqfdboj,lijg#mjkqv uonulo lfpo iqnjg fw* Kfpfjk uonulo qfkmwt wn tnco iqoit n` gokqigog jiwqil`nqotw civ molu tipo tdm pfwil iqoit*

Ho``qov Tivoq

ijg

Wqf Ikjk Qnnt{fighfo

UMNWNT8 -Wnu qfkmw& Tollfjk kiqlfd ijg tmillnwt uqnpfgot

cdm#joogog fjdnco* -Ikjf Blfjwjf Anogmfmiqwnjn&*

-Anwwnc qfkmw& Dlng nqotwt wqiu cnftwqo aw iqo jgoq wmqoiw*

-Ikjf Blfjwjf Anogmfmiqwnjn&*

-Lo`w& Lndil dnccjfwfot mipo aooj uqnpfgog {fwm lijg njwmo ogko n` wmo `nqotwt, {moqo wmov kqn{ dqnut ijg mipootwialftmog ulijwiwfnjt wn uqnpfgo lnjk#woqc fjdnco*

-[fgngn Uqivfwjn&*


16/32

97

Cnjwifjt8 17/ n` wm

Wmft dlittf`fdiwfnj n` cnjwifj iqoit {it gopolnuog fj 1555 av wmo _JOU#[nqlg Dnjtoqpiwfnj Cnjfwnqfjk Dojwqo, fj dnjtlwiwfnj{fwm tdfojwftwt, unlfdv#ciboqt, ijg cnjwifjooqt* Fw mit tfjdo aooj tog it wmo aitft `nq `qwmoq {nqb av nwmoq nqkijftiwfnjt tdmit wmo Oqnuoij Dnccfttfnj, @IN, ijg _JOTDN*

LOKOJGIlwfwgo : 7?55c

Ilwfwgo 4?55 # 7?55c

Ilwfwgo 1?55 # 4?55c

Ilwfwgo 9?55 # 1?55c, tlnuo :1

Ilwfwgo 9555 #9?55c ijg tlnuo :?nq lndil olopiwfnj qijko : 455c

Ilwfwgo 455 # 9555c ijg lndil olopiwfnj qijko : 455c

Jnj#cnjwifjnt lijg


17/32

Oiqwmt Lijg Tq`ido

9?

Ciu _JOU [nqlg Dnjtoqpiwfnj Cnjfwnqfjk Dojwqo, qopftog qnc +Cnjwifjt+ av Ciqwfj @* Uqfdo,

ualftmog av Dnlfj Ai}woq Umnwnkqiumv Lwg*, Kqijwn{j#nj#Tuov, _B, 1551*


18/32

[D@ Wmoco 48 Afngfpoqtfwv Lntt ijg Tuodfot

O}wfjdwfnj # Cijikfjk Qftb fj i Dmijkfjk [nqlg90

Dnufjk {fwm dlfciwo dmijko fj wmo cnjwifjtDlfciwo dmijko ft icnjk wmo uqfjdfuil ojpfqnjcojwil fttot n` wmo 19tw dojwqv* Dlfciwo towt wmo ojpfqnjcojwil twiko nq pfqwillvill mcij ojwoquqfto* Dnjtoyojwlv, tfkjf`fdijw dmijkot fj ipoqiko ijg o}wqoco {oiwmoq dijjnw ìfl wn dmillojko wmo tddott n`

nq tuodfot, nq dlwqot, ijg ill wmiw {o mnlg goiq*

Dlfciwo dmijko ft iddojwiwog fj cnjwifj ojpfqnjcojwt* Klnail Dfqdliwfnj Cngolt uqnhodw cnqo uqnjnjdog dlfciwo dmijkoiw mfkm olopiwfnjt, it {oll it mfkm liwfwgot* [mflo dlfciwo giwi `nq cntw cnjwifj iqoit iqo yfwo lfcfwog # i cihnq kiu wn ao `fllog# ijilvtot n` ipiflialo giwi ijg dnqot n` fdo `qnc klidfoqt poqf`v cngol uqnhodwfnjt8 dlfciwo dmijko ft uqndoogfjk ìtwoq iw mfkmoqolopiwfnjt* Npoq dncfjk godigot, cnjwifj qokfnjt {fll kojoqillv o}uoqfojdo kqoiwoq dmijkot fj dlfciwo wmij ighidojw ln{lijgt*

Iggqottfjk fcuidwt fj wmo cnjwifjt ijg ln{lijgt

I dmijkfjk dlfciwo ft ilqoigv i`òdwfjk, ijg {fll dnjwfjo wn i`òdw, pilot fcunqwijw wn anwm cnjwifj fjmiafwijwt ijg ill {mnaojo`fw qnc cnjwifj qotnqdot* Dlfciwo dmijko {fll i`òdw nj#tfwo pilot {fwmfj cnjwifj qokfnjt, tdm it afngfpoqtfwv,ikqfdlwqo, nqotwt ijg nwmoq tnqdot n` lfpolfmnng* Fw {fll iltn dmijko wmo jiwqo ijg topoqfwv n` mixiqgt ìdog av cnjwifjuonulot, ijg i`òdw wmo uqfjdfuil o}unqwt n` {iwoq, togfcojw, qodqoiwfnj, ijg mvgqn un{oq wn ln{lijg fjgtwqv, ikqfdlwqo ijgdfwfot* Wmo dnjdoqj n` uonulo fj ln{lijg iqoit wn uqnwodw wmo aojo`fwt wmov mipo dnco wn o}uodw `qnc cnjwifj qokfnjt {fll

aodnco ij opoj kqoiwoq fj`lojdo nj cnjwifj ojpfqnjcojwt*

@nq{iqg#lnnbfjk unlfdv ijg cijikocojw ctw fjdnqunqiwo dlfciwo dmijko fjwn wmo lftw n` cihnq tvtwoc gqfpoqt, ilnjk {fwmunuliwfnj, ciqbowt ijg lijg to dmijko* Itdoqwifjfjk lfbolv wqihodwnqfot n` dlfciwo dmijko fj cnjwifj qokfnjt ft fwtol` itfkjf`fdijw dmillojko, it cnjwifjnt wnunkqiumv ft todnjg njlv wn klnail dfqdliwfnj it i dqoiwnq n` {oiwmoq* Fw ft dqfwfdil wnjgoqtwijg dlfciwo it jnw htw ipoqiko wqojgt aw iltn it i kojoqiwnq n` o}wqoco wocuoqiwqo, uqodfufwiwfnj ijg {fjg opojwt,it o}wqoco opojwt n`woj loig wn uqn`njg ojpfqnjcojwil ijg odnjncfd tvtwoc wqijt`nqciwfnjt* Igiuwfjk wn wmoto dmillojkot ftottojwfil* [mflo dlfciwo dmijko ijg ojoqkv unlfdv iqo dlntolv lfjbog, wmo fjoqwfi fj wmo dlfciwo tvtwoc ojtqot nj#knfjk dmijkoqokiqglott n` {miw {o godfgo wngiv qokiqgfjk ocfttfnjt n` kqoojmnto kitot* Wmt i ailijdog iuuqnidm wn dlfciwo dmijko ctw

fjpnlpo jnw njlv ocfttfnjt qogdwfnj aw iltn igiuwiwfnj wn jipnfgialo dmijkot* I `ndt nj igiuwiwfnj ft uiqwfdliqlv fcunqwijwfj cnjwifj qokfnjt {moqo dlfciwo dmijko ft lfbolv wn ao iddojwiwog ijg gftuqnunqwfnjiwolv dntwlv*

Wmo Cnjwifj Qotoiqdm Fjfwfiwfpo

Dlfciwo dmijko ijg fwt fcuidwt fj wmo {nqlgt cnjwifjntqokfnjt iqo wmo dojwqil `ndt n` wmo Cnjwifj Qotoiqdm Fjfwfiwfpo-CQF&, jgog av wmo T{ftt ogoqil knpoqjcojw ijg dn#lndiwog

{fwm wmo T{ftt Idigocv n` Tdfojdot fj Aoqj, T{fwxoqlijg*CQF ìdflfwiwog wmo gopolnucojw n`Klnail Dmijko ijg CnjwifjQokfnjt8 I Twiwo n` Bjn{logko Npoqpfo{, wn ao ualftmog fj 155?*

Wmft ft ij fcunqwijw aojdmciqb `nq dnjtoqpiwfnj ulijjfjk*Fj iggfwfnj, wmqnkm wmo Klnail Dmijko fj Cnjwifj Qokfnjt-KLNDMICNQO& uqnhodw jgog av wmo Oqnuoij _jfnj, CQF,_JOTDN, wmo _jfpoqtfwv n` Pfojji ijg i dnjtnqwfc n` qotoiqdmoqtiqo gopolnufjk i qotoiqdm uqnkqicco wn ao fculocojwog fjcnjwifj Afntumoqo Qotoqpot {nqlg{fgo wn qogdojdoqwifjwfot ijg fjdqoito tdfojwf`fd tuunqw `nq ttwifjialo

cijikocojw fj wmo ìdo n` i dmijkfjk dlfciwo*

Kqoknqv A* Kqooj{nng

UMNWNT -Wnu qfkmw& Cnjwifj afntumoqo qotoqpot,

tdm it Aoqdmwotkigoj, Koqcijv, iqo wmo ndt n` wmo

KLNDMICNQO uqnhodw, jgog av wmo Oqnuoij

Dnccfttfnj -Ciqwfj Uqfdo&*

-Qfkmw cfgglo ijg anwwnc& Wmo qowqoiw n` klidfoqt

uqnpfgot tnco n` wmo dloiqotw opfgojdo n` dlfciwo

dmijko* Kqfjjoll Klidfoq, fj Klidfoq Jiwfnjil Uiqb, _TI,

fj 9695 ijg 966= -Klidfoq Jiwfnjil Uiqb Iqdmfpot, av

Bftoq2 _T Konlnkfdil Tqpov, av Biqoj Mnlxoq&*

-Lo`w& Lnjk#woqc giwi iqo pfwil wn jgoqtwijg ijg uqogfdw

dlfciwo dmijko* Tfjdo 9=17, dlfciwfd giwi mipo aoojdnllodwog iw wmo tccfw n` Tjfotxbi, wmo mfkmotw uoib nj

wmo Dxodm#Unlftm anqgoq, fj wmo Biqbnjntxo.Bqbnjnto

Afntumoqo Qotoqpo -Ciqwfj Uqfdo&*

cqf*tdjiw{oa*dm


19/32

Klnail Cnjwifj Afngfpoqtfwv IttottcojwWmo Klnail Cnjwifj Afngfpoqtfwv Ittottcojw -KCAI& n` GFPOQTFWIT goilt {fwm wmo afnlnkfdil qfdmjott n` mfkm#olopiwfnj afnwi,fjdlgfjk ill kqnut n` nqkijftct ijg ill mfoqiqdmfdil lopolt n` afngfpoqtfwv # `qnc kojo wn lijgtdiuo* Wmo cifj knilt n` KCAI iqo

wn tvjwmotfto n`woj mfggoj ijg `qikcojwog qotlwt n` qotoiqdm ijg wn uqnpfgo i uliw`nqc `nq ij fjwoqjiwfnjil qotoiqdmdnccjfwv, idwfpolv o}ulnqfjk ijg o}ulifjfjk wmo kqoiw afnlnkfdil qfdmjott n` wmo {nqlgt cnjwifjt ijg mn{ wmft civ qotunjgwn klnail dmijko* I dojwqil uiqigfkc ft wmiw `jdwfnjil fjtfkmw ijg wmonqv {fll njlv ocoqko `qnc liqko#tdilo dncuiqftnjt*Cnjwifjt uqnpfgo ij o}dollojw nuunqwjfwv `nq tdm i klnail qotoiqdm jow{nqb, it wmov o}ftw fj opoqv dlfciwfd xnjo*

Ilufjo qfdmjott

Wmo uuoqcntw cnjwijo ijg ilufjo xnjo wnkowmoq dnpoq joiqlv ?/ n` wmo Oiqwmt lijg tq`ido, {fwm wmo wqoolott ilufjo xnjoiddnjwfjk `nq d* 4/* N`woj dnjtfgoqog aiqqoj, fw mntwt i pitw afnlnkfdil qfdmjott, o}doogfjk wmiw n` cijv ln{oq olopiwfnj xnjot*

Wmo npoqill klnail ulijw tuodfot qfdmjott n` wmo ilufjo lf`o xnjo # ianpo wmo wqoolfjo # ft otwfciwog wn ao iqnjg 95,555 tuodfot, 7/n` wmo klnail jcaoq n` mfkmoq ulijw tuodfot* Jn tdm klnail otwfciwot o}ftw `nq ijfcilt aw, aitog nj pitdliq ulijwt, mfkmolopiwfnjt mipo cnqo tuodfot wmij cfkmw ao o}uodwog `qnc wmo iqoi wmov dnpoq* Wmo ditot n` mfkm afnlnkfdil gfpoqtfwv iqocijf`nlg* Cnjwifj woqqifj ft mfkmlv `qikcojwog ijg wnunkqiumfdillv gfpoqto, ijg wmft mfkm kongfpoqtfwv ft twqnjklv qoliwog {fwmafnlnkfdil gfpoqtfwv, it fw qo`lodwt wmo clwfwgo n` lfpfjk dnjgfwfnjt fj i kfpoj iqoi* Nwmoq ditot n` mfkm afnlnkfdil qfdmjott fj

cnjwifjt iqo wmo tcill tfxo n` nqkijftct, konkqiumfdil ftnliwfnj, ijg cngoqiwo gftwqaijdo*

Widblfjk wmo dmillojkot n` klnail dmijko

Klnail {iqcfjk {fll qogdo ipiflialo lijg iqoi `nq dnlg#igiuwog nqkijftct ijg ao i wmqoiw wn wmo qfdmjott n` cnjwifj ulijwtuodfot, otuodfillv fj ftnliwog qijkot {moqo mfkm ilufjo ulijwt iqo n`woj qotwqfdwog wn tcill tccfwt* Wmoto dmijkot {fll cntwlfbolv ao tuoqtogog av moipv ijwmqnunkojfd fcuidwt, tdm it npoqkqixfjk, iaijgnjcojw, ijg fjiuuqnuqfiwo tmnqw#woqc lijgcijikocojw* N` ill klnail dmijko fcuidwt nj cnjwifj afngfpoqtfwv, lijg to ft wmo cntw fcunqwijw ijg wmoqo`nqo i tuodf`fd

KCAI wmoco ft wmo ittottcojw n` wmo dnjtoyojdot n` lijg cijikocojw nj cnjwifj afngfpoqtfwv*

_ulijg kqixfjk, n`woj idflfwiwog av fqo cijikocojw, ft wmo cntw {fgotuqoig to n` cnjwifj woqqifj, n`woj nlln{og av oqntfnjijg ojmijdog qftb `nq pillov ijg `nqolijg ojpfqnjcojwt* Wmo dlwfpiwfnj n` `nqcoqlv uqftwfjo iqoit ijg wmo fjwojtf`fdiwfnj n`

ikqfdlwqo fj cnjwijo iqoit iqo n`woj ittndfiwog {fwm i lntt n` cnjwifj afngfpoqtfwv2 anwm uqnaloct iqo cntw topoqo fj wmo

wqnufdt ijg tawqnufdt* I cifj KCAI uqnhodw npoq wmo litw w{n voiqt {it wmoqo`nqo nj Mfkm cnjwifj afngfpoqtfwv ijgttwifjialo lijg to fj wmo wqnufdt.tawqnufdt, {fwm w{n wmociwfd {nqbtmnut fj I`qfdi ijg wmo Ijgot, fjijdog av T{ftt Ikojdv`nq Gopolnucojw ijg Dnnuoqiwfnj, @IN, ijg TOQJIU -Anlfpfi&* Fjtfkmwt qnc wmoto w{n tvcuntfi {fll ao tvjwmotfxog fj i annb wnao ualftmog fj 155?*

Nwmoq qodojw idmfopocojwt n` KCAI fjdlgo i tvjwmotft annb, CnjwifjAfngfpoqtfwv* I klnail ittottcojw, ualftmog fj 15512 aodncfjk i cihnq uiqwjoqn` wmo Dnjpojwfnj nj Afnlnkfdil Gfpoqtfwv nq wmo [nqb Uqnkqicco nj CnjwifjAfngfpoqtfwv2 ijg dnnqgfjiwfjk wmo Cnjwifj Dmiuwoq n` wmo CfllojfcOdntvtwoc Ittottcojw* Wmo jow{nqb n``fdo fj T{fwxoqlijg nqkijfxot uqnhodwtijg coowfjkt nj i dnjwfjojwil tdilo {fwm cocaoqt n` wmo tdfojwf`fd twooqfjkdnccfwwoo, ijg dnccjfdiwot `fjgfjkt ijg ojkikot fj gfilnkot {fwm jiwfnjilijg fjwoqjiwfnjil unlfdv `nqct*

Opi Tuomj

UMNWNT8 -Wnu& Ilufjo coign{t iqo poqv qfdm fj ulijw tuodfot*

-Anwwnc& Kqixfjk ijfcilt iqo i cihnq idwnq fj`lojdfjkilufjo ulijw gfpoqtfwv* -umnwnt av Dmqftwfij Bnoqjoq&*


O}wfjdwfnj # Cijikfjk Qftb fj i Dmijkfjk [nqlg9;

{{{*jfait*dm.kcai.


20/32


O}wfjdwfnj # Cijikfjk Qftb fj i Dmijkfjk [nqlg9=

Klnail cnjfwnqfjk fj ilufjo ojpfqnjcojwtCijv ilufjo qokfnjt iqo icnjk wmo qocifjfjk cntw uqftwfjo ojpfqnjcojwt nj Oiqwm* Gfqodw mcij lijg to mit i``odwog cntwilufjo iqoit qoliwfpolv lfwwlo* Mn{opoq, dlfciwo dmijko, otuodfillv {iqcfjk, civ qotlw fj wmo qogdwfnj n` wmofq dqqojw o}wojw, ijg

fj tnco ditot, wmofq gftiuuoiqijdo* Iddoloqiwfjk dlfciwo dmijko dij `nqdo ulijwt ijg ijfcilt wn cfkqiwo wn mfkmoq olopiwfnjt{moqo dnlg#igiuwog ilufjo tuodfot {fll dnco jgoq fjdqoitfjk uqottqo*

Ulijw gfpoqtfwv fj wmo ilufjo xnjo ft otwfciwog wn ao mfkmoq wmij wmo klnail ipoqiko2 `nq o}iculo, {mflo ilufjo ojpfqnjcojwt dnpoqnjlv 4/ n` Oqnuot iqoi, ianw 15/ n` ill jiwfpo Oqnuoij pitdliq ulijwt iqo njg wmoqo* Mojdo, dlfciwo dmijko#fjgdog wmqoiwtwn ilufjo ulijw gfpoqtfwv civ fcuidw nj i tfkjf`fdijw uiqw n` nq jiwqil moqfwiko*

Dmijkot iqo ilqoigv iuuiqojw

Opfgojdo n` dlfciwo#fjgdog u{iqg cfkqiwfnj n` cnjwifj ulijwt mit aooj gowodwog iqnjg wmo klnao* Igpijdot n` ilwfwgfjilwqoolfjot mipo aooj qounqwog `qnc topoqil cnjwifj qijkot fj Jnqwm Icoqfdi, Jo{ Xoilijg, ijg Oqnuo # {moqo u{iqg tmf`wt n`jiwqil wqoolfjot mipo aooj gndcojwog qnc Tdijgfjipfi, wmo _qilt, ijg Alkiqfi* Npoq godigot, ilufjo ulijwt mipo aooj tmn{jwn ao cfkqiwfjk wn mfkmoq tfwot fj wmo Ilut ijg fj Tdijgfjipfi* Wmoto natoqpiwfnjt fjgfdiwo wmiw dlfciwo {iqcfjk mit jn{ qoidmogi lopol {moqo tatwijwfil odnlnkfdil fcuidwt dij ao oitflv gowodwog fj mfkm cnjwifj ojpfqnjcojwt iqnjg wmo {nqlg*

I joog `nq lnjk#woqc cnjfwnqfjk8 wmo KLNQFI jow{nqb

Gotufwo jcoqnt twgfot nj ilufjo odntvtwoct, wmoqo ft jn dncuqomojtfpo fj`nqciwfnj ianw wmo qiwo n` wmo qowqoiw n` wmo ilufjo{nqlg* Wmo tdiqdfwv n` fj`nqciwfnj ianw tuodfot qijko o}wojtfnjt ijg tuodfot gftulidocojwt uqnaialv qo`lodwt wmo lidb n`mftwnqfdil aitolfjo qodnqgt qiwmoq wmij i lidb n` idwil dmijko* Liqko#tdilo cfkqiwfnj uqndottot fjgdog av dlfciwo dmijko dijnjlv ao ittottog ijg gndcojwog av gfqodw kqnjg#aitog ijg twijgiqgftog lnjk#woqc cnjfwnqfjk # fjdqoitfjklv tooj itfjgftuojtialo wn odnlnkfdil dlfciwo fcuidw qotoiqdm* Wmo qkojw gocijg `nq tdm i cnjfwnqfjk twqiwokv log wn wmo fjfwfiwfnj n` wmoKlnail Natoqpiwfnj Qotoiqdm Fjfwfiwfpo fj Ilufjo Ojpfqnjcojwt -KLNQFI&* Fwt uqunto ft wn otwialftm ijg wn cifjwifj i {nqlg#{fgolnjk#woqc cnjfwnqfjk jow{nqb fj ilufjo ojpfqnjcojwt* Pokowiwfnj ijg wocuoqiwqo giwi iqo dnllodwog iw wmo KLNQFI tfwot wnfgojwf`v wqojgt fj tuodfot gfpoqtfwv ijg wocuoqiwqo* Wmo giwi {fll ao tog wn ittott ijg uqogfdw dlfciwo dmijko#fjgdog wmqoiwtwn wmo qikflo ilufjo odntvtwoct, fjdlgfjk lnttot fj afngfpoqtfwv*

[fwm tuunqw `qnc wmo Oqnuoij Dnccfttfnj, wmo Itwqfijknpoqjcojw, ijg wmo Itwqfij Idigocv n` Tdfojdot,;9 lnjk#woqc natoqpiwfnj tfwot fj 9= ilufjo wiqkow qokfnjtidqntt Oqnuo {oqo otwialftmog fj 1559 ijg 1551* @fpo qokfnjt

mipo tfjdo aooj iggog fj Oqnuo* Wmo otwialftmcojw n` wmoklnail KLNQFI jow{nqb mit twiqwog, {fwm w{n wiqkow qokfnjt fjJo{ Xoilijg, ijg njo oidm fj Itwqilfi ijg tnwmoqj Uoq*I Jnqwm Icoqfdij dmiuwoq n` KLNQFI ft ocoqkfjk, {fwm tfwotfj wmo Qndbv Cnjwifjt n` Cnjwiji ijg wmo Dilf`nqjfijTfoqqi Jopigi ijg [mfwo Cnjwifjt* @wqo KLNQFI wiqkowqokfnjt {fll ao otwialftmog fj wmo Icoqfdit, Itfi, ijg I`qfdi,otuodfillv fj _JOTDN afntumoqo qotoqpot*

Wmo KLNQFI tfwot ijg giwi towt iqo ij fjpotwcojw `nq `wqokojoqiwfnjt, uqnpfgfjk ij o}wojtfpo aitolfjo nq `wqocnjfwnqfjk iw godigil fjwoqpilt* Aotfgot wmft `wqo aojo`fw,twijgiqgftog giwi towt iqo ipiflialo `nq wmo ijilvtft n`liqko#tdilo dncuiqftnjt ijg `nq wmo gopolnucojw n` qftbittottcojwt `nq afngfpoqtfwv lnttot*

Miqilg Uilf ijg Konqk Kqiamoqq

UMNWNT8 -Wnu qfkmw& Fj wmft jf`nqc#lnnbfjk awo}wqocolv tuodfot#qfdm ilufjo kqittlijg,

fj Itwqfit Lfcotwnjo Ilut 46 wn 7; pitdliq

ulijw tuodfot {oqo `njg fj oidm yigqiw*

-Miqilg Uilf&*

- Qfkmw& I KLNQFI tccfw tfwo ft gfpfgog fjwn

= todwfnjt nq gowodwfjk tuodfot cfkqiwfnj*

I uoqcijojw ulnw dltwoq ft iltn otwialftmog fjoidm cifj gfqodwfnj nq tuodfot dnpoq ijg

`qoyojdv qodnqgfjk ijg dnjwfjnt wocuoqiwqo

coitqocojwt* -Miqilg Uilf&*

{{{*klnqfi*id*iw.qot.klnqfi^mnco.


21/32


O}wfjdwfnj # Cijikfjk Qftb fj i Dmijkfjk [nqlg96

Wnu ?5 Cogfwoqqijoij UlijwtWmo {nqlgt ulijw afngfpoqtfwv ft gftiuuoiqfjk iw ij iliqcfjk qiwo* Jnw njlv iqo ojwfqo tuodfot knfjk o}wfjdw, aw fcunqwijw ulijwunuliwfnjt iqo aofjk kqoiwlv goulowog* Fj 966;, wmo F_DJ Qog Lftw n` Wmqoiwojog Ulijwt fgojwf`fog joiqlv 47,555 tuodfot, 91*?/ n`

wmo {nqlgt `lnqi, it ìdfjk o}wfjdwfnj* Wmft {it uqnaialv njlv wmo wfu n` wmo fdoaoqk2 cijv tuodfot ttuodwog wn ao wmqoiwojog{oqo jnw fjdlgog go wn twqfdw dnjgfwfnjt `nq lftwfjk*

Wmft lntt n` anwijfdil afngfpoqtfwv ft o}wqocolv toqfnt* [flg ulijwt jnw njlv uqnpfgo miafwiwt ijg `nqc wmo aitft n` wmo `nng dmifjnj {mfdm cijv tuodfot gouojg, aw iltn uqnpfgo wfcaoq, nng, jnj#wfcaoq nqotw uqngdwt, kojot nq aqoogfjk jo{ dqnu piqfowfot,ijg cijv nwmoq uqngdwt2 tnco iqo tnqdot n` jo{ cogfdfjot*

Cogfwoqqijoij uflnw uqnhodw

Ulijw tuodfot ìdfjk o}wfjdwfnj gn tillv jnw qodofpo wmo tico lopol n` iwwojwfnj it nwmoq cnqo dmiqftciwfd tuodfot, lfbo {milot nqknqfllit* Wn qifto wmo uqn`flo, F_DJt Tuodfot Tq pfpil Dnccfttfnj -TTD& ft gopolnufjk dnccjfdiwfnjt wnnlt nq i Wnu ?5 ulijwtdicuifkj*

Wmo `ndt ft nj ?5 n wmo cntw dqfwfdillv wmqoiwojog ulijwt jfyo wn wmo Cogfwoqqijoij Ftlijgt, fj i uflnw uqnhodw wn unuliqfto

wmofq ulfkmw ijg fjdqoito dnjtoq piwfnj idwfnj* Wmo Cogfwoqqijoij mit njo n` wmo {nqlgt liqkotw kqnut n` ftlijgt8 ilcntw ?,555ftlijgt ijg ftlowt, cntw n` {mfdm iqo cnjwifjnt* Wmo qokfnj ft n` mfkm pilo wn klnail afngfpoqtfwv go wn fwt {oilwm n` tuodfot,qoliwfpolv mfkm qiwo n` ojgocftc, lnjk mftwnqv, wnloqijdo n` ill bfjgt n` gftquwfnjt, ijg qnlo it i jiwqil lianqiwnqv `nq opnlwfnjiqvtwgfot* Fw {it fgojwf`fog av F_DJ ijg [[@ it i cihnq Dojwqo n` Ulijw Gfpoqtfwv2 Dnjtoqpiwfnj Fjwoqjiwfnjil qodnkjftog fw it njon` wmo 1? Mnwtunwt wmo qfdmotw ijg cntw wmqoiwojog qotoqpnfqt n` ulijw ijg ijfcil lfò nj Oiqwm*

Annblowt, DG#QNCt ijg i {oatfwo {fll iloqw wmo kojoqil ualfd wn wmo ulfkmw n` wmo Wnu ?5 Cogfwoqqijoij ulijwt* Wmo dnjwojw ftjnw lfcfwog wn fj`nqciwfnj ianw wmo ulijwt, aw iltn o}ulifjt wmo cifj wmqoiwt, wn qifto i{iqojott nj jodottiqv dnjtoqpiwfnjcoitqot* Cnqo wodmjfdil fj`nqciwfnj {fll ao ualftmog touiqiwolv wn ittftw dnjtoqpiwfnj uqnòttfnjilt fj wibfjk nj#wmo#kqnjg

idwfnj*

It {oll it mfkmlfkmwfjk tuodfot dlnto wn o}wfjdwfnj, `folg uqnhodwt {fll ojtqo wmoto Wnu ?5 tuodfot gn jnw kn o}wfjdw, aokfjjfjk{fwm uqnhodwt fj Dnqtfdi, wmo Ailoiqfd Ftlijgt, ijg Dqowo tuunqwog av wmo CIPI @njgiwfnj* Ilwmnkm uqfciqflv ifcog iw

dnjtoqpfjk `nq Wnu ?5 tuodfot, fw ft mnuog wmoto {fll diwilvxo uqnhodwt `nq nwmoq mfkm#uqfnqfwv tuodfot* Wmo Cogfwoqqijoij Wnu ?5

uqnhodw {fll toqpo it i cngol ijg diwilvtw `nq nwmoq TTD Ulijw Tuodfilftw Kqnut wn fculocojw tfcfliq dicuifkjt fj nwmoq qokfnjt*Wmoto lftwt dij toqpo it tdnqodiqgt nq fjgfdiwnqt n` mn{ {oll dnjtoqpiwfnj knilt iqo idmfopog*

[ojgv Twqimc

{{{*fdj*nqk.wmocot.ttd.ulijwt.wnu?5*mwcl

UMNWNT8 -Ianpo& Wmo cnjwifjt n` Dqowo, njo n` wmo

lndiwfnjt n` i Wnu ?5`folg uqnhodw -Miqilg Uilf&*

-Wnu qfkmw& Itwqikilt cidqndiqut tatu* lo`biqojtft ft

ojgocfd wn wmo cnjwifjt n` Dvuqt -Dmqftwngnln Cobqft&*

-Qfkmw& Oumnqafi ciqkilfgfiji ft ojgocfd wn wmoAiloiqfd Ftlijgt -Hntou Llft Kqigifllo&*


22/32

[D@ Wmoco 78 Ciqbowt, Atfjott ijg wmo

Ojpfqnjcojw # Twqojkwmojfjk Dnqunqiwo Qotunjtfaflfwv15

Cnjwifj uqngdwt fcuqnpfjk lfpolfmnngtWmoqo ft kqoiw unwojwfil wn fcuqnpo wmo lfpot ijg lfpolfmnngt n` cnjwifj uonulo wmqnkm wmo uqncnwfnj n` wmo {fgo piqfowv n`jfyo uqngdwt ijg toqpfdot wmiw cnjwifj dnccjfwfot dij n`òq `qnc `nngt ijg aopoqikot wn cogfdfjot, dntcowfdt, dqi`wt

ijg wnqftc* Aw cnjwifj uonulo ìdo cijv natwidlot uqngdfjk ijg wqigfjk wmoto uqngdwt, fjdlgfjk wmo lidb n` {fgoq ciqbowiddott ijg fj`nqciwfnj nj jo{ ikqfdlwqil wodmjnlnkfot, fjigoyiwo fj`qitwqdwqo, unnq dnccjfdiwfnj, mfkm wqijtunqw dntwtijg unnq ciqbowfjk tbfllt* Wmo dmillojko ft wn npoqdnco wmoto dnjtwqifjwt av uqncnwfjk ij fjwokqiwog iuuqnidm wmiw qodnkjfxotijg aflgt nj wmo odnjncfd, tndfn#dlwqil, ijg ojpfqnjcojwil ittowt n` cnjwifj qokfnjt*

Fj Touwocaoq 1554, @IN lijdmog i tf}#cnjwm uqnhodw, jgog av wmo Knpoqjcojw n` @qijdo, wn kiwmoq fj`nqciwfnj nj wmoodnjncfd, tndfn#fjtwfwwfnjil, ijg ojpfqnjcojwil ituodwt n` i aqnig qijko n` cnjwifj uqngdwt qnc idqntt wmo {nqlg* Uqngdwtwmiw mig cigo i tatwijwfil gf`òqojdo wn dnccjfwv lfpolfmnngt, it {oll it dnjwqfawfjk wn wmo dnjtoqpiwfnj n` cnjwifjojpfqnjcojwt, {oqo ijilvtog wmqnkm ill twikot n` wmo uqngdwfnj dmifj, fj nqgoq wn fgojwf`v tddott`l uqndottfjk wodmjfyot nqciqbowfjk twqiwokfot* Wmo cntw uqncftfjk n` wmo uqngdwt ijilvtog {oqo wmoj gopolnuog fjwn qokfnjil dito twgfot -too an}&, {fwmij ocumitft nj wmofq unwojwfil wn ao qoulfdiwog fj nwmoq cnjwifj lndiwfnjt iqnjg wmo {nqlg*

Wmo uqnhodw ft jn{ cnpfjk fjwn fwt `nlln{#u umito, ijg mit aodnco i dnqo idwfpfwv {fwmfj wmo Ttwifjialo Lfpolfmnngt Fjfwfiwfpo n`wmo Cnjwifj Uiqwjoqtmfu* I Qotnqdo Bfw {fll ao gopolnuog, wiqkowog iw nqkijfxiwfnjt -knpoqjcojw ikojdfot, JKNt, ijg uqfpiwotodwnq dncuijfot& fjpnlpog fj tcill#tdilo ojwoquqfto gopolnucojw fj cnjwifj dnccjfwfot* Fw {fll ao gotfkjog wmqnkm i

uiqwfdfuiwnqv ijg dnjtlwiwfpo uqndott wmiw wibot fjwn iddnjw wmo joogt n` nqkijfxiwfnjt gfqodwlv {nqbfjk {fwm cnjwifjuqngdoqt* I jcaoq n` wmoto nqkijfxiwfnjt, fjdlgfjk FDFCNG, Oqncnjwiji, DFU, I`qfdij Mfkmlijgt Fjfwfiwfpo.FDQI@, wmo Aij``Dojwqo, ijg Goijt Aoijt Nqkijfd Dn`òo Dncuijv, idwfpolv uiqwfdfuiwog fj wmo 1554 qotoiqdm uqnhodw ijg {fll dnjtwfwwo wmo aitftnj {mfdm wn aflg i {fgoq jow{nqb nq dnnuoqiwfnj*

Ilo}fi Ailgitdfjf

Uqncftfjk cnjwifj uqngdwt

I`qfdi8 jo{ wqoo dqnut {oqo fjwqngdog fj wmo Cnjw Bojvi iqoi {moqo fjdnco `qnc wqigfwfnjil ditm

dqnut tdm it dn`òo ijg woi {it godlfjfjk* Wmo `qfwt `qnc wmoto wqoot iqo jn{ qokliqlv uqndottog `nq

tilo ijg iltn uqnpfgo i pilialo tnqdo n` jwqfojwt `nq lndil uonulo*

Itfi8 wmo mfkmlv jwqfwfnt aoqqfot ijg loipot n` wmo toiadbwmnqj ulijw dij ao uqndottog fjwn piqfnt

`nngt, aopoqikot, cogfdfjot ijg tbfj diqo fwoct* Wmo ulijw iltn lnqftmot nj wmo cntw gf``fdlw woqqifj,

molufjk wn dncaiw oqntfnj ijg uqnpfgo jwqfojwt wn tnfl*

Oqnuo8 wmo tddott`l uqncnwfnj n` Wnco got Aikot dmooto, cigo fj wmo @qojdm Ilut, tmn{t wmo

fcunqwijdo n` {nqbfjk dnllodwfpolv {fwmfj i lokil `qico{nqb wn nawifj qodnkjfwfnj `nq i yilfwv

cnjwifj uqngdw*

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mipo loiqjog mn{ wn fcuqnpo uqndottfjk wodmjfyot `nq qillign, i wqigfwfnjil t{oow cigo `qnc

iqqididmi*

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Fjwoq#qokfnjil8 Goijt Aoijt Nqkijfd Dn`òo Dncuijv ft i lnqftmfjk atfjott, aitog fj wmo _TI, wmiw

fcunqwt njlv nqkijfd dn`òot doqwf`fog it ìfq wqigo qnc 99 gf`òqojw dnjwqfot iqnjg wmo {nqlg* Wmo

dncuijv iltn molut wn gopolnu dnccjfwv uqnhodwt fj oidm n` wmoto gf`òqojw lndiwfnjt*

UMNWNT8 -Wnu qfkmw& Dn`òo ft wmo {nqlgt todnjg liqkotwlokillv wqigog dnccngfwv i`woq uowqnloc* Npoq 05/ n` dn`òo

uqngdwfnj dncot `qnc icflv ìqct n` lott wmij 95 modwiqot2

ianw 1? cfllfnj iqcoqt gouojg nj fjdncot qnc dn`òo

-I*Dnjwf.@IN&

Lo`w& Cnjwifjt mipo cijv qi{ ciwoqfilt wmiw dij ao tog wncibo mfkm#yilfwv fwoct, tdm it unwwoqv -Q* Kfxxnlfi.@IN&*

-Qfkmw& Wmo kqoiw ikqnafngfpoqtfwv n` cnjwifj iqoit ft

fcunqwijw nq anwm wmo lfpolfmnngt ijg moilwm n` cnjwifj

uonulo8 i ciqbow fj Kiwocili -I* Ngnl.@IN&*


23/32



Jnj#wfcaoq `nqotw uqngdwt fj wmo cnjwifjt n`

Lin UGQ ijg PfowjicJnj#wfcaoq `nqotw uqngdwt -JW@Ut& uliv ij fcunqwijw qnlo fj qqil lfpolfmnngt fj cijv cnjwifj qokfnjt {mfdm iqo mfkmlvgouojgojw nj `nqotw afngfpoqtfwv* Fcuqnpog JW@U cijikocojw ft wmt i bov ojwqv unfjw `nq `nqotw afngfpoqtfwv dnjtoqpiwfnj*

Wmo lfpolfmnngt ijg odntvtwoct iuuqnidm

Wmo ocumitft n` cijv qotoiqdm nqkijftiwfnjt mit aooj wn lnnb iw iuuqnuqfiwo JW@U tuodfot* Aw tfjdo fttot ijg fjwoqpojwfnjt

iqo tn lndillv tuodf`fd, uqnhodwt civ ao cnqo tddott`l {moj wmov `ndt nj gopolnufjk ijg wotwfjk cowmngt `nq fcuqnpog JW@Ucijikocojw*

Fj wmo cnjwifjt n` Lin UGQ ijg Pfowjic, F_DJ mit {nqbog {fwm lndil dnccjfwfot wn fcuqnpo lfpolfmnngt ijg `nqotw

dnjtoqpiwfnj wmqnkm fjdqoitfjk wmo pilo n` JW@Ut* Fcuqnpog ciqbowfjk twqiwokfot {oqo fgojwf`fog wmqnkm ijilvtfjk o}ftwfjkuqngdwt, ciqbowt, ijg ciqbow dmifjt* Fj Lin UGQ, uonulo dij jn{ oiqj cnqo av gnfjk fjfwfil uqndottfjk ijg wmoqoav diuwqfjkcnqo n` wmo iggog pilo* Wqigoqt iqo {fllfjk wn uiv cnqo `nq uqngdwt tnlg fj i dnccnj ciqbowulido, fjtwoig n` fjgfpfgillv iw

gf`òqojw ulidot ilnjk wmo qnig, it wmft qogdot wmofq dnllodwfnj dntwt* Av tollfjk fj njo lndiwfnj, dnccjfwfot iltn mipo aowwoqiddott wn lndil ciqbow fj`nqciwfnj ijg dij aiqkifj `nq aowwoq uqfdot*

Wmo pfllikot fj Pfowjic iqo lndiwog dlnto wn uqnwodwog iqoit* Dnculocojwiqv wn wmo ciqbowfjk twqiwokv, wmo uqnhodw iltn fjfwfiwogqo`nqotwiwfnj ijg dnccjfwv `nqotw cijikocojw wn ojtqo ttwifjiaflfwv n` wmo ciqbowog uqngdwt ijg dnjtoqpo uqnwodwogiqoit dlnto wn wmo pfllikot* Uqottqo nj wmo `nqotwt {it `qwmoq qogdog av gncotwfdiwfjk ijg dlwfpiwfjk {flg tuodfot*

Fcuidwt nj unpoqwv ijg afngfpoqtfwv

[moj wmoqo ft jn tuodf`fd twqiwokv wn uqnpfgo aojo`fwt wn wmo unnqotw mntomnlgt, wmo qoliwfpolv lott unnq n`woj aojo`fw cntw `qncJW@U#qoliwog nuunqwjfwfot, tdm it jo{ ciqbowt* Fj kojoqil, fj anwm Lin UGQ ijg Pfowjic, ìcflfot {fwm i cfgglo {oilwm qijbfjkaojo`fw cntw, tfjdo wmov mipo ojnkm lianq `nq miqpotwfjk ijg uqndottfjk* Unnq uonulo civ ao cnqo gouojgojw nj JW@Ut `nqlidb n` nwmoq nuunqwjfwfot, aw n woj gn jnw mipo wmo qotnqdot wn fjpotw* It flltwqiwog av wmo tuodwidliq godqoito n` unnqmntomnlgt npoq wmo tf}#voiq uqnhodw -too kqium&, F_DJt uqnhodw fj Lin UGQ tddott`llv wiqkowog wmo unnqotw ìcflfot, wmqnkm

diqo`l tolodwfnj n` JW@U gopolnucojw nuunqwjfwfot wmiw {oqo iuuqnuqfiwo `nq wmoto ìcflfot*

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Kfgn Aqnobmnpoj ijg Hitnj Cnqqft

WIALO8 -Ianpo& Dmijkot fj {oilwm qijbfjk nq mntomnlgt fj 9660 -aokfjjfjk n` wmo uqnhodw&

ijg fj 1551 -ojg n` wmo uqnhodw& fj i uflnw pflliko fj Lin UGQ*

UMNWNT8 -Wnu& I qiwwij mijgfdqi`w nuoqiwfnj tuunqwog av wmo JW@U uqnhodw uqngdot aitbowt

tog wn boou qfdo

-Anwwnc& I jqtoqv n` qiwwij, aicann ijg nqdmfgt fj Dmicuitib, Lin UGQ, tuunqwog av wmo

JW@U uqnhodw* -Umnwnt av F_DJ JW@U Uqnhodw Lin UGQ&*

Wmft iqwfdlo ft aitog nj i jcaoq n`

dito twgfot dnjgdwog nq F_DJ*


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Aojo`fwfjk `qnc cogfdfjil ijg iqnciwfd ulijwt fj

wmo Mfjg Btm # MfciliviNpoq 4?,555 cogfdfjil ulijw tuodfot uliv pfwil qnlot fj cifjwifjfjk mcij moilwm, otuodfillv fj qocnwo cnjwifj iqoit* Gotufwolnjk wqigfwfnjt n` tfjk cogfdfjil ulijwt ijg wmofq uqnpoj o``fdidv, wmofq tot ijg aojo`fwt iqo lfcfwog wn poqv tcill kqnut*Bjn{logko n` wmofq miqpotwfjk ijg ciqbowfjk ft aofjk lntw2 ijg unnq dnccjfwfot, wmo dtwngfijt n` wmft bjn{logko, iqo n`wojwmo litw wn aojo`fw `qnc fw*

Aojo`fwt wn wmo unnq

Cogfdfjil ijg iqnciwfd ulijwt -CIUt& dnjwqfawo tfkjf`fdijwlv wn wmo lfpolfmnngt, moilwm, ijg fjdnco n` Jouilt uonulo* Uoqmiut9,;55 tuodfot n` CIUt nddq fj Jouil2 npoq 955 iqo {fgolv wqigog ijg o}unqwog* Mfkm cnjwifj CIUt iqo bjn{j `nq wmofq mfkmyilfwv, owdmfjk mfkm uqfdot* CIUt iqo otwfciwog wn dnjwqfawo ?/ n` Jouilt KGU ijg mipo mko odnjncfd unwojwfil, awdnjtwfwwo njlv 95/ n` wmo qopojo `qnc wmo `nqotwqv todwnq* Vow jofwmoq dnccjfwfot gouojgojw nj CIUt jnq wmo twiwo mipoaooj ialo wn cibo wmo cntw n` CIUt, ijg wmoqo ft i qftb n` kqoiw lnttot fj wmofq iajgijdo ijg gfpoqtfwv*

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Wqigfwfnjillv dnjtfgoqog it dnccnj uqnuoqwv qotnqdot, CIUt iqo dnllodwog `qnc wmo {flg av pfllikoqt ijg wqigog av clwfuloidwnqt pfi cijv ciqbow dmijjolt, cifjlv wn Fjgfi* Unnq uonulo, n`woj liqkolv gouojgojw nj miqpotwfjk CIUt, o}uoqfojdofjdqoitfjk dncuowfwfnj go wn wmo kqn{fjk ciqbow ijg fjwoqotw n` jo{dncoqt fj dnllodwfjk CIUt* It i uqn#unnq lfpolfmnngtwqiwokv ijg wn qogdo uqottqot nj `nqotwt, F_DJ ft uqncnwfjk wmo dlwfpiwfnj n` CIUt av unnq ijg lijglott uonulo {fwmfjdnccjfwv nqotwt* Wmft qoyfqot icojgcojwt wn dnccjfwv nqotwqv qlot ijg kfgolfjot wn ipnq wmoto gftigpijwikog uonulo*Lokil qodnkjfwfnj n` wmo wojqo n` wmnto {mn dnllodw ijg dlwfpiwo CIUt ft dojwqil wn iggqottfjk wmofq lnjk#woqc lfpolfmnngtodqfwv wn qogdo wmqoiwt wn wmo dnjtoqpiwfnj n` wmoto tuodfot*

F_DJt {nqb mit mig tndfil, odnlnkfdil, ijg odnjncfd aojo`fwt iw i uqnhodw tdilo, aw wmoto joog wn ao qoulfdiwog nq kqoiwoqfcuidw* Tndfil aojo`fwt goqfpo otuodfillv `qnc wqifjfjk fj wodmjfdil ijg nqkijftiwfnjil tbfllt* Topoqil mjgqog pfllikoqt, fjdlgfjkcijv gilfwt -wmo ln{otw ditwo& mipo kifjog jo{ diuidfwv, ottojwfil nq wmofq kqnut wn jdwfnj {oll, twijg u nq wmofq qfkmwt, ijg

qodnkjfto ijg qotnlpo dnj`lfdwt* Ao`nqo wmo uqnhodw, wmo iajgijdo n` CIUt mig kqoiwlv godlfjog go wn jttwifjialo miqpotwfjk*

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F_DJ {ijwt wn ojtqo wmiw wmoto aojo`fwt iqo ttwifjog i`woq wmo uqnhodw, ijg wn qoulfdiwo tddott`l olocojwt lndillv ijgjiwfnjillv* Vow uoqpoqto fjdojwfpot n`woj ojdnqiko jttwifjialo idwfnjt* @nq o}iculo, {mflo uonulo civ ao i{iqo n` wmoaojo`fwt n` ttwifjialv miqpotwfjk CIUt, wmo o}wqi wfco qoyfqog ft jnw il{ivt dncuojtiwog odnjncfdillv* Wmo jo{ uqidwfdot iqojlfbolv wn ao qokliqlv ignuwog jwfl uqfdot `nq ttwifjialv miqpotwog CIUt iqo t``fdfojwlv mfkmoq wmij `nq CIUt miqpotwog tfjkyfdboq cowmngt, gqfpoj av dncuowfwfnj icnjk lndil wqigoqt* Npoqill, aowwoq lndil knpoqjijdo codmijftct iqo pfwil uiqwt n` wmotnlwfnj2 dnllodwnqt, wqigoqt ijg qokliwnqt joog wn ao aowwoq dnnqgfjiwog nq wmo gotfqog tndfil, odnjncfd ijg odnlnkfdilnwdncot*

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Qo{iqgfjk Wijxijfit ulijg unnq `nq uqnpfgfjk

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Bflfcijhiqn, Coq, Uiqo ijg wmo _ticaiqi cnjwifjt cibo i tfkjf`fdijw dnjwqfawfnj wn wmo Uijkijf Qfpoq, {mfdm qjt ?55 bcwmqnkm jnqwmoitw Wijxijfi* Fwt aitfj ft mnco wn ilcntw 7 cfllfnj uonulo fjdlgfjk npoq 1*? cfllfnj uitwnqilftwt ijg tcill#tdilo`iqcoqt, ijg joiqlv mil` i cfllfnj dfwv g{olloqt {fwm ??,555 mi n` fqqfkiwog ikqfdlwqo ijg

Conservación y desarrollo sostenible en las Montañas

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