CONNECTORSCONNECTORS

OPPOSITION, OPPOSITION, ADDITION, ADDITION,

CAUSE / EFFECT, CAUSE / EFFECT, CONDITIONCONDITION

OPPOSITIONOPPOSITION

• ButBut

• Although, despite the fact thatAlthough, despite the fact that

• However, neverthelessHowever, nevertheless

• Despite, in spite ofDespite, in spite of

• Nonetheless.Nonetheless.

I broke my leg. I broke my leg.  HoweverHowever,, I I stillstill feel great.  feel great.  I broke my leg. I broke my leg.  NeverthelessNevertheless,, I feel great.  I feel great. 

I broke my leg.  I broke my leg.  NonethelessNonetheless,, I feel great. I feel great.   AlthoughAlthough I broke my leg, I feel great.I broke my leg, I feel great.

Even thoughEven though I broke my leg, I feel great. I broke my leg, I feel great.

ThoughThough I broke my leg, I feel great. I broke my leg, I feel great.

I feel great I feel great despite the fact thatdespite the fact that I broke my leg. I broke my leg.

I feel great I feel great in spite of the fact thatin spite of the fact that I broke my leg. I broke my leg.

ADDITION (I)ADDITION (I)

• AndAnd• In addition, additionally, furthermore, moreover, alsoIn addition, additionally, furthermore, moreover, also• Not only...but alsoNot only...but also• In addition to, along with, as well asIn addition to, along with, as well as

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best placesplaces

to do research.  to do research.  In additionIn addition, it has hundreds of the most , it has hundreds of the most respectedrespected

magazines and journals in the worldmagazines and journals in the world

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best placesplaces

to do research.  to do research.  MoreoverMoreover, it has hundreds of the most , it has hundreds of the most respectedrespected

Magazines and journals in the world.Magazines and journals in the world.

ADDITION (II)ADDITION (II)

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the bestthe best

places to do research.  places to do research.  FurthermoreFurthermore, it has hundreds of , it has hundreds of the the

most respected magazines and journals in the world.  most respected magazines and journals in the world.  

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the bestThe library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the bestplaces to do research.  It places to do research.  It also also has hundreds of the most respectedhas hundreds of the most respectedmagazines and journals in the world.  magazines and journals in the world.  

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the bestThe library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the bestplaces to do research.  It has hundreds of the most respectedplaces to do research.  It has hundreds of the most respectedmagazines and journals in the world magazines and journals in the world as well. as well.

ADDITION (III)ADDITION (III)

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the bestThe library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the bestplaces to do research.  It has hundreds of the most respectedplaces to do research.  It has hundreds of the most respectedmagazines and journals in the world, magazines and journals in the world, tootoo..

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the bestthe best

places to do research.  places to do research.  AdditionallyAdditionally, it has hundreds of , it has hundreds of thethe

most respected magazines and journals in the world.  most respected magazines and journals in the world.  

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places t oThe library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places t odo research, do research, andand it has hundreds of the most it has hundreds of the mostrespected magazines and journals in the world.  respected magazines and journals in the world.  

ADDITION (IV)ADDITION (IV)

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is not onlynot only one one of the best places to do research of the best places to do research but also but also has hundreds of the mosthas hundreds of the mostrespected magazines and journals in the world.respected magazines and journals in the world.

The library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places toThe library on 5th Avenue in New York City is one of the best places todo research.  do research.  Besides thatBesides that, it has hundreds of the most respected, it has hundreds of the most respectedmagazines and journals in the world.magazines and journals in the world.

CAUSE/EFFECTCAUSE/EFFECT

• For (cause), so (effect)For (cause), so (effect)

• Because, sinceBecause, since

• Therefore, as a result, consequentlyTherefore, as a result, consequently

• Because of, due to, as a result ofBecause of, due to, as a result of

CONDITIONCONDITION

• If, unless, only if, even ifIf, unless, only if, even if

• OtherwiseOtherwise

SOME PRACTICE ON SOME PRACTICE ON ADDITIONADDITION• 1- Rewrite the following sentences with the connectors and words we learned in this 1- Rewrite the following sentences with the connectors and words we learned in this

lesson. lesson. My professor is an extremely fascinating person.  She tells some of the most interestingMy professor is an extremely fascinating person.  She tells some of the most interestingstories I have ever heard.  stories I have ever heard.  

1.)  Additionally,1.)  Additionally,________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.)  In addition,2.)  In addition,________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.)  Too3.)  Too________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.)  Also4.)  Also________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.)  Furthermore,5.)  Furthermore,________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SOME PRACTICE (II)SOME PRACTICE (II)

6.)  Besides that,6.)  Besides that,________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7.) And7.) And________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8.)  Moreover,8.)  Moreover,________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9.)  As well9.)  As well________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10.)  Not only...but also10.)  Not only...but also________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SOME PRACTICE ON SOME PRACTICE ON OPPOSITION.OPPOSITION.For each of the following, put the 2 sentences together by For each of the following, put the 2 sentences together by

using theusing theword or phrase in the parentheses.  You may have to change word or phrase in the parentheses.  You may have to change

somesomewords.words.

1.  I fell down the stairs.  I am okay.  (however)1.  I fell down the stairs.  I am okay.  (however)

2.  In the early 1900's, the buffalo were almost extinct.  The 2.  In the early 1900's, the buffalo were almost extinct.  The buffalo population is now thriving.  (in spite of)buffalo population is now thriving.  (in spite of)

3.  Robin worked 14 hours a day for that company.  She was fired.  3.  Robin worked 14 hours a day for that company.  She was fired.  (nevertheless)(nevertheless)

4.  The king travelled all over the country greeting everyone he 4.  The king travelled all over the country greeting everyone he met.  The citizens hated him.  (despite the fact that)met.  The citizens hated him.  (despite the fact that)

5.  I worked on my car all day.  It doesn't run.  (even though) 5.  I worked on my car all day.  It doesn't run.  (even though)

SOME PRACTICE IISOME PRACTICE II

6.  Beth studied French since she was in high school.  She can't speak 6.  Beth studied French since she was in high school.  She can't speak a word of French.  (although) a word of French.  (although)

7.  Johnny sent his girlfriend a dozen roses and a diamond ring.  She 7.  Johnny sent his girlfriend a dozen roses and a diamond ring.  She doesn't want to marry him.  (nonetheless) doesn't want to marry him.  (nonetheless)

8.  Bobby and Susan spent the whole summer travelling in Europe.  8.  Bobby and Susan spent the whole summer travelling in Europe.  They didn't spend a lot of money. (in spite of the fact that) They didn't spend a lot of money. (in spite of the fact that)

9.  I jumped out of an airplane, and the parachute didn't open.  I 9.  I jumped out of an airplane, and the parachute didn't open.  I didn't even break a bone.  (though) didn't even break a bone.  (though)

10.  I cut my finger very deeply.  I didn't need any stitches.  10.  I cut my finger very deeply.  I didn't need any stitches.  (despite) (despite)

Parallel structuresParallel structures

There are a number of situations whichThere are a number of situations which

require you to use parallel structure. Theyrequire you to use parallel structure. They

are:are:

- Both Both XX and and YY . . . . . .

- Not Not XX but but YY

- Not only Not only XX but also but also YY . . . . . .

- Neither Neither XX nor nor YY . . . . . .

- Either Either XX or or YY . . .  . . . 

Remember the rule of parallel Remember the rule of parallel structure: thestructure: the

words in the list must be the samewords in the list must be the same

grammatical form.  In this situation, grammatical form.  In this situation, the the XX

and and YY must be the same grammatical must be the same grammatical

form. form. 

IINCORRECTNCORRECT CORRECTCORRECTIn counselling, I In counselling, I think both think both talkingtalking and and to listento listen are are

important.important.

In counselling, I In counselling, I think both think both talkingtalking and and listeninglistening are are

important.important. We are not We are not for war for war

but but peacepeace We are not We are not for for warwar but but for for

peacepeace.. This car is not only This car is not only fastfast but also but also it is it is

safe to drivesafe to drive..

This car is not only This car is not only

fastfast but also but also safesafe..

Either you can join Either you can join the army or the the army or the navy. navy.

You can join You can join eithereither the army or the army or

the navy.the navy. Either Either you must you must stay home stay home or or go go

with uswith us..

You must either You must either stay homestay home or or go go

with uswith us..

When using these constructions, the When using these constructions, the XX

and Y must be the same grammaticaland Y must be the same grammatical

forms:  both nouns, both infinitives, forms:  both nouns, both infinitives, bothboth

prepositional phrases, both gerunds, prepositional phrases, both gerunds, oror

both clauses.both clauses.

Read the following sentences.  If the sentence is Read the following sentences.  If the sentence is correct, don'tcorrect, don't

change anything.  If the sentence is incorrect, find the change anything.  If the sentence is incorrect, find the parallelparallel

structure problem and fix it.structure problem and fix it.

1. The factory workers were ready, able, and were quite 1. The factory workers were ready, able, and were quite determined to do a great job.determined to do a great job.

2. The computer network is safer, stronger, and more secure. 2. The computer network is safer, stronger, and more secure. 

3.  We cannot be worried or terrified of difficulties in life. 3.  We cannot be worried or terrified of difficulties in life. 

4.  The actor taught his student how to read, how to stand, 4.  The actor taught his student how to read, how to stand, how to cry, and to talk with fans. how to cry, and to talk with fans. 

5.  The requirements for a chemistry degree are not as strict 5.  The requirements for a chemistry degree are not as strict as a medical degree. as a medical degree.

6.  Either you can join the army or the navy. 6.  Either you can join the army or the navy.

7.  The reorganization of the company is neither 7.  The reorganization of the company is neither simple nor it will be cheap.   simple nor it will be cheap.  

8.  When I was in high school, I learned piano and 8.  When I was in high school, I learned piano and how to play the guitar. how to play the guitar.

9.  Fred supports the idea because, first, its 9.  Fred supports the idea because, first, its simplicity; second, it is unique. simplicity; second, it is unique.

10.  They are either our friends or they are not.10.  They are either our friends or they are not.

ANSWERSANSWERSThe factory workers were ready, able, and determined to do a great The factory workers were ready, able, and determined to do a great

job.job. We cannot be worried about or terrified of the difficulties in life. We cannot be worried about or terrified of the difficulties in life. 

The actor taught his student how to read, how to stand, how to cry, and how toThe actor taught his student how to read, how to stand, how to cry, and how totalk with fans. talk with fans. 

The requirements for a chemistry degree are not as strict as the The requirements for a chemistry degree are not as strict as the requirementsrequirements

for a medical degree. for a medical degree.

You can join either the army or the navy. You can join either the army or the navy.

When I was in high school, I learned how to play the piano and guitar. When I was in high school, I learned how to play the piano and guitar.

Fred supports the idea because, first, it is simple; second, it is unique. Fred supports the idea because, first, it is simple; second, it is unique.

They are either our friends or our enemies.They are either our friends or our enemies.