Connective Tissue A study in diversity. Connective Tissue.

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

A study in diversityA study in diversity

Connective Tissue Connective Tissue

4 major classes4 major classes

Connective TissueConnective Tissue FatFat Fibrous Fibrous


Connective Tissue Connective Tissue FatFat Fibrous Fibrous

CartilageCartilage



CartilageCartilage BoneBone



CartilageCartilage BoneBone BloodBlood

Function of Connective Function of Connective Tissue Tissue

SupportSupport


SupportSupport ProtectionProtection


SupportSupport ProtectionProtection InsulationInsulation


SupportSupport ProtectionProtection InsulationInsulation TransportTransport

Common Characteristics ?Common Characteristics ?

They originate from the embryonic They originate from the embryonic mesoderm mesoderm


They originate from the embryonic They originate from the embryonic mesodermmesoderm

Vasculature varies from avascular to Vasculature varies from avascular to vascularvascular


They originate from the embryonic They originate from the embryonic mesodermmesoderm

Vasculature varies from avascular to Vasculature varies from avascular to vascularvascular

Makes a nonliving extracellular Makes a nonliving extracellular matrix matrix

All connective tissue is made All connective tissue is made up of the following elements :up of the following elements :


Ground substanceGround substance


Ground substanceGround substance FibersFibers


Ground substanceGround substance FibersFibers Cells Cells

The ground substance and The ground substance and fibers make up the matrix fibers make up the matrix

Ground Substance. Ground Substance.

This is a This is a featureless featureless substance that is substance that is made up of water made up of water and proteins , and proteins , much like raw egg much like raw egg whites in whites in appearance and appearance and consistency.consistency.

The ground substance is made The ground substance is made up of the following three up of the following three

components components Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid


components components Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid Cell adhesion proteinsCell adhesion proteins


components components Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid Cell adhesion proteinsCell adhesion proteins ProteoglycansProteoglycans

Interstitial FluidInterstitial Fluid

This is a solution that bathes and This is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular surrounds the cells of multicellular animals animals

Interstitial FluidInterstitial Fluid

This is a solution that bathes and This is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular surrounds the cells of multicellular animalsanimals

An average person has about 11 An average person has about 11 liters of interstitial fluid, providing liters of interstitial fluid, providing the cells with nutrients and a means the cells with nutrients and a means of waste removal. of waste removal.

Cell Adhesion Proteins (CAP) Cell Adhesion Proteins (CAP)

Cell adhesion proteins (CAP) are Cell adhesion proteins (CAP) are involved in cell-cell and cell-involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix binding. extracellular matrix binding.


Cell adhesion proteins (CAP) are Cell adhesion proteins (CAP) are involved in cell-cell and cell-involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix binding. extracellular matrix binding.

The major classes of cell adhesion The major classes of cell adhesion molecules are the integrins, molecules are the integrins, cadherins, selectins and the cadherins, selectins and the immunoglobulins. immunoglobulins.


These are the glue that holds the cell These are the glue that holds the cell and tissue together. They become and tissue together. They become continuous with the basement continuous with the basement membrane and the various types of membrane and the various types of adhesion proteins such as adhesion proteins such as desmosomes. desmosomes.

ProteoglycansProteoglycans

Are a complex Are a complex group of proteins group of proteins modified with modified with sugar groups that sugar groups that control how control how viscous the ground viscous the ground substance is. substance is.

Proteoglycans Proteoglycans

Proteoglycans are a major Proteoglycans are a major component of the matrix, the “filler” component of the matrix, the “filler” substance existing between cells in a substance existing between cells in a tissue. tissue.

Proteoglycans Proteoglycans

Proteoglycans are a major Proteoglycans are a major component of the matrix, the “filler” component of the matrix, the “filler” substance existing between cells in a substance existing between cells in a tissue. tissue.

Examples of these include chondrotin Examples of these include chondrotin sulfate and hyaluronic acid. sulfate and hyaluronic acid.

What are the function of these What are the function of these components of the matrix?components of the matrix?

Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid Cell adhesion proteinsCell adhesion proteins ProteoglycansProteoglycans

The MatrixThe Matrix

Fibers Fibers

There are three types of protein There are three types of protein fibers which make up the matrix. fibers which make up the matrix.

Fibers Fibers

There are three types of protein There are three types of protein fibers which make up the matrix. fibers which make up the matrix.

These protein fibers intermingle with These protein fibers intermingle with the proteins of the ground substance. the proteins of the ground substance.

Fibers Fibers

These proteins are:These proteins are: Collagen fibersCollagen fibers Elastic fibersElastic fibers Reticular fibersReticular fibers

CollagenCollagen

This is a heavily This is a heavily crossed linked crossed linked protein and as a protein and as a result is tough and result is tough and has a high tensile has a high tensile strength. Grossly strength. Grossly collagen appears collagen appears white. white.

CollagenCollagen

It is the main component of It is the main component of connective tissue, and is the most connective tissue, and is the most abundant protein in mammals, abundant protein in mammals, making up about 25% to 35% of the making up about 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content. whole-body protein content.

CollagenCollagen

It is the main component of It is the main component of connective tissue, and is the most connective tissue, and is the most abundant protein in mammals, abundant protein in mammals, making up about 25% to 35% of the making up about 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content.whole-body protein content.

Collagen in tissues such as tendon, Collagen in tissues such as tendon, ligament and skin.ligament and skin.

Elastic FibersElastic Fibers

Elastic tissue as the name implies Elastic tissue as the name implies can stretch like a rubber band can stretch like a rubber band



It is found in the skin and lungs It is found in the skin and lungs



It is found in the skin and lungs It is found in the skin and lungs Elastin tends to deplete as people Elastin tends to deplete as people

age, resulting in wrinkled or age, resulting in wrinkled or stretched out skin stretched out skin

Old AgeOld Age

Reticular FibersReticular Fibers

Reticular fibers crosslink to form a Reticular fibers crosslink to form a fine meshwork (reticulum)..fine meshwork (reticulum)..

Reticular FibersReticular Fibers

Reticular fibers crosslink to form a Reticular fibers crosslink to form a fine meshwork (reticulum). fine meshwork (reticulum).

This network acts as a supporting This network acts as a supporting mesh in soft tissues such as liver and mesh in soft tissues such as liver and bone marrow and the tissues and bone marrow and the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system.organs of the lymphatic system.

Cell Component Cell Component

In the tissue framework are “resident In the tissue framework are “resident cells cells

Cell Component Cell Component

In the tissue framework are “resident In the tissue framework are “resident cellscells

These cells can become activated These cells can become activated and form the characteristic fibers of and form the characteristic fibers of their matrix. their matrix.

Cell ComponentCell Component

Common cells include the:Common cells include the:


Common cells include the:Common cells include the: Fibroblast- lays down the connective Fibroblast- lays down the connective

tissue matrixtissue matrix



tissue matrixtissue matrix Chondroblast- found in cartilageChondroblast- found in cartilage



tissue matrixtissue matrix Chondroblast- found in cartilageChondroblast- found in cartilage Osteoblasts- found in boneOsteoblasts- found in bone



tissue matrixtissue matrix Chondroblast- found in cartilageChondroblast- found in cartilage Osteoblasts- found in boneOsteoblasts- found in bone Blood cellsBlood cells

Other CellsOther Cells

Other cell types found in the Other cell types found in the connective tissue are often connective tissue are often associated with the immune system associated with the immune system and healing these include: and healing these include:

Other CellsOther Cells

Other cell types found in the Other cell types found in the connective tissue are often associated connective tissue are often associated with the immune system and healing with the immune system and healing these include:these include:

Fat cellsFat cells White blood cells (neutrophils, White blood cells (neutrophils,

eosinophils and lymphocytes)eosinophils and lymphocytes) MacrophagesMacrophages Mast Cells Mast Cells

Connective Tissue Types Connective Tissue Types

Loose Connective Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar)Tissue (Areolar) Widely distributed, Widely distributed,

surrounds the surrounds the capillariescapillaries

Cushions organs Cushions organs and is a reservoir and is a reservoir for tissue fluid.for tissue fluid.

Fibers are in know Fibers are in know pattern.pattern.


Loose Connective Loose Connective Tissue (Adipose)Tissue (Adipose) Loose connective tissue Loose connective tissue

packed with adipocytespacked with adipocytes Provides a reserve fuel, Provides a reserve fuel,

insulates and protects insulates and protects (cushions) .(cushions) .

Located under the skin, Located under the skin, within the abdomen within the abdomen and breast.and breast.


Loose Connective Loose Connective Tissue (Reticular)Tissue (Reticular) The reticular network The reticular network

supports other cell supports other cell types particularly those types particularly those of the immune system.of the immune system.

Found in the spleen, Found in the spleen, bone marrow and bone marrow and lymph glands .lymph glands .

Reticular fibers are a Reticular fibers are a type of collagen.type of collagen.


Dense Connective Dense Connective Tissue (Dense Tissue (Dense Regular)Regular) Fibers are parallel with Fibers are parallel with

very few cells.very few cells. Major cell is the Major cell is the

fibroblast.fibroblast. Makes up the Makes up the

ligaments and tendons ligaments and tendons and is very strong in and is very strong in one direction.one direction.


Dense Connective Dense Connective Tissue (Dense Tissue (Dense Irregular)Irregular) Fibers are irregularly Fibers are irregularly

arranged with very few arranged with very few cells.cells.

Found in the dermis of Found in the dermis of the skin and fibrous the skin and fibrous capsules around joints.capsules around joints.

Function is to withstand Function is to withstand forces from many forces from many directions.directions.


Cartilage (Hyaline)Cartilage (Hyaline) A matrix with a fine A matrix with a fine

collagen net work..collagen net work.. Chondroblasts Chondroblasts

produce the matrix.produce the matrix. Has cushioning Has cushioning

properties & is found properties & is found in the trachea, ends in the trachea, ends o ribs and bones o ribs and bones and tip of nose.and tip of nose.


Cartilage (Elastic)Cartilage (Elastic) A matrix with a fine A matrix with a fine

elastic fibers elastic fibers forming a network.forming a network.

Supports external Supports external ear and epiglottis.ear and epiglottis.

Has great flexibility.Has great flexibility.


Cartilage (Fibrous)Cartilage (Fibrous) A matrix that is A matrix that is

similar but less firm similar but less firm than hyaline.than hyaline.

Can absorb Can absorb compressive shock.compressive shock.

Makes up the Makes up the meniscus of the meniscus of the knee and knee and intervertebral disks.intervertebral disks.


Bone (Osseous Bone (Osseous Tissue)Tissue) Has hard calcified Has hard calcified

matrix containing matrix containing collagen.collagen.

Supports body, Supports body, provides a fulcrum provides a fulcrum for muscle action & for muscle action & site of blood cell site of blood cell formation.formation.


BloodBlood Contains red and Contains red and

white blood cells in white blood cells in a fluid matrix, the a fluid matrix, the plasma..plasma..

Transports nutrients Transports nutrients and waste products.and waste products.

Connective Tissue A study in diversity. Connective Tissue.

Documents

Transcript of Connective Tissue A study in diversity. Connective Tissue.