EXPLORATIONConquest and Colonies

REASONS FOR EXPLORATION

Spirit of discover and innovation b/c of Renaissance

Money Get rid of middle man (Italian merchants) Faster routes to Asia Prestige Christianize Curiosity

NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Compass Astrolabe Mapmaking

Cartographer Shipbuilding

Deep-draft ships Caravel

PORTUGAL

The first Henry the Navigator Court of sailors Explored African coast Goal= route from

Africa to India Bartolomeu Dias

Cape of Good Hope Vasco Da Gama

Reached Calicut, India

SPAIN

Christopher Columbus Sail west to China Reached the

Caribbean Amerigo Vespucci Ferdinand Magellan

Circumnavigate

EXPLORATION CONTINUES

England John Cabot- Canada Sir Francis Drake-

Western U.S. France

Jacques Cartier- St Lawrence River

Dutch Henry Hudson-

Northwest passage

SPAIN’S EMPIRE

Settled colonies in America

Conquered the Aztecs and Incas

THE CARIBBEAN

First region settled by the Spanish Hispaniola and Cuba

Encomienda system Colonists given land and NA to work land Colonists then had to teach NA about

Christianity NA overworked and mistreated

Europeans brought diseases Smallpox, tuberculosis, measles, etc. NA had no resistance to diseases

CORTES VS. MOCTEZUMA

Hernan Cortes, a conquistador Aztec emperor= Moctezuma II Aztecs

Rich and powerful Not popular among those they conquered Capital= Tenochtitlan

Cortes and unhappy NA soldiers conquered Aztec Empire

HOW DID CORTES DO IT?

Malinche- translator to Cortes

Metal weapons and heavy armor

Horses- NA had never seen horses before

Disease

PIZARRO AND PERU

Wanted wealth from Inca Empire Inca Empire weakened by disease and

new ruler Pizarro asked Atahualpa to convert to

Christianity and give empire to Spain Atahaulpa refused and was killed Pizarro then easily took over the empire

GOVERNING THE AMERICAS

Viceroys- officials to rule in king’s name Mined gold and silver NA population dropped more than 90% Bartolome de Las Casas- didn’t like

treatment of NA Replace NA slaves with African slaves

PORTUGAL AND BRAZIL

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)- imaginary line through Atlantic West of line belonged to Spain East of line belonged to Portugal

Brazil= lots of jungles Made farming difficult Portuguese slow to settle the region

NEW FRANCE

French settled in New France, aka Canada Lots of fish in North Atlantic Fox, lynx, otter, and other furs= hot

commodities in Europe French merely sent small groups of traders Didn’t enslave NA- intermingled French also explored south of Canada

Mississippi River Louisiana

DUTCH EXPLORATION

Looking for trade opportunities New Netherland- Hudson River Valley New Amsterdam- New York City Dutch colonies in America remained

relatively small Dutch focused on developing colonies

in other parts of the world

BRITISH EXPANSION

Jamestown- first English colony

Pilgrims came too in 1620 Plymouth,

Massachusetts English colonists

didn’t get along with NA

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

British started settling on French territory

British did poorly at first

French eventually lost Surrendered Canada

and territory east of the Mississippi

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

Exchanging of plants, animals, and disease

America- potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, or turkeys

Europe- coffee, oranges, rice, wheat, sheep, or cattle

New foods- healthier Europeans- lived longer

Diseases once again killed millions

MERCANTILISM

Nation’s wealth= nation’s strength/power

Wealth measured by amount of gold and silver

2 ways to get wealth Mining and favorable balance of trade

Emphasis on establishment of colonies Raw materials and new markets

Put restrictions on colonies

CAPITALISM

Economy run by private individuals and companies

Investors willing to take risks Joint-stock companies

Buying shares of stock in a company British East India Company

SLAVE TRADE

Shortage of laborers led to slave trade NA killed by diseases and wars Indentured servants too expensive So, Africans became slaves in America Triangular trade

Goods from Europe to Africa- African slaves to America- American products to Europe

MIDDLE PASSAGE

Slaves jammed into tight quarters

Chained together and dark

3 to 6 weeks 10-20% died on

voyage

COLONIAL SLAVERY

Most slaves worked on plantations Living conditions were harsh Enslaved Africans= property by law

No rights, no freedoms Reaction of slaves

Resisted by preserving culture Religion Rebellions Escape

EFFECTS OF SLAVE TRADE

Millions died Deprived people of their freedoms Future leaders of Africa gone Divided Africans Slave labor boosted American colonies Those culture and descent spread in

Americas

THE END