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ContentsContentsContentsContentsContents

Introductory Message 2

Research Highlights 4

Enhancing and Sharing the Benefits of Agrobiodiversity 4Conservation and Use of Tropical Genetic Resources 4Bean Improvement for the Tropics 6Improved Cassava for the Developing World 7Improved Rice for Latin America and the Caribbean 9Tropical Grasses and Legumes 10Tropical Fruits 11

People and Agroecosystems in the Tropics 12Crop and Agroecosystem Health Management 12Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) 13Rural Agroenterprise Development 15Participatory Research Approaches 16Spatial and Economic Analysis for Decision and Policy Support in Agriculture and the Environment 18

CIAT in the Regions 20Regional Coordination—Africa 20Regional Coordination—Asia 20Regional Coordination—Central America and the Caribbean 22

Public–Private Partnerships and Agronatura Science Park 24Latin American and Caribbean Consortium to Support Cassava Research and Development (CLAYUCA) 24Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice (FLAR) 26Cooperation with Colombia 27

Challenge Programs and System-Wide Initiatives 28HarvestPlus Challenge Program 28Generation Challenge Program 29Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program (SSA CP) 29Water and Food Challenge Program 30Tropical Whitefly IPM Project 31Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA) 32Amazon Eco-Regional Program 33

An Overview of CIAT 34Donors 34Mission 35Project Portfolio 35Financial Results 35Board of Trustees 38Who’s Who 39CIAT around the World 42

Acronyms and Abbreviations 45

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CIAT Annual Report2005-2006

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CIAT is dedicated to using science to help the rural poorimprove their livelihoods. The programs highlighted inthis Annual Report show how CIAT scientists incollaboration with researchers, community groups,farmers, and other partners are seeking to make small-scale agriculture more competitive, protect and improvelocal agroecosystems, while stimulating rural innovationand entrepreneurship. To achieve these objectives, CIATis reorganizing its research under two major themes—Enhancing and Sharing the Benefits of Agrobiodiversityand People and Agroecosystems in the Tropics—inresponse to a series of external reviews. These changes inprogramming will continue the implementation of CIAT’sStrategic Plan 2001–2010.

Each theme addresses global challenges and presentsimportant opportunities to improve rural livelihoods.Enhancing and Sharing the Benefits of Agrobiodiversitywill evolve to focus on developing clearly defined publicgoods by working closely with partners. It will seek toshare genetic resources with other research centers andto develop and introduce, in collaboration with localfarmers, improved varieties of important tropical crops.Its objectives are to strengthen international collectionsof important genetic materials and to use these resourcesto enhance the competitiveness and profitability of localfarm operations and achieve food security.

The People and Agroecosystems in the Tropics programwill provide an institutional focus on integratedmanagement of ecosystems in the tropics to attain foodsecurity, economic productivity, and agroecosystemstability. It will address the challenges related to land andcrop degradation caused by economic pressures and thelack of appropriate knowledge and technical solutions. Itsobjectives are to improve local decision-making, workwith rural communities to develop improved farmingpractices that can be implemented on a wider scale, andjointly exploit new market opportunities that fosterincome generation and make technologies and marketswork to benefit the poor.

CIAT’s research is addressing issues that are neither trivialnor easy to solve. As a result, the Center continues topursue opportunities to enhance its effectiveness. Asmentioned earlier, the past year provided uniqueopportunities for reflection and forward planning by CIATstaff and management. The Center benefited from fourconcurrent external reviews that were commissioned inMay 2006. These reviews assessed CIAT’s major programareas as well as the overall governance and managementof the Center. The review teams drew attention to thehigh quality of both Center staff and the research that wasundertaken. In particular, the reviews noted CIAT’sproven ability to integrate biophysical and socialscientists into teams dedicated to problem solving.Among the more than 60 specific recommendations of theteams, there were two substantive programrecommendations: the need to more tightly focus theresearch program; and the desirability to attain greater

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integration of the research program to deliver clearlyidentified products. Given the importance of theserecommendations to future programming, as well aspressures created by declines in external funding, CIATmanagement has taken appropriate steps to further focusand integrate its research agenda.

Changes always represent significant challenges to staff;however, they offer opportunities for CIAT to build on itsrecognized strength in interdisciplinary research. Thecoming year will witness the creation of a workingenvironment that will facilitate and enable trulyinterdisciplinary research. To achieve this transition,CIAT will evolve from a multi-project based organizationinto a targeted, product-based organization. Theseproducts are expected to range from improvedgermplasm to integrated management systems. CIAT iscurrently embarking on a participatory process with staff

and partners to identify and select a limited number offocal products. The identified products will then bedeveloped and tested with the target groups anddevelopment stakeholders.

A concentration on fewer, well selected, areas of highpotential benefit to the poor in the tropics will allow CIATto achieve fresh vigor and greater impact. In ourexperience, research focused on a well-defineddevelopment outcome is one of the best ways to induceeffective interdisciplinary integration. Some of theseproducts will be straightforward and rather obvious, suchas working to improve beans, cassava, forages, and rice,within which we are already focusing on stress resistance,improved nutritional quality, and increased productivity.Other products will be more complex, such as thedevelopment of policies, institutions, and technologiesthat can establish markets, especially for high-valueproducts, to benefit the poor.

The long-term plan is to have identified the products,developed the research plans, and organized the researchteams by the end of this year for full implementation in2007. In parallel, scientists will now belong to“communities of practice” that represent their skill sets.Particularly, social scientists will become embeddedwithin each interdisciplinary project.

Significant challenges lie ahead for CIAT’s staff andpartners. However, we are confident that ourrededication to collaborative multidisciplinary researchon clearly articulated products will allow us to continueto enhance our reputation as a results-oriented, high-quality organization. We look forward to meeting thechallenges that lie ahead.

Yves SavidanBoard Chair

Joachim VossDirector General

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Goal:Contribute to

diminishing the risk ofgenetic collapse of crops

by producing,preserving,

and disseminatinggermplasm specifically

adapted to multiplebiotic and abiotic

stresses inthe tropics.

Objective:Contribute to the

sustainable increase ofproductivity and quality

of mandated andother priority crops, and

to the conservation ofagrobiodiversity in

tropical countries for thebenefit of the poor.

Enhancing and Sharing the Benefits of Agrobiodiversity

Conservation and Use of Tropical Genetic Resourceswww.ciat.cgiar.org/biotechnology/index.htm

Promote more efficient conservation and use of agrobiodiversity by developing novel technologiesfor assessing the genetic diversity of wild and cultivated gene pools and conserving seeds andgenetic information; and broadening the genetic base of crops through research partnerships.

International conservation standardsGood progress was made on upgradingthe CGIAR1 genebanks at CIAT. Accessionsof more than 10,000 beans and5,000 tropical forages were planted toincrease the availability of seed and toreplace aging seeds. The GeneticResources Unit (GRU) operates four fieldstations in Colombia: Palmira, Quilichao,Popayán, and Tenerife. More than 10,000accessions were harvested, processed,and dried; nearly 2,500 accessions weresecured in the long-term vault; and theviability of almost 5,000 seed accessionswas tested. To date, about 12,000 seedaccessions of beans and forages havebeen shipped to CIMMYT for backup, andclose to 1,200 accessions of cassava havebeen shipped to CIP. The core cassavacollection (630 accessions) is presentlyconserved in liquid nitrogen to test theuse of this method as a security backup ofthe entire collection at the InternationalNetwork for the Improvement of Bananaand Plantain (INIBAP).

International service to world agricultureIn 2005, GRU distributed almost8,500 samples of accessions from theFood and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations (FAO) designatedcollections for three commodity crops(beans, cassava, and tropical forages)—aclear indication of continuing interest inthe FAO collections. A new Web site wasalso designed to make it easier forInternet users to consult the databasesand request materials. To date, morethan 21,000 digital images have beentaken of seeds, cassava-root sections,forage plants, and herbarium vouchers tohelp users tailor their germplasmrequests. More than 80% of the entirecassava collection has been tested andcertified against important viruses.

Social relevance of conservation effortsAfter hurricane Katrina devastatedseveral areas of the Caribbean in August2005, GRU was able to help restorecassava clones in Cuba. A study was alsocompleted with the ColombianCorporation for Agricultural Research(CORPOICA) to determine the diversityand redundancy in the nationalcollection of avocado in Colombia. Tohelp expand the cassava collection, whilereducing costs of in vitro maintenance,research was undertaken to track downduplicated accessions. At the request of

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the Ministry of Agriculture and RuralDevelopment (MADR), a protocol wasdeveloped to conserve seeds of the peachpalm in liquid nitrogen. This methodmay also be used for other palm speciessuch as the African oil palm, which canbe used to produce biodiesel.

International cooperation and capacitybuildingThroughout the year, GRU staffcontinued their efforts to interact withpeers. This work included lectures,presentations, input into trainingcourses, poster presentations, andpublications. In addition, GRU staffsupervised research by graduatestudents.

Molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS)Many African countries haveexperienced low adoption rates ofimproved cassava genotypes producedby centralized breeding programs. Forthis reason, a decentralized breedingscheme was instituted in Tanzania thatused MAS and participatory plantbreeding (PPB). The objective was toimprove the pest and disease resistanceof local, farmer-preferred varieties.Introductions of cassava from CIAT thathad resistance to cassava mosaic diseaseand to the cassava green mite wereevaluated in the field, and 80 genotypeswere selected. Simultaneously, morethan 50 local varieties were selectedfrom the Southern and Eastern zones ofTanzania. The CIAT introductions and

local varieties were used to establishbreeding trials with the Department forResearch and Development (DRD) at theChambezi experimental station, which issituated about 60 km northwest of Dar esSalaam. More than 20,000 crosses havebeen made, and it is expected that a totalof 60,000 sexual seeds will be produced.The seeds were planted in January 2006,and molecular markers will be used toidentify disease- and pest-resistantgenotypes for further trials.

Molecular analysisWild rice species are valuable geneticresources that can be used to broadenthe genetic base of cultivated rice. Tworice samples collected in Salahondita andSanta Rosa in Colombia were identified astetraploids belonging to the species Oryzalatifolia. These tetraploid species are avaluable genetic resource for genetic andbreeding purposes. After severalbackcrosses to Oryza sativa, fertile plantswere recovered with introgressed traitsderived from the wild progenitor. Someplants also had additional chromosomes.Polymorphic markers were identifiedthat could be used to assessintrogressions from the wild progenitor.Preliminary results showed thatO. latifolia is resistant to rice blast, ricehoja blanca virus (RHBV), and Tagosodesoryzicola (the vector of RHBV). Thisfinding is very important because newalleles are now available for furtherbreeding work.

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1.GRU staff supervises researchby graduate students.

2.In 2005, GRU distributedalmost 8,500 samples ofaccessions.

3.The core cassava collection.

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Bean Improvement for the Tropicswww.ciat.cgiar.org/beans/index.htm

Increase bean productivity through improved cultivars and natural resource managementpractices in partnership with national programs and regional networks.

Participatory plant breeding (PPB)A monitoring tour by 14 scientists fromnational agricultural research centers(NARS) in eight countries was conductedin May 2005 to highlight trends andaccomplishments of the bean networks.More than half of the plant breeders inthe Eastern and Central Africa BeanResearch Network (ECABREN) and theSouthern Africa Bean Research Network(SABRN) are using PPB approaches forvariety selection and breeding. In the last3 years, the bean networks have beensuccessful in getting PPB-selectedvarieties released through the formalagricultural systems. In Ethiopia, twovarieties were released by the EthiopianAgricultural Research Organization(EARO) [now called the EthiopianInstitute of Agricultural Research (EIAR)]in 2003, and three more are in thepipeline. As well, two varieties from workled by the Southern AgriculturalResearch Institute (SARI) were released in2002, and two other varieties wererecommended for region-specific use. Innorthern Tanzania, farmingcommunities, in collaboration with theSelian Agricultural Research Institute(SARI), have selected nine new varietiesthat will enter seed multiplication in2006. In Southern Uganda, two varieties

were identified by the community ofBukoba in collaboration with theNational Agricultural ResearchOrganisation (NARO).

The bean networks and ECABREN, inparticular, are developing the capacity tohave farmer evaluations taken seriouslyas an input, and even a determiningfactor, in the official release of newvarieties and in the introduction of PPBvarieties. The variety-preference criteriaof different users groups (women, men,market-preferences, and homeconsumption) are now well understoodacross a range of agroecological zonesand are being used to fine-tune formalbreeding programs. Although yield anddisease resistance remain among the keydecision-making criteria, three othercriteria stand out across sites: earlymaturity (linked to both drought escapeand to “filling the hunger gap”) isperhaps first priority (ahead of absoluteyield) in moisture-stressed regions;marketability (for both domestic andexport concerns) is increasinglyimportant, even for the poorest; andcooking time (as well as taste) have risen inimportance as rural farmers move tosupply town and urban markets, and asfuelwood becomes harder to obtain.

1.The marketability (for bothdomestic and exportconcerns) is increasinglyimportant, even for thepoorest.

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Improved Cassava for the Developing Worldwww.ciat.cgiar.org/yuca/inicio.htm

Improve cassava production and diversify its end uses by generating high-quality germplasm,new tools, and knowledge that facilitate genetic improvement of cassava.

High-protein rootsDuring 2005, cassava clones wereidentified that had two to three timesmore crude protein in their roots(6%–8% dry weight basis compared withthe typical 2%–3%). This high-proteincassava will help improve the diet ofmillions of people for whom cassava is adaily staple and also increase farmincomes through the production ofvalue-added cassava for livestocknutrition. Because of the low proteincontent of “normal” cassava, the feedindustry only pays 60%–70% of the priceof alternative sources of energy(typically maize) for cassava root. Theuse of high-protein cassava should allowthe feed industry to use the sameformulations for their feeds (because noadditional source of proteins will berequired). In many tropical countries,maize is currently imported fromtemperate regions. Therefore, it isimportant to find local sources of energyfor the feed industry. The high-proteintrait adds nutritional value to the root,

increases its value, and makes cassavamore competitive with maize. Discoveryof this trait is expected to increase thepossibility of collaboration between thefeed industry and the animal nutritionand crop-breeding researchcommunities.

New starch quality mutantsFor many years, the cassava-breedingproject at CIAT has gradually, butconsistently, shifted its attention to theproduction and identification of cassavaclones with high-value industrial uses.For the feed industry, identification ofclones with increased nutritional valuewas a key target. The starch industry haspersistently requested clones withaltered starch properties in their roots.Clones with molecules simpler thanstarch are requested by initiatives toproduce ethanol fuels and bioplastics.Inbreeding of cassava was introduced, inpart, to help identify clones with usefulrecessive traits. During the past fewyears, thousands of partially inbred

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1.During 2005, cassava cloneswere identified that had twoto three times more crudeprotein in their roots.

2.Inbreeding of cassava wasintroduced, in part, to helpidentify clones with usefulrecessive traits.

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plants were grown and evaluated—including several mutagenizedpopulations. As a result, several mutantshave been identified that have eithermarkedly reduced or twice the normallevels of amylose in their starch and verydistinctive amylograms (indicatingdifferent pasting properties). The starchproduced by these plants offersdistinctive advantages for the starchindustry. These discoveries are veryimportant, not only because they addvalue (similar mutations in maize resultin 30% increases in their market value),but because they prove that inbreeding ofcassava can help identify useful recessivetraits.

Overcoming the problem of postharvestphysiological deteriorationCassava roots cannot be stored for morethan 1 or 2 days after harvest becausepostharvest physiological deteriorationimplies high marketing costs andsignificant losses between harvest andconsumption. An interspecific crossbetween Manihot esculenta and M. walkeraeproduced a plant with roots that did notdeteriorate even 3 weeks after harvest.This interspecific cross has been backcrossed to cassava. MAS is being used to

accelerate the elimination of the wilddonor parent genotype and help produceelite lines that have long shelf life.

Deployment of New World tropics germplasmwith resistance to cassava mosaic disease(CMD) in AfricaCMD has been rightly described as ashifting, changing, constantly evolvingenemy of cassava in Africa and of the20 million households that depend on itsstarchy storage roots for livelihood. Thedisease is now known in the New Worldtropics. In a bid to accelerate the transferof useful variability from cassava’s centerof diversity in the New World tropics toAfrica, resistance to CMD was bred intoelite parental gene pools at CIAT usingMAS. This has led to the development ofhundreds of clones having high starchcontent, good adaptation to lowlandhumid tropics and acid soils, goodresistance to pests and diseases found inthe New World tropics, and resistance toCMD. The clones that combine the bestcharacteristics have been tested withmany African national programs. InNigeria, through the National Root CropsResearch Institute (NRCRI), three ofthese clones have entered varietalprerelease regional trials.

1.An interspecific crossbetween Manihot esculenta andM. walkerae produced a plantwith roots that did notdeteriorate even 3 weeks afterharvest.

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Improved Rice for Latin America and the Caribbeanwww.ciat.cgiar.org/riceweb/index1.htm

Improve the nutritional and economic well-being of rice growers and low-income consumers inLatin America and the Caribbean through sustainable increases in rice production andproductivity.

Varieties for small upland-rice producersCIAT–CIRAD (French Agricultural ResearchCentre for International Development) hasbeen conducting participatory ricebreeding in Nicaragua in collaborationwith the Nicaraguan Institute forAgricultural Technology (INTA) since 2002.These activities have involved local groupsof expert farmers and used appropriateparticipatory breeding approaches andmethods. The farmers are involved in theprocess of evaluating and selecting ricelines, and several varieties are about to bereleased.

Durable resistance to rice blastThe genetic basis of durable resistance torice blast in rice variety Llanos 5 is beingcharacterized in collaboration with KansasState University. It has been discoveredthat durable resistance in Llanos 5 resultsfrom a combination of quantitative andqualitative genes. Researchers now have amuch better understanding of what isrequired for a rice plant to remainresistant to rice blast.

Genetics of resistance to RHBVResearch has determined that resistanceto RHBV is the result of a combination ofresistance to the virus and to theplanthopper vector (Tagosodes orizicolus).

Several potential quantitative trait locihave now been identified that haveresistance to both RHBV and T. orizicolus.

Wild rice accessions from ColombiaWild relatives of rice were collected inColombia. After identification andmolecular characterization of thesespecies, they were shown to be Oryzalatifolia, a tetraploid species. After severalbackcrosses to Oryza sativa, fertile plantswith introgressions from O. latifolia wererecovered. Preliminary results showedthat these wild rice accessions ofO. latifolia may be a source of resistance torice blast, RHBV, and the planthoppervector (Tagosodes orizicolus).

Composite population improvementA collaborative project between CIRADand CIAT concentrates on broadening thegenetic base of rice through compositepopulation improvement. Thisimprovement program uses a recurrentselection process combined withconventional breeding methods. The firstcommercial upland rice variety producedfrom population breeding was releasedby Bolivia in January 2006. In addition,some advanced lines are about to bereleased as new varieties in severalcountries.

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1.Preliminary results showedthat wild rice accessions ofO. latifolia may be a source ofresistance to rice blast, RHBV,and the planthopper vector(Tagosodes orizicolus).

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Hybrids with multiple resistance to spittlebugSignificant progress was made using arecurrent selection scheme toincorporate resistance to spittlebug intoBrachiaria spp. In 2004, varying levels ofresistance to Prosapia simulans (one of themost important species affectingBrachiaria in Mexico) were reported in34 apomictic hybrids. These hybrids hadbeen preselected in Mexico for goodadaptation and desirable agronomiccharacteristics. A series of replicated testswas carried out in 2005 to evaluate theresistance of these genotypes to Prosapiasimulans and to four other major speciesof spittlebug in Colombia (Aeneolamiavaria, A. reducta, Zulia carbonaria, andMahanarva trifissa). Six apomictic hybridswere selected for resistance to all fivespecies of spittlebug. In 2005, almost600 new sexual hybrids were tested forresistance to three spittlebug species(A. varia, A. reducta, and Z. carbonaria) andresistance levels were near 95% to allthree species.

Tropical Grasses and Legumeswww.ciat.cgiar.org/forrajes/index.htm

Optimize genetic diversity for multipurpose use, improve the livelihoods of poor rural livestockcommunities, and contribute to greater access by poor urban consumers to safe, high-qualityanimal products by strengthening forage-based feeding systems and taking advantage of thepotential of forages to enhance natural resource management and provide environmentalservices.

Selection of Forages for the Tropics (SoFT)Forage research over the last 50 yearshas identified many tropical grasses andlegumes that play a role in farmingsystems in developed and developingcountries. Information on the adaptationand use of these species resides in peer-reviewed literature and research reportswith limited distribution and, often mostimportantly, in the memories of forageagronomists with decades of experienceworking with a wide range of forages indiverse farming systems. An inter-institutional [CIAT, CommonwealthScientific and Industrial ResearchOrganisation (CSIRO), QueenslandDepartment of Primary Industries (QDPI),ILRI, and the University of Hohenheim]project funded by the Australian Centrefor International Agricultural Research(ACIAR) was setup to develop aknowledge system for the identificationof forages suitable for specified nicheswithin smallholder farming systems inthe tropics and subtropics. The databaseprovides information on the adaptation,uses, and management of forage species,cultivars, and elite accessions and allowseasy identification of best-bet species. It

1.Cratylia, a drought-resistantlegume of high nutritionalvalue to livestock.

2.Tropical Forages, a powerfulpackage, is now freelyavailable on the Internet(www.tropicalforages.info)and on CD-ROM.

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also includes a bibliography of morethan 6,000 references and abstracts onforage diversity, management, and use;global maps of climate adaptation foreach species; and a collection ofphotographs and images of differentspecies. The application was officiallyreleased at the XXth International

Grassland Congress in Ireland in June2005. The database is now freelyavailable on the Internet(www.tropicalforages.info) and onCD-ROM. Since its release, there has beena steady increase in the number of visitsto the Internet site—from less than 300in June to almost 5,000 in October 2005.

Lulo (Solanum quitoense) is an importantfruit crop for small Andean farmers.More than 12,000 ha are planted inColombia and Ecuador, and lulo is themain income source for almost 15,000families. During 2005, CIAT multipliedand distributed healthy elite clones oflulo that had been selected by farmers inColombia. The improved performance of

Tropical Fruits www.ciat.cgiar.org/tropical_fruits/index.htm

Use science, technology, and modern information technology to provide information and supportto partners in the public and private sector who promote production, processing, and marketingof tropical fruits by rural communities to increase wealth and improve their welfare.

these cloned materials created greaterinterest among farmers to continue withfurther experimentation in their ownplots. The farmers could compare theperformance of the cloned plants withthe plants grown from seeds and see forthemselves the benefits of clonalpropagation.

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1.Lulo (Solanum quitoense) is animportant fruit crop for smallAndean farmers.

2.Lulo is the main income sourcefor almost 15,000 families inColombia and Ecuador.

3.During 2005, CIAT multipliedand distributed healthy eliteclones of lulo that had beenselected by farmers inColombia.

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People and Agroecosystems in the Tropics

Goal:Improve the innovativecapacity of poor people

and communities in thetropics to attain food

security, economicproductivity,

agroecosystem stability,and improved human

health and welfare whileensuring the provision of

global environmentalgoods and services.

Objective:Contribute technical,

institutional, and policyinnovations to improve

the management oftropical agroecosystems

that benefit poorcommunities and the

local and globalenvironment by linking

market-basedapproaches with natural

resource management.

Crop and Agroecosystem Health Managementwww.ciat.cgiar.org/ipm/index.htm

Understand and improve crop and agroecosystem health in the tropics.

This project implements research toachieve four major outputs: to describeand analyze pest and disease complexes;to develop pest-and-disease managementcomponents and integrated pestmanagement (IPM) strategies; tostrengthen the capacity of NARS todesign and execute IPM research andimplementation; and to develop globalIPM networks (Integrated WhiteflyManagement Technology) and knowledgesystems. Significant advances were madein all four areas.

A number of molecular tools weredeveloped for the diagnosis and detectionof pests and pathogens of various crops.A biocidal protein identified from atropical forage legume (Clitoria ternatea)was found to be effective against diseasesof tomato under field conditions. Therice-blast-resistance genes present in211 commercially grown Latin Americanrice cultivars were identified. Ninegroups of potential sources ofcomplementary resistance genes weredefined for use in a breeding program todevelop commercial rice cultivars thatcombine desired agronomic traits andblast resistance. Several bean lines withmultiple resistance to Pythium root rot

and angular leaf spot diseases were alsoselected and will be distributed to severalcountries for multi-location evaluations.Some lines have already been distributedto Kenya and Malawi. The economicthreshold of white grub (Phyllophagamenetriesi) was defined for three crops(maize, cassava, and beans). In addition, amethodology for mass rearing of whitegrub species was developed.

A collaborative mechanism wasestablished to help national partnersintegrate MAS in their breedingprograms. Cohesive and dynamicfarmer-research groups (300 groups thatinclude more than 50,000 well-trainedfarmers) have evolved at project sites inUganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Malawi.Farmer-to-farmer knowledge sharing hasenhanced technology dissemination andadoption (60%–85% adoption rate) inseveral countries in Africa. In addition,expanded diffusion of technologiescontinued within the Department forInternational Development (DFID)-funded project on SustainableManagement of Whiteflies, andpublication of the book Whitefly andWhitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics:Building a Knowledge Base for Global Action.

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Conservation and sustainable management ofbelow-ground biodiversity (CSM-BGBD)A partners’ meeting was held in Manaus,Brazil, to present the results of the BGBDinventories carried out in Brazil, Côted’Ivoire, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico,and Uganda. Also participating in thismilestone meeting were mid-termreviewers, technical advisors, steeringcommittee members, and members ofthe project advisory committee.Technical papers were presented on awide array of issues. The team oftechnical advisors concluded that theproject had achieved success in agreeingon appropriate standard methods andusing them to assemble a unique andcomprehensive dataset, a conclusionthat was shared by the externalevaluators. Based on its mid-termreview, the external evaluatorsrecommended a second phase of thisproject, which was approved by theGlobal Environment Facility (GEF) in2006.

Improved decision-making in the EthiopianhighlandsFood security in the Ethiopian highlandsis constrained by land degradation, landfragmentation, and limited access to

technologies and skills. Enset (Ensetventricosum) is a perennial herb with anedible corm that supports about13 million people in Ethiopia. Ahousehold survey, supported by fieldmeasurements, was conducted from2000 to 2002 with 24 representativefarmers. The objective was to identifyproduction objectives and quantifyavailable land resources, croppingsystems, crop yields, and market pricesto be able to develop models that wouldimprove decision-making. Farmersidentified three major productionobjectives depending on their householdpriorities, socioeconomic status, andresource base: food security (producingenough food from their farm); foodsecurity plus the ability to fulfill theirfinancial needs; and solely generatingcash income, regardless of its effect onfood production.

Using an optimization model, it waspossible to predict that enough could beproduced by reducing the land areaallocated to sweet potato, coffee, wheat,and legumes by 11%, 45%, 22%, and 63%,respectively, while increasing the landarea of enset (from 9% to 17%) and kale(from 2.4% to 7.6%). To satisfy both food

Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF)www.ciat.cgiar.org/tsbf_institute/index.htm

Develop and disseminate to clients strategic principles, concepts, methods, and managementoptions for protecting and improving the health and fertility of soils through manipulation ofbiological processes and the efficient use of soil, water, and nutrient resources in tropicalagroecosystems. 1.

Farmer-to-farmer knowledgesharing has enhancedtechnology dissemination andadoption (60%–85% adoptionrate) in several countries inAfrica.

2.The farmer-to-farmerexchange has proven to be adynamic mechanism ofknowledge sharing and aneffective way to disseminateintegrated soil-fertilitymanagement principles.

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and cash demands, the proportions ofcoffee, potato, beans, and enset wouldneed to be increased by 30%, 15%, 8%, and3%, respectively, over the current landallocation. This shift would double annualcash income to about USD 140 perconsumption unit. Sole interest to cashincome would be fulfilled by completereplacement of cereals and root crops bycoffee (80.2%) and teff (19.8%), whichwould generate about USD 230 perconsumption unit annually. A changefrom the current production systems toone based solely on food security couldoffer high-quality livestock feed; whereas,a move to cash generation would offerlow-quality livestock feed (with about 84%of the feed coming from coffee husks).Moreover, a shift from the current systemto food security would not affect the levelof soil erosion. However, a shift to theother two scenarios would reduce soilerosion by between 39% and 52%, mainlydue to expansion of the area planted toperennial crops.

Implementing conservation-farmingtechnology (Fuquene watershed, Colombia)Reduced tillage, rotations with greenmanures, and direct drilling of seed arethe conservation-farming practices beingpromoted by the Consortium forSustainable Development in the AndeanEcoregion (CONDESAN), CIAT, and theGerman Agency for Technical Cooperation(GTZ) (as part of the Water and FoodChallenge Program—WFCP) to reduce thedeposition of sediments, nitrogen, andphosphorus in Fuquene Lake, which is

already highly eutrophied. Previousstudies demonstrated that thisalternative could reduce negativeenvironmental impacts by about 50%while increasing net income andemployment opportunities. Althoughthese improved practices could increasenet incomes, it was suspected that thefarmers did not have sufficient cash toincorporate green manures in their croprotation. This project investigatedwhether restricted finances wereconstraining technological change.CONDESAN–GTZ worked with theRegional Autonomous Corporation (CAR)to make sure that the necessary technicalassistance was available to implementthe required practices. Two farmers’associations were included in thepartnership as direct beneficiaries of thecredits and also as intermediariesbetween CONDESAN and the smallestfarmers, who do not belong toassociations. These development actionsboth promote technical changes andcreate in situ research opportunities toinvestigate the real constraints tosustainable soil use. This project willexamine the biophysical impacts on boththe soil and the lake, and thesocioeconomic benefits of the proposedchanges. If the results are positive, thesepractices will become part of anenvironmental service payment schemethat is promoted by the project.

Farmer-validated management principlesTwenty farmers from drought-proneareas of Nicaragua visited farmers who

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1.Indigenous knowledge andfarmers’ experimentation.

2.The combination of soilfertility and pest and diseasemanagement approachesprovides a uniqueopportunity to exploitsynergies allowing bettercontrol of these limitations tocrop productivity.

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were practicing Quesungual slash andmulch agroforestry systems (QSMAS) ontheir farms in Honduras. The mainobjective of their visit was to learn fromfarmers practicing improvedmanagement principles. Six monthslater, six farmers from Somotillo,Nicaragua, showed their ownQuesungual plots to a group ofresearchers from the integrated soil

management (MIS) consortium. Thefarmers were very excited about thepositive benefits of the system andexpressed their willingness to teachother farmers from similar regions. Thisfarmer-to-farmer exchange has provento be a dynamic mechanism ofknowledge sharing and an effective wayto disseminate integrated soil-fertilitymanagement principles.

Rural Agroenterprise Developmentwww.ciat.cgiar.org/agroempresas/ingles/index.htm

Link small farmers to expanding markets so they can develop sustainable livelihoods in the ruralsector.

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The Rural AgroenterpriseDevelopment (RAeD) project isdeveloping methods and tools, andcatalyzing new institutionalarrangements, to make markets workbetter for poor farmers. The researchagenda includes both action researchand strategic studies. Action research isundertaken with public- and private-sector partners within selected supplychains. These studies seek ways toincrease the access and competitivenessof smallholders within dynamic markets.

In 2005, several market-chain studieswere undertaken to explore “high valueproducts” including: horticultural cropsin Latin America; persimmon, cassava-starch, and livestock in Vietnam; andexport beans, pigs, and potatoes in

Africa. These studies allowed RAeD toinvestigate how to develop markets thatlink smallholders to supermarkets inNicaragua and how to create markets forethnic minority groups in the uplands ofLao PDR. In each location, common issueswere investigated: equity andgovernance in supply chains; marketperformance; the sustainability ofmarketing institutions; and howbusiness-support services and financialservices can be delivered to smallholdersin a low-cost, sustainable manner.

Based on lessons from the actionresearch, multi-site studies wereundertaken to evaluate emerging issues:the minimum social-capital needed forcollective marketing; how to integratesavings schemes into enterprise

1.Plant to make cassava starch.

2.Sugarcane processing inCauca, Colombia.

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Strengthening farmers’ organizations andrural innovation systemsThe focus of this research has been onfinding how to merge knowledge in waysthat produce co-developed technologies.CIAT and the Centers for Learning and

investments versus credit-basedinvestments; ways to foster innovationand experimentation in short-termbusiness planning; how best to access anduse market information; and how todesign best practice guides that enableservice providers to help farmers engagein both informal high-volume and moreformalized high-value markets.

The application and scaling up of bestpractices for enterprise development isbeing explored through partner-ledinnovation platforms, such as theagroenterprise “Learning Alliance.” Suchpartnerships have expanded over thepast 5 years to more than 30 countries inLatin America, Africa, and Asia. Partnersare now able to test and compare bestpractices in an interactive process thatallows learning of new marketingtechniques, putting ideas in practice, andreflection on outcomes.

The project is also collaborating withregional centers, northern universities,the CGIAR, and NARS to supportknowledge-sharing and capacity-buildinginitiatives for marketing. In 2005, RAeDworked closely with the Global Forum onAgricultural Research (GFAR)–CGIAR onhigh-value marketing options for thepoor; cohosted a conference with theInternational Water and SanitationCentre (IRC) on developing learningalliances as a research tool; worked withthe Technical Centre for Agricultural andRural Cooperation (CTA) on prospects fordelivering new market informationservices and commodity exchanges intoAfrica and the Caribbean; andcollaborated with the Royal TropicalInstitute (KIT) to publish a book onmarket-chain empowerment for farmersin Africa. All these efforts are being madeto foster market access, improve ruralinstitutions, and raise rural incomes.

Participatory Research Approacheswww.ciat.cgiar.org/ipra/ing/index.htm

Test participatory approaches and analytical tools to incorporate local knowledge and the needsof farmers.

Knowledge Sharing (CAIS) aremonitoring their co-development effortsto better understand how to facilitateagricultural innovation. The researchersare seeking efficient ways to incorporatelocal knowledge into the co-development

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1.In 2005, several market-chainstudies were undertaken toexplore “high valueproducts”.

2.The RAeD project isdeveloping methods andtools, and catalyzing newinstitutional arrangements, tomake markets work better forpoor farmers.

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the four macro-regions, and more than40 experiences have been documented bythe national team of trainers. By workingwith local grassroots organizations,NGOs, and governmental organizations, adatabase of information from thecommunities has been established to feedinto a central information system thatlinks the foundations in each macro-region.

Four new participatory methodologieshave been developed to actively involvethe participating farmers in theevaluation of the different phases of theirprojects. In addition, a national team offacilitators was created to disseminatethe PM&E methodology in Bolivia, andtwo diploma-granting courses onparticipatory methodologies wereorganized with the Foundation forPromotion and Research of AndeanProducts (PROINPA) and the San SimónUniversity (UMSS). More than 20agreements and letters of intent havebeen signed between NGOs, communitygroups, and the CIAT–FOCAM (PromotingChange) project to participate in PM&Eprocesses in Bolivia.

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of technologies, both those that havebeen tested by CAIS and those that haveresulted from interactions between CIATand CAIS.

Community-managed participatorymonitoring and evaluation (PM&E) systemsIn Africa, PM&E systems are being testedat the community and project levels withpartners in Kenya, Uganda, and Malawi.Most activities have focused on creatinga critical mass of research anddevelopment (R&D) staff with skills andexperience in applying PM&E systems.To achieve this objective, four trainingworkshops were held for nationalagricultural research institutes (NARIs)in Malawi, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania;nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)in the Southern Democratic Republic ofCongo; and representatives fromcollaborating projects in Eastern andSouthern Africa. Efforts have also beenmade to identify local indicators ofchange and to establish baselines for thepilot-learning sites.

In Bolivia, the PM&E system has beenimplemented in 50 projects in three of

1.In Africa, PM&E systems arebeing tested at the communityand project levels withpartners in Kenya, Uganda,and Malawi.

2.Four new participatorymethodologies have beendeveloped to actively involvethe participating farmers inthe evaluation of the differentphases of their projects.

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A new software package was developedjointly with the Tropical Fruits Project tohelp improve genetic-resourcemanagement. This Homologue softwaredefines the probability that any selectedlocation in the tropics will exhibitclimatic and soil conditions similar tothose of locations that are known to havefavorable growing conditions for specificcrops.

A practical risk-management tool fordrought insurance was also developed,implemented, and tested in collaborationwith the CIAT Rural AgroenterpriseDevelopment Project. The methodologyintegrates crop-growth modeling withclimate simulation. The use of thesecomputer models was successfullydemonstrated in case studies in CentralAmerica and Southeast Asia.

The Diversification Agriculture ProjectAlliance (DAPA) has built strongrelationships with other academicinstitutions, such as CIRAD, andimportantly with private-sector partners.

These relationships foster direct fieldimplementation of results from appliedresearch that targets higher value cropsat environmental and market niches. Inaddition, fundamental knowledge isbeing generated on the causalrelationships between the quality ofhigh-value agricultural crops and theirgrowing environments.

Geographic information can be used tosupport supply-chain management ofhigh-value agricultural products basedon products quality. Projects are beingdeveloped to commercially introducethese concepts. As well, the strategic useof environmental information is beingimproved. Topography information isnow included, and greater emphasis isbeing placed on generating timelyclimate information.

The GEF project on reversing landdegradation has been initiated in thefield. The first year will be used tocomplete assessments that will be usedto develop a multi-year project.

Spatial and Economic Analysis for Decision andPolicy Support in Agriculture and the Environment

Land Usehttp://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/sig/inicio.htm

Develop improved systems of natural resource management by using spatial informationregarding risks and opportunities at different scales.

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2.Geographic information canbe used to support supply-chain management of high-value agricultural productsbased on products quality.

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A participatory research projectdesigned to improve the sustainability ofcassava systems in the uplands ofSoutheast Asia demonstrated highadoption rates of improved cassavavarieties. Adoption of soil-conservationpractices was lower, but still significant.In some cases, soil conservationcontributed to yield increases andexpansion of cassava area. Thisexpansion in area suggests thatconservation practices are allowingfarmers to cultivate steeper, moreerosive land in a sustainable way. Themost significant finding was that farmerparticipation had a large impact on yieldthat was independent of the impact ofhigher levels of technology adoption.Farmers who participated in the trialshad higher yields, not only because theywere more likely to have adopted thenew technologies, but because theirparticipation appears to have increasedtheir human capital in ways that allowedthem to better manage their farms.

A farm-level model was developed andtested to analyze joint production ofagricultural products and environmental

services. When applied toagrosilvopastoral systems in theColombian Llanos, the incorporation offorestry for both forest products andcarbon sequestration was found to beeconomically viable; however, its successdepended on the capital intensity of theoperation. Environmental services areonly viable for larger, richer farmers.Policies that subsidize the establishmentand maintenance of forests, or pre-paycarbon credits, would makeenvironmental service options morepro-poor.

Estimates of the potential benefits ofbiofortified beans in Central America andcassava in Brazil were compared withthose of other biofortified crops. Evenunder pessimistic assumptions, beansand cassava generate positive returns.However, compared with the results ofcrops such as rice or wheat in populouscountries such as India, they are lessattractive from an economic point ofview. These results suggest that cropstrategies, especially target countries,should be reevaluated.

Impact Assessmentwww.ciat.cgiar.org/impact/index.htm

Help planners to ensure that scarce resources are being used as efficiently as possible bydeveloping reliable information about the impact of research.

1.Plantation of cassava.

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CIAT regional programspursue progressive

research on technologiesand processes that help

rural communities buildsustainable livelihoods

through competitiveagriculture, healthy

agroecosystems, andrural innovation. The

programs work closelywith national

institutions, NGOs, andthe private sector and

use participatorymethods to ensure that

rural people play anactive role in devising

better ways to improvecrops, build rural

agroenterprises, andmanage soil fertility,

pests, and plant diseases.

Regional Coordination—Africawww.ciat.cgiar.org/africa/index.htm

The competitive grants approachadopted for the Challenge Program islikely to produce mixed results in termsof collaboration among CGIAR Centers inAfrica. However, the report of the AfricaTask Force commissioned by the ScienceCouncil provided fresh impetus for allCenters to integrate their work. Thisreport provided a sound diagnosis of thereal problems, while presenting a rangeof possible solutions—from mergingCenters to integrating programs. Withthe formation of the Alliance Executive,the Centers and the Science Councilagreed to develop two mid-term plans(MTP) among the Centers working in theEastern and Southern, and in the Westand Central, subregions of Africa. ILRIand the Africa Rice Center are leading the

development of these MTPs. A searchabledatabase of all projects, outputs, andoutcomes is nearing completion, andpotential themes for integrated work arebeing revisited. In Eastern and SouthernAfrica, for example, these researchthemes are likely to be in the areas ofintegrated natural resource management(INRM), exploiting genetic diversity,information and knowledge, and post-conflict rehabilitation of capacity forresearch-for-development. Whenconsidered with the new high-levelFramework for African AgriculturalProductivity, there is an opportunity forthe Centers to engage in strongcollaboration around a smaller numberof large projects.

CassavaTwo successful cassava projects are on-going in Asia. One, funded by ACIAR,aims to improve the cassava-productionsystems in Indonesia and to establishimproved systems in East Timor. Thesecond, funded by the NipponFoundation, works on improving on-farm production and use of cassava inLao PDR and Cambodia.

Regional Coordination—Asiawww.ciat.cgiar.org/asia/index.htm

In Asia, cassava has a bright future inethanol production as a substitute forfossil fuels, in industrial uses of starch,particularly waxy starch, and in theanimal-feed industry. A number ofpartner countries are interested indeveloping cassava varieties that arebetter suited to these uses. CIAT is wellpositioned to play an important role inthese developments through the genetic

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resources available in its germplasmbank and its expertise in both traditionaland biotechnology-based plant breedingtechniques.

ForagesSignificant changes occurred during2005 in the forage and livestock systemsin the region. A project funded by theAustralian Agency for InternationalDevelopment (AusAID) on forages andlivestock systems was completed in LaoPDR and produced significant impactsboth on the capacity of national staff andon farmers. A multi-country livestockand livelihood systems project, fundedby the Asian Development Bank (ADB),also made significant impacts andproduced a cadre of regional foragescientists. In 2005, CIAT and ILRIdesigned a loan project for the ADB andthe Government of Lao PDR. In late 2005,a new ADB-funded project wasestablished to build provincial andnational capacity in readiness for theimplementation of the loan project,which should start in late 2006 or early2007. As well, a research fordevelopment project based on earlierresearch findings was approved todevelop technologies for greatly

improved village-based pig feedingsystems. Considerable potential exists tofurther develop R&D links in the forageand livestock systems of countries in theregion.

R&D support, agroenterprise development,analysis, and new directionsIn collaboration with CIP, theParticipatory Research for Developmentin the Uplands (PRDU) project continuesto provide methodological andtechnological support to loan projects ofthe International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD) in Lao PDR,Vietnam, and China. This type of projectemphasizes the critical role CGIARCenters have in providing a link betweenR&D, although much work remains toimprove the flow of ideas from researchto development projects.

There is a great deal of interest in linkingfarmers to markets, and several CIATactivities in the region are having impactin this area. A project funded by theSwiss Agency for Development andCooperation (SDC) on small-scaleagroenterprise development in theuplands of Lao PDR and Vietnamcontinues to show very interesting

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1.The report of the Africa TaskForce commissioned by theScience Council provided freshimpetus for all Centers tointegrate their work.

2.Significant changes occurredduring 2005 in the forage andlivestock systems in Asia.

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Collaborative partnerships with nationalresearch institutions and ministries arecentral to dissemination and appliedresearch. However, greater reliance isalso being placed on a growing networkof partners ranging from worldwideNGOs, such as Catholic Relief Services(CRS), CARE, and the famine relieforganization OXFAM, to developmentagencies such as GTZ and NetherlandsDevelopment Organisation (SNV), and tolocal municipalities such as San Dionisio,Nicaragua, and Yorito, Honduras. Work

impacts. This is a new area of work formost governments in the region.However, local governments appreciatethe relatively immediate benefits thatresults from an improved dialoguebetween all stakeholders in the marketchain and a better understanding of thestructure of the market chain.

In northern Lao PDR, a project funded bythe Austrian Development Agency (ADA)is analyzing the livelihood strategies,market chains, associated risks, and thespatial arrangement of small-scaleagroenterprises. The project has led to animproved understanding of how poorfarmers can move out of systems based

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on subsistence agriculture. This workshould link closely with activitiesundertaken in association with the JapanInternational Research Center forAgricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) on spatialanalysis and remote sensing of land-usesystems in complex farming systems inthe uplands of Lao PDR.

Additional activities are anticipated toenhance regional collaboration in Asia,particularly the involvement of othercountries and donors. Expansion intonew areas of activity such as beans, fruittrees, and other high-value crops andinto new countries in South, Southeast,and East Asia also appears possible.

with INTA in Nicaragua intensified acrossseveral CIAT projects (e.g., WatershedManagement, Forages, Rice, Sorghum,Beans, Biofortification, Cassava, TropicalSoil Biology and Fertility). Additionaleffort will be made to obtain similarlevels of collaboration in Honduras,El Salvador, Guatemala, and Haiti,although a good number of collaborativeprojects are now being implemented.

An outstanding example for partnershipwork is the Learning Alliance. This

1.Two successful cassavaprojects are on-going in Asia.

2.There is a great deal ofinterest in linking farmers tomarkets, and several CIATactivities in Asia are havingimpact in this area.

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project development, management, andmonitoring are increasingly applied,additional effort is needed to optimizethe process and the communicationchannels.

Additional interactions with otherCGIAR Centers are desirable. In 2006,there was an opportunity to collaboratewith The World Vegetable Center(AVRDC), which is intensifying its workin Central America. In addition,collaboration with the Inter-AmericanInstitute for Cooperation on Agriculture(IICA) and the Tropical AgriculturalResearch and Higher Education Center(CATIE) is ongoing to develop severalactivities and proposals in differentcountries. To maintain and intensifypartnerships in the region, plans areunderway to increase the number ofCIAT projects that have staff placedwithin the region.

activity triggered a process of mutuallearning and training, research, anddevelopment with a series of researchinstitutions, development partners,and donors in Central America. It alsoallowed additional CIAT projects to usethe alliance as a platform to intensifytheir work with partners. The alliancehas proven to be an effective “dooropener” for new bilateral partnershipsand multilateral activities.

Throughout the region, universitiescontinued to be our natural partners inresearch activities. But a growingnumber of intensified partnershipswith advanced research institutionsand universities in the North were alsodeveloped to enhance North–Southcollaboration. At the heart of allcollaborative work are partnershipswith farmers and farmer groups.Although participatory instruments in

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1.Work with INTA in Nicaraguaintensified across several CIATprojects.

2.A good number ofcollaborative projects are nowbeing implemented in Haiti.

3.An outstanding example forpartnership work is theLearning Alliance in CentralAmerica.

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Technology package for cassava productionTechnical assistance provided to acommercial-scale cassava project inNigeria, in collaboration with technicalpersonnel from the National ResearchInstitute on Tropical Root Crops (INIVIT)in Cuba, was instrumental in obtainingyields of more than 30 t/ha. The firstharvest in Nicaragua of cassava clonesintroduced in vitro from CIAT, which werehardened and grown with technicalassistance from CLAYUCA and supervisedby INTA, gave yields of between 40 and50 t/ha for some of the clones, with highdry-matter content and good quality

cassava roots. CLAYUCA coordinated invitro shipment of improved cassavaclones to Suriname, Peru, Mexico,Nicaragua, and South Africa. As well,CLAYUCA acted as a technologyclearinghouse for private-sectorcompanies in Nigeria and South Africaand helped them to import cassava-planting machines purchased in Brazil.

Technology package for producing refinedcassava flourImportant advances were made in therefinement process for cassava flour forindustrial uses and human consumption.

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Public–Private Partnerships and Agronatura Science Park

Public–private partnerships are playingan increasingly important role inagrobiodiversity and agroecosystems. InLatin America and the Caribbean (LAC)the main sources for funding areproducer associations (private sector)and civil society organizations. Contactswere made with African palm and cattleassociations to promote replication of thecooperative models illustrated by FLARand CLAYUCA. Representatives of thecacao, tropical flower, and plantain

industries are currently discussing thefeasibility of implementing similarmechanisms. Proper handling ofintellectual property rights will be animportant aspect of this work.

Agronatura is carrying out severalinitiatives to increase CIAT’s role inColombia. A group called “Amigos delCIAT” promotes local application of CIATdiscoveries and fosters enhancedcollaboration with the host country.

Latin American and Caribbean Consortium to Support CassavaResearch and Development (CLAYUCA)www.clayuca.org

Help improve living standards and sustainable natural resource management in regions of LACwhere cassava plays an important role in agricultural production systems. Generate, transfer,and exchange technologies, information, and scientific knowledge among public- and private-sector institutions and farmer groups.

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From an initial processing capacity ofabout 100 kg/h of dry cassava chips, andusing basically the same equipment, thecurrent capacity has been increased toabout 350 kg/h. With minor changes inthe design, it should be possible toincrease the capacity to about 750 kg/h.

Rapid multiplication of cassava plantingmaterialAn innovative method was developed torapidly multiply cassava plantingmaterial. The method uses 1-bud and2-bud mini-stakes grown using acombination of field and greenhousegrowing periods. This technique wasfield tested at three different sites inColombia, Nigeria, and South Africa withexcellent results. The method is now aproven strategy for producingsignificant amounts of planting material

in a short time. However, CLAYUCAcontinues to evaluate the effect that thesmall size of the planting material couldhave on yields. Preliminary resultsindicate that this effect may benegligible. If so, a radical change may bepossible in the multiplication of cassavaplanting material, especially whenfarmers want to extensively plant apromising new variety.

Coordination of activitiesSouth Africa and Nigeria are nowmembers of CLAYUCA—in both casesthrough a private companyimplementing cassava projects. CLAYUCAstaff conducted technical assistancemissions in both countries. In addition,Costa Rica and Haiti became the seventhand eight countries to join CLAYUCA.

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1.CLAYUCA Web site.

2.Important advances weremade in the refinementprocess for cassava flour forindustrial uses and humanconsumption.

3.Drying cassava starch.

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In 2004, FLAR and CIAT made acommitment to collaborate on irrigatedrice in Latin America. This agreement wasextended for 5 years in 2005, and the fundgrew to 14 member countries. Peruannounced its intention to become thefifteenth member before the end of 2006.

Breeding is at the core of FLAR activities.The sub-program for the tropics hasintroduced improved materials tomember’s breeding programs for severalyears, and new cultivars are now beingregistered and are in the seed-multiplication stage: one in Venezuela,one in Nicaragua, one in Guatemala, twoin Panama, and two in Costa Rica (one forirrigated and one for uplands). InColombia, three FL advanced lines areundergoing final evaluation trials.

The sub-program for temperate ricestarted several years later and focuses onincreasing yield potential, betteragronomic traits, high quality, and coldtolerance in different growing stages. Anew screening methodology for cold

tolerance of seedlings was developed andhas been added to current screeningprotocols. A cold chamber wasconstructed to improve screeningcapacity throughout the seed, seedling,and reproductive stages. Trials incountries of the Southern Cone haveshown an improvement in recently sentmaterial and good adaptation to theseenvironments.

FLAR activities in agronomy wereincreased during the last stages of aproject funded by the Common Fund forCommodities (CFC) to improve yields ofirrigated rice in Venezuela and Brazil.Adoption of improved management notonly in these countries, but in Nicaragua,Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Argentina,showed that in farmers’ demonstrationplots, yields were increased by 1–3 t/hawith no cost increases. These resultsindicate the potential to increase thecompetitiveness of the rice sector anddemonstrate the effectiveness of farmer-to-farmer methods for transferring goodcrop-management practices. FLAR will

Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice (FLAR)www.flar.org/inicio.htm

Meet the needs of partners for continuous innovations in irrigated rice production. Make riceproduction more competitive, profitable, and efficient by employing environmentally friendlycrop-management practices, lowering prices to rice consumers, and strengthening the rice sectorin member countries.

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1.FLAR Web site.

2.Regional Workshop onIntegrated Crop Managementof Rice and TechnologyTransfer.

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continue this project with its own fundsin 2006 extending it to all 14 membercountries.

A new project recently approved by CFCwill focus on rice markets. It will providenon-market and market-based

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CIAT enjoys a very positive relationshipwith its host country. Under thegovernment’s new competitive approachto the financing of agricultural researchand rural development projects, CIATraised USD 945,000 in 2005 through27 proposals that were developed inalliance with national partners, bothfrom the public and the private sector:CORPOICA; the Colombian Institute forRural Development (INCODER); theInstitute of Hydrology, Meteorology andEnvironmental Studies (IDEAM); theAlexander von Humboldt BiologicalResources Research Institute (IAvH); theFoundation for Agricultural Researchand Development (FIDAR); the NationalFund for the Promotion of Horticulture(ASOHOFRUCOL); and the DepartmentalGovernments of Cauca and Valle delCauca. These research proposals coveredcassava, beans, tropical fruits,

instruments to manage rice-pricefluctuations in Latin America and theCaribbean. Use of these instruments willhelp manage marketing and financialrisks associated with trade liberalizationand the extension of high-yielding ricetechnologies.

Cooperation with Colombia

agroenterprises, watersheds,biotechnology, and land-use planning.

In addition, CIAT signed threecooperative agreements with theColombian Ministry of Agriculture tosupport research, development, andinstitutional strengthening. The totalvalue of these agreements wasUSD 3,450,000.

Several CIAT scientists and professionalswere invited to participate in the boardsand executive and administrativecommittees of public institutions, such asCORPOICA, The Francisco José de CaldasColombian Institute for the Developmentof Science and Technology(COLCIENCIAS), the Association ofFarmers and Livestock Producers ofValle, and ASOHOFRUCOL.

1.Breeding is at the core of FLARactivities.

2.Farmer at a Colombiansavanna.

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Challenge Programs and System-Wide Initiatives

HarvestPlus Challenge Programwww.harvestplus.org

Reduce micronutrient malnutrition by harnessing the powers of agriculture and nutritionresearch to breed nutrient-dense staple foods.

Co-convened by CIAT and IFPRI, theHarvestPlus Challenge Program isbreeding nutrient-dense staple foods andmaking them available to theundernourished. All plant breedingresearch and work to reach and engageend-users of biofortified crops iscoordinated at CIAT. Sixteen staple cropsare being bred to be high in vitamin A,iron, and/or zinc. The reaching end-usercomponent is working with CIP-developed orange fleshed sweet potato tobuild strong seed systems, ensuremarkets, and understand thecomplexities of creating demand forbiofortified crops.

Impact research is also being conductedby CIAT. The HarvestPlus team works ongeographic targeting to support thebiofortification strategy. Standardimpact-assessment methods often fail to

account for geographic differences inhealth status, crop production andconsumption, and other factors that varywithin and between countries. Cropproduction and farming-systemsinformation must also be reconciled withhealth status and poverty information.Geographic information is being used toconduct spatial analysis of the data toaddress these problems and to supportbreeder strategies that seek to reach end-users.

Further research is underway on thelinks between the HarvestPlus crops(maize, wheat, and rice), socioeconomicconditions, and health conditions. Theproject is carrying out a series ofmodeling efforts and will ultimatelyprovide tools and data for refineddecision-making throughout varietydevelopment, testing, and dissemination.

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Three large proposals were approvedduring 2005. The first seeks to transferuseful genes from wild relatives ofcassava into elite progenitors. Thisproject is conducted in partnership withthe Brazilian Agricultural ResearchCorporation (EMBRAPA) and theNational Research Center for Cassavaand Tropical Fruits (CNPMF), the CropsResearch Institute (CRI) Ghana, NRCRINigeria, and the Namulonge Agriculturaland Animal Production ResearchInstitute (NAARI) Uganda. The second

Generation Challenge Programwww.generationcp.org/index.php

Use plant genetic diversity, advanced genomic science, and comparative biology to develop toolsand technologies that enable plant breeders in the developing world to produce better cropvarieties for resource-poor farmers.

involves collaboration between CornellUniversity, the Institute of Research forDevelopment (IRD) France, WARDA,EMBRAPA–CNPMF, and FedearrozColombia on exploitation of naturalgenetic variation in wild relatives of rice.The third project attempts to identify thephysiological and genetic traits thatmake cassava one of the most drought-tolerant crops. It involves EMBRAPA–CNPMF, as lead institution, CIAT, IITA,and Cornell University.

Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program (SSA CP)www.fara-africa.org/SSA%20CP.htm

Address the most significant constraints to reviving agriculture in Africa—failures of agriculturalmarkets, inappropriate policies, and natural resource degradation—by applying a new paradigm,Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D).

Managed by the Forum for AgriculturalResearch in Africa (FARA), this multi-stakeholder effort creates novelpartnerships with a wide range of R&Dpartners (including CGIAR Centers,NARS, universities, NGOs, farmers’organizations, government institutions,and the private sector) around the broad

theme of integrated agricultural researchfor development (IAR4D).

CIAT, in partnership with the AfricanHighlands Initiative (AHI) and theRwandan Institute for AgriculturalSciences (ISAR), was selected as the leadinstitution for the Lake Kivu pilot

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learning site (PLS). This site coverscontiguous areas of the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo, Rwanda, andUganda and includes densely populatedand fragile highland environments acrossthree countries at very different stages ofemergence from severe civil disruption.As lead institution, CIAT provides andfacilitates administrative and researchsupport to approximately50 organizations that belong to the pilotlearning team, and liaises closely with theAssociation for StrengtheningAgricultural Research in Eastern and

Central Africa (ASARECA), which hasmanagement oversight for this PLS andFARA.

Over the year, efforts have been made todevelop partnerships of research teams(task forces) to compete for fundsthrough a competitive grant system.CIAT won one of three competitivegrants to lead a multi-institutional taskforce for a 3 year project on Wealthcreation through market access and ruralagroenterprise diversification in the LakeKivu PLS.

CIAT is the lead institution forcoordination of Theme 2 in the Water andFood Challenge Program (WFCP)—Waterand People in Catchments. Thisresponsibility covers research, technical,scientific monitoring, and evaluationactivities. As part of a comprehensiveassessment, a paper was written on themain links between poverty, gender, andwater management in agriculture and thesearch for promising pathways toimprove water management. In addition,six papers were prepared for a specialissue of Water International on integratingscales of analysis and action in water-

Water and Food Challenge Programwww.waterandfood.org

Create research-based knowledge and methods for growing more food with less water. Develop atransparent framework for setting targets and monitoring progress that recognizes that mostfood demand will be met by improving the productivity of rainfed systems.

resources management from adevelopment perspective. The results ofresearch on social-network analysis andthe methodological tools that itencompasses were prepared to explorethe relationships between the actors whomanage water resources and thebiophysical conditions of two uppercatchments in the tropics.

A CIAT scientist, seconded to the WFCP,is coordinating the activities of the basinfocal projects (BFPs). Ten strategicresearch projects, with a collectivebudget of USD 8.5 million, are being

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1.Water and Food ChallengeProgram Web site.

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developed in nine benchmark basins,plus the Niger basin. The purpose of theBFPs is to assess the current condition ofagricultural-water management withinthe basins. This analysis, together withassessments of opportunities and threatsto improvement, will determine howspecific changes in water-managementsystems can satisfy competing demandsmade by the food and other sectors.Projects, led by IWMI, CSIRO, the

This system-wide project continues todisseminate information on whitefly andvirus-disease management as well asimproved cassava, common bean, sweetpotato, and tomato germplasm in Asia,Africa, and Latin America, where thesepests are endemic. Technical guidelineshave been distributed to agriculturalprofessionals and farmers on how tomanage whiteflies, which are pests and

University of California, Davis, and IRD,have been initiated for the Karkheh,Mekong, São Francisco, and Volta basins.Competitive grant projects for the Andes,Indus–Ganges, Limpopo, Niger, Nile, andYellow River basins are due to start inNovember. The BFPs include USD 900,000for an impact assessment project. Thisproject is led by CIAT and includesresearch that will lead to more formalbenefit–cost analysis.

vectors of plant viruses of importantfood and industrial crops. Common beanvarieties possessing resistance towhitefly-borne viruses are beingmultiplied in Central America to providecertified seed to small-scale farmers freeof charge. The IPM package distributedto small-scale farmers with theimproved germplasm emphasizes theuse of minimum chemical inputs.

Tropical Whitefly IPM Projectwww.tropicalwhiteflyipmproject.cgiar.org

Improve the livelihoods of rural families through the effective management of whiteflies andwhitefly-transmitted viruses, which will result in increased crop production and reducedenvironmental impact through the elimination of toxic insecticides.

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2.The IPM package distributedto small-scale farmers with theimproved germplasmemphasizes the use ofminimum chemical inputs.

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This program has successfully catalyzed thegeneration of a sizeable body of research toassess the impact of participatory researchand gender analysis methodologies, andculminated in several publications. Theprogram is fueling a broad effort tomainstream these findings into practice,notably with African NARIs. Efforts toincrease peer-reviewed publication, PhDdissertation research, and e-learninginitiatives with university partners havehad a positive effect on informationdissemination.

Lessons learnedThe PRGA program organized an impact-assessment workshop with CIMMYT todiscuss the measurement and interpretationof the impact of participatory research andgender analysis. The goal was to provide anall-too-rare forum for sharing ofexperiences, learning, and discussion. As aresult, 25 empirical impact studies are nowavailable on the PRGA Web site, and anumber of lessons have been documented.These resources will provide input for bothindividual impact-assessors and R&Dorganizations, and affect stakeholders at alllevels—from farming communities, to R&Dagents, to donors.

Some of the key lessons learned through theimpact-assessment workshop included:

• the need to “build on the positive”—learning from the positive experiencesof others to make technical and socialscience research more focused onpoverty reduction and social inclusion;

• the realization that there is no “oneway” of doing impact assessment ofparticipatory R&D; in particular,assessments that rely solely onquantitative techniques no longer workand integrated impact-assessmentmethods must be applied;

•· in many cases, the principles of impactassessment—particularly integratedimpact assessment—are more easilytransferable than methods;

• including all types of stakeholders(especially end-users and donors) in theplanning and conduct of impactassessment contributes to learning andchange;

• impact-assessors need time to reflect ontheir results, rather than movingstraight on to the next task; and

• effective communication of results isvital, as all too often impact results arelost in the details of lengthy reports.

Mainstreaming Gender Analysis in AfricanAgricultural ResearchA PRGA project, begun in 2004 withASARECA, was designed to build capacity ingender analysis and mainstreaming in

Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA)www.prgaprogram.org

Develop and promote methods and organizational approaches for gender-sensitive participatoryresearch on plant breeding and on management of crops and natural resources.

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African NARS. In the first year, learningworkshops and mentoring wereundertaken to develop capacities toconduct gender analysis, train others, andapply concepts and skills to mainstreamthese methods. In 2005, a total of17 participants from NARS in eightcountries attended a workshop onstrategic planning for gender analysis andorganizational change. After some

additional training, the NARSrepresentatives were able to analyze theirinstitutional situations and to build workplans around their knowledge of thestarting point (i.e., the status quo) and thedesirable end-point (i.e., mainstreamedgender sensitivity). In the long term,mainstreaming of gender analysis isexpected to help research better targetpoverty alleviation.

The establishment of an Amazon InitiativeSystem-Wide Eco-Regional Program withinthe CGIAR structure was approved by theAlliance Executive. A proposal to theScience Council was submitted in mid-2006to support research that focused onintegrated socioenvironmental assessment,enhanced landscape management, naturalresource governance, and collaborativemonitoring and evaluation of researchdevelopment and outcomes. In addition,the National Institute of Agricultural andFood Research and Technology (INIA) inSpain renewed its support for institutionaldevelopment of the Amazon Initiative (AI),and the International Centre for Migrationand Development (CIM) approved funds tohire an environmental services expert.

Nine subregional workshops were carriedout in the six member countries and

attracted representatives from more than220 institutions. The objectives of theseworkshops included the dissemination ofthe AI vision, identification of priorities,creation of an inventory of technologies,services, and products supplied in thesubregion, and an assessment of major gaps.As well, 11 thematic networks were formed,and a training workshop was held fornetwork facilitators in Lima, Peru.

In collaboration with Association ofAmazonian Universities (UNAMAZ),students enrolled in Amazonian universitiesare supported through short-terminternships in research projects carried outin NARS and CGIAR Centers. In addition,EMBRAPA has earmarked funds for use onAI activities, and five major collaborativeproposals have been submitted for funding.

Amazon Eco-Regional Programwww.asb.cgiar.org/regions/amazon/ai.asp

Help prevent, reduce, and reverse land degradation by promoting policies and technologies forsustainable land management in the region.

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2.Land degradation in the forest.

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The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) isa not-for-profit organization that conducts socially andenvironmentally progressive research aimed at reducinghunger and poverty and preserving natural resources indeveloping countries. CIAT is one of the 15 centers fundedmainly by the 64 countries, private foundations, andinternational organizations that make up the ConsultativeGroup on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).

Donors

CIAT receives funds through the CGIAR or under specificprojects from the countries and organizations listedbelow. We gratefully acknowledge their commitment andcontributions. CIAT also receives funds for research anddevelopment services provided under contract to agrowing number of institutional clients.

Asian Development Bank (ADB)Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern

and Central Africa (ASARECA)Australia

Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research

(ACIAR)Austria

Austrian Development Agency (ADA)Austrian Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF)

BelgiumGeneral Administration for Cooperation in Development

(AGCD)Bill and Melinda Gates FoundationBrazil

Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa)Canada

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)International Development Research Centre (IDRC)

ColombiaColombian Corporation for Agricultural Research

(CORPOICA)Colombian Institute for the Development of Science and

Technology (COLCIENCIAS)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR)

Common Fund for Commodities (CFC)European Commission (EC)Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations

FranceFrench Agricultural Research Centre for International

Development (CIRAD)Institute of Research for Development (IRD)Ministry of Foreign Affairs

GermanyFederal Ministry of Cooperation and Economic

Development (BMZ)Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA)International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)Italy

Ministry of Foreign AffairsJapan

Ministry of Foreign AffairsThe Nippon Foundation

Latin American and Caribbean Consortium to Support CassavaResearch and Development (CLAYUCA)

Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice (FLAR)Mexico

Grupo PapalotlaNetherlands

Catholic University of LeuvenDirectorate General for International Cooperation (DGIS)Ministry of Foreign Affairs

New ZealandNew Zealand Agency for International Development

(NZAID)Norway

Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs

OPEC Fund for International DevelopmentPeru

National Institute for Agricultural Extension and Research(INIA)

Regional Fund for Agricultural Technology (FONTAGRO)Spain

National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research andTechnology (INIA)

SwedenInternational Programme in the Chemical Sciences (IPICS)

of Uppsala UniversityStockholm Environment Institute (SEI)Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

(SIDA)Switzerland

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)Swiss Centre for International Agriculture (ZIL)Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH)

Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA)

An Overview of CIAT•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

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United KingdomDepartment for International Development (DFID)Natural Resources Institute (NRI)

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)United States of America

The Rockefeller FoundationUnited States Agency for International Development

(USAID)United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)W.K. Kellogg FoundationWorld Vision

World Bank

Mission

To reduce hunger and poverty in the tropics throughcollaborative research that improves agriculturalproductivity and natural resource management.

Project Portfolio

In response to a series of external reviews, CIAT hasorganized its diverse project portfolio around twoinitiatives: Enhancing and Sharing the Benefits ofAgrobiodiversity; and People and Agroecosystems in theTropics.

Enhancing and Sharing the Benefits ofAgrobiodiversity

Conservation and Use of Tropical Genetic ResourcesBean Improvement for the TropicsImproved Cassava for the Developing WorldImproved Rice for Latin America and the CaribbeanTropical Grasses and LegumesTropical Fruits

People and Agroecosystems in the Tropics

Crop and Agroecosystem Health ManagementTropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF)Rural Agroenterprise DevelopmentParticipatory Research ApproachesSpatial and Economic Analysis for Decision and

Policy Support in Agriculture and the Environment

Financial Results

The following tables show CIAT’s financial position andprovide a statement of activities for the years 2004 and2005.

CIAT projected a surplus of USD 0.3 million for 2005;however, a continued decline in core contributions,accelerated revaluation of the Colombian peso, additionalexpenditures incurred by implementing the carryoverpolicy, and difficulties in obtaining full cost recovery fromrestricted projects created a deficit of USD 0.9 million for2005. This left the financial indicators below the CGIARtargets.

During 2006, CIAT initiated a reorganization based on anew business plan approved by the Board of Trustees.This plan includes cuts of USD 2 million across the boardand another USD 2 million in strategic cuts. It alsoincludes changes in the budgeting system. CIAT will movefrom cost-recovery to full-cost budgeting, which willrequire restricted projects to pay all associated costs,including personnel, research and technical support, andindirect cost. The downsizing resulted in an additionalUSD 3 million for staff termination, which created adeficit of USD 2 million in 2006. CIAT forsees surpluses ofUSD 2.5 million in 2007 and USD 3 million in 2008. Afterfull implemented of the business plan by the end of 2008,CIAT reserves will amount to USD 9 million, which will beon target with CGIAR financial indicators.

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CIAT Statement of Financial Position (thousand USD)As of 31 December 2005 and 2004

2005 2004Assets

Current AssetsCash and cash equivalents 14,559 11,197Accounts receivable

Donors 7,181 6,011Employees 357 259Others 1,546 1,559

Inventories 348 334Prepaid expenses 176 173

Total Current Assets 24,167 19,533

Non-Current AssetsProperty, and equipment 10,021 10,093Other assets 6 11

Total Non-Current Assets 10,027 10,104

Total Assets 34,194 29,637

Liabilities and Net Assets

Current LiabilitiesAccounts payable

Donors 8,551 7,179Employees 774 595Others 3,417 3,098

Accruals and provisions 145 163Support to partners Challenge Programs 3,620 852Funds in trust 889 267

Total Current Liabilities 17,396 12,154

Non-Current LiabilitiesAccruals and provisions 1,091 860Others 514 536

Total Non-Current Liabilities 1,605 1,396

Total Liabilities 19,001 13,550

Net AssetsUndesignated 4,068 5,041Designated 11,125 11,046

Total Net Assets 15,193 16,087

Total Liabilities and Net Assets 34,194 729,637

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CIAT Statement of Activities (thousand USD)For the years ended as of 31 December 2005 and 2004

Restricted

Unrestricted Temporary Challenge Total TotalPrograms 2005 2004

Grants 10,981 25,182 4,053 40,216 36,008Other revenues and support, net 1,248 - - 1,248 968

Total revenues, gains, and other support 12,229 25,182 4,053 41,464 36,976

Program related expenses 8,851 24,543 3,918 37,312 31,688Management and general expenses 6,871 639 135 7,645 6,420Other expenses 198 - - 198 358

Total expenses and losses, net beforeindirect cost recovery 15,920 25,182 4,053 45,155 38,466Indirect cost recovery (2,797) - - (2,797) (2,025)

Total expenses and losses, net 13,123 25,182 4,053 42,358 36,441

Net Surplus (Deficit) (894) ----- ----- (894) 535

Memorandum items:Operating expenses by natural classification

Personnel costs 10,939 8,110 1,590 20,639 18,584Supplies and services 34 8,931 1,467 10,432 8,840Collaborators-Partnerships costs - 5,256 541 5,797 4,248Operational travel 1,026 2,246 320 3,592 3,291Depreciation of fixed assets 1,124 639 135 1,898 1,478

Total operating expenses, net 13,123 25,182 4,053 42,358 36,441

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Board of Trustees

Yves Savidan (Chair), FranceScientific Advisor and International Relations Officer,

Life SciencesAgropolis

Mary Scholes (Vice-Chair), South AfricaProfessorDepartment of Animal, Plant, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of the Witwatersrand

Andrés Felipe Arias, ColombiaMinister of Agriculture

Louise Fortmann, USAProfessor Natural Resource SociologyRudy Grah Chair in Forestry & Sustainable DevelopmentESPM Division of Society and EnvironmentUniversity of California at Berkeley

Kenneth Giller, UKProfessorDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen University, The Netherlands

Jenchyn Luh, USAChief Operation OfficerC.M. Capital Corporation

David Miron, USAPresidentTDM Consultants

Oscar Rojas, ColombiaExecutive DirectorAlvarAlice Foundation

Maria José Sampaio, BrazilResearcherSpecial Advisor for Policy AffairsBrazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa)

Armando Samper, ColombiaCIAT Board Chair Emeritus

Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, PhilippinesFounder and Executive DirectorTebtebba Foundation

Arturo E. Vega, ColombiaExecutive DirectorColombian Corporation for Agricultural Research (CORPOICA)

Joachim VossDirector GeneralCIAT

Moisés Wasserman, ColombiaRectorNational University

Claudio Wernli, ChileExecutive DirectorMillennium Science InitiativeMinistry of Planning and Cooperation

Term ended in the reporting period:

James W. Jones (Chair), USAProfessorInstitute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Florida

Ramón Fayad (Acting), ColombiaRectorNational University

Nobuyoshi Maeno, JapanTechnical AdvisorJapan Association for International Collaboration in

Agriculture and Forestry (JAICAF)

Mandivamba Rukuni, South AfricaProgram DirectorW.K. Kellogg Foundation

Anna Kajumulo Tibaijuka, KenyaUnder-Secretary General and Executive DirectorUnited Nations Centre for Human Settlement (UN-HABITAT)

Barbara Valent, USAUniversity Distinguished ProfessorDepartment of Plant PathologyKansas State University

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Management TeamJoachim Voss, Director GeneralJesús Cuéllar, Administrative DirectorJuan Antonio Garafulic, Director of Finances**Douglas Pachico, Director of ResearchLuis Roberto Sanint, Director for Public-Private Partnerships

and Agronatura Science Park

Regional CoordinationRoger Kirkby, Agronomist and Coordinator for Sub-Saharan

Africa, UgandaRod Lefroy, Upland Systems Specialist and Coordinator for

Asia, Lao PDRAxel Schmidt, Agronomist and Coordinator for Central

America and the Caribbean, Nicaragua

Enhancing and Sharing the Benefits of AgrobiodiversityBernardo Arias, Cassava EntomologyStephen Beebe, Bean Breeder and Project Manager,

Bean Improvement for the TropicsMathew Blair, Bean Germplasm Specialist and BreederLee Calvert, Virologist and Project Manager, Rice

Improvement for Latin America and the CaribbeanHernán Ceballos, Cassava Breeder and Project Manager,

Cassava Improvement for the Developing WorldDaniel Debouck, Genetic Resources Specialist and Head,

Genetic Resources UnitClaudia Patricia Florez, Tropical Fruits/Agrobiodiversity and

BiotechnologyMartin Fregene, Cassava GeneticistGerardo José Gallego, Agrobiodiversity and BiotechnologyAlexander García, Bioinformatics, Generation Challenge

ProgramAlonso González, Biologist and Project Manager, Tropical

FruitsFederico Holmann, Agricultural Economist and Livestock

Specialist, CIAT/ILRIManabu Ishitani, Molecular BiologistCarlos Lascano, Ruminant Nutritionist and Project Manager,

Tropical Grasses and LegumesZaida Lentini, Rice GeneticistCésar Martínez, Rice GeneticistAlvaro Mejía, Agrobiodiversity and Biotechnology/Tropical

FruitsJohn Miles, Forage BreederHelena Pachón, Human NutritionistJuan Carlos Pérez, Cassava Genetics and Improvement

Michael Peters, Forage Germplasm SpecialistWolfgang Pfeiffer, Breeding Coordinator, HarvestPlus

Challenge ProgramJoseph Tohme, Interim Leader, Agrobiodiversity Research for

Development ChallengeGilles Trouche, Rice Breeder, CIAT/CIRADChanghu Wang, Geneticist

EthiopiaRalph Roothaert, Forage Agronomist

KenyaPaul Kimani, Bean Breeder

MalawiRowland Chirwa, Bean Breeder and Coordinator, SABRNJean-Claude Rubyogo, Seed Systems Specialist

NicaraguaRoger Urbina, Seed Systems Specialist

NigeriaEmmanuel Okogbenin, Cassava Breeder

People and Agroecosystems in the TropicsElizabeth Alvarez, Plant PathologistEdgar Amézquita, Soil PhysicistJacqueline Ashby, Social Scientist, Rural InnovationEdmundo Barrios, Soil ScientistAnthony Bellotti, EntomologistSandra Brown, GIS SpecialistCésar Cardona, Entomologist***Fernando Correa, Plant PathologistBoru Douthwaite, Technology Policy AnalystShaun Ferris, Postproduction Specialist and Project Manager,

Rural Agroenterprise DevelopmentJames García, Impact AssessmentArjan Gijsman, Soil Scientist, CIAT/University of FloridaVerónica Gottret, EconomistLuis Alfredo Hernández, Participatory ResearchGlenn Hyman, Agricultural GeographerAndrew Jarvis, Agricultural GeographerNancy Johnson, Interim Leader, Agroecosystems Research for

Development ChallengeSegenet Kelemu, Plant Pathologist and Project Manager,

Crop and Agroecosystem Health ManagementIván Lozano, Molecular Biology, Rice/Cassava

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Who’s Who*

* Although the reporting period covers both 2005 and 2006, staff are listed under the structure put in place after the meeting of theBoard of Trustees, in May 2006.

** Currently on sabbatical leave, with contract ending on 31 March 2007.*** Left before June 2006.

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Mark Lundy, Agroenterprise SpecialistGeorge Mahuku, Plant PathologistFrancisco Morales, Virologist and Coordinator, Tropical

Whitefly Project, IPM ProgramNorbert Niederhauser, Information and Communication

Engineering SpecialistThomas Oberthür, GIS Specialist and Project Manager,

Geographical Information and Land UseCarlos Felipe Ostertag, Rural Agroenterprise DevelopmentAndrés Palau, Program OfficerRafael Posada, Agricultural EconomistCarlos Arturo Quirós, Agronomist and Acting Project Manager,

Participatory Research ApproachesIdupulapati Rao, Plant Nutritionist/Physiologist and Latin

America Coordinator of the TSBF InstituteLibardo Rivas, Impact AssessmentMaría Cecilia Roa, WatershedsMarco Rondón, BiogeochemistJorge Rubiano, Agronomist and GeographerNathan Russell, Project Manager, Information and

Communications for Rural Communities (InforCom)***José Ignacio Sanz, Production Systems SpecialistDouglas White, Agricultural EconomistVicente Zapata, Training Officer***

BoliviaHubert Mazurek, Geographer

BrazilRoberto Porro, Agricultural Anthropologist, CIAT/ICRAF

Costa RicaPedro Argel, Agronomist

EthiopiaTilahun Amede, Agronomist

FranceManuel Winograd, Environmental Scientist***

HondurasMiguel Ayarza, Soil ScientistPeter Lentes, Geographer

ItalyRupert Best, Senior Program Specialist, CIAT/GFARNina Lilja, Agricultural Economist, PRGA ProgramLouise Sperling, Social Scientist

KenyaAndré Bationo, Soil ScientistJonas Chianu, SocioeconomistJeroen Huising, Soil Scientist

Omozoje Ohiokpehai, Food Processing Specialist andNutritionist

Peter Okoth, GIS ScientistNteranya Sanginga, Soil Scientist and Director of the Tropical

Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) InstituteBernard Vanlauwe, Soil ScientistRitu Verma, Social Scientist/Anthropologist

Lao PDRWilliam Bourne, Economist***John Connell, Extension Specialist and Rural SociologistKeith Fahrney, AgronomistWerner Stür, Forage AgronomistYukiyo Yamamoto, GIS and Spatial Analysis Specialist***

MalawiJemimah Njuki, Social Scientist

RwandaAmare Tegbaru, Social Scientist

SenegalNathalie Beaulieu, Remote Sensing Specialist

Sri LankaSimon Cook, Spatial Information Specialist, CIAT/IWMI

TanzaniaEliaineny Minja, EntomologistMukishi Pyndji, Plant Pathologist and Coordinator, ECABREN

ThailandReinhardt Howeler, Agronomist

UgandaKwasi Ampofo, Coordinator for Reaching and Engaging

End-Users, HarvestPlus Challenge ProgramRobin Buruchara, Plant Pathologist and Coordinator, PABRAAndrew Farrow, GIS SpecialistSusan Kaaria, EconomistRachel Muthoni, Social EconomistPascal Sanginga, Social Scientist

USABarun Gurung, Anthropologist and Coordinator, PRGA

ProgramJoshua Ramisch, Anthropologist

VietnamTiago Wandschneider, Agroenterprise Marketing Specialist

ZimbabweRobert Delve, Soil Scientist

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Public-Private Partnerships and Agronatura Science ParkMargarita Baena, IPGRI-AmericasRolando Barahona, Animal Nutritionist, CORPOICALuis Eduardo Berrío, FLARMarc Châtel, Rice Breeder, CIRADEdgar Alfredo Corredor, FLARCarmen De Vicente, Plant Molecular Geneticist, IPGRI-

AmericasTito Livio Franco, IPGRI-AmericasMichael Hermann, Agronomist, IPGRI-AmericasDidier Lesueur, CIRAD, KenyaMathias Lorieux, Rice Breeder, IRDMaría Nelly Medina, Agronatura Science ParkLuis Narro, Plant Breeder, CIMMYTBernardo Ospina, Postharvest Specialist and Executive

Director, CLAYUCAAlvaro Ramírez, FLARMarleni Ramírez, Biologist and Regional Director for the

Americas Group, IPGRI-AmericasLuis Roberto Sanint, Director for Public-Private Partnerships

and Agronatura Science ParkXavier Scheldeman, Biologist, IPGRI-AmericasLouise Willemen, Agronomist, IPGRI-Americas***Gonzalo Zorrilla, Executive Director, FLAR

Office of the Director GeneralFabiola Amariles, Internal Advisor in Gender and Diversity

IssuesLuz Stella Daza, Internal AuditorJim McMillan, Head, Donor RelationsOrlando Millán, Internal Audit AssociateAlexandra Walter, Executive Assistant to the Director General

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Research SupportAlfredo Caldas, Training and ConferencesLuis Fernando Cruz, Administrative and Financial SystemsEduardo Figueroa, Public AwarenessManuel Arturo Franco, Database AdministrationEdith Hesse, Head, Corporate Communications and Capacity

StrengtheningKathryn Laing, Head, Projects OfficeJulio César Martínez, Graphic ArtsMariano Mejía, Library Public ServicesCarlos Meneses, Head, Information Systems UnitOctavio Mosquera, Analytical Services LaboratoryRamiro Narváez, Field OperationsCarlos Saa, Administration and Library SystemsJorge Saravia, Head, Projects Office***Simone Staiger-Rivas, Knowledge Sharing/Web Publishing

KenyaCatherine Mgendi, Media Specialist, CIAT/CGIAR

Administration and FinancesGermán Arias, Internal Legal AdviserMaría del Pilar Correa, TreasurerSibel González, Head, Protection and Institutional SecurityJulio César Labrada, Administrative Associate, Human

ResourcesJorge Alberto Morales, Medical Physician, Human ResourcesCésar H. Moreno, ControllerBeatriz Narváez, Administrative Associate, Human ResourcesJorge Peña, Head, BudgetsGustavo Peralta, Head, Human ResourcesFernando Posada, Manager, CIAT Miami OfficeMario Rengifo, Projects Financial OfficerJorge Uribe, Head, Maintenance and SuppliesGloria Cecilia Vásquez, Head, Food and Housing

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Headquarters

Apartado Aéreo 6713Km 17, Recta Cali-PalmiraCali, ColombiaPhone: +57 (2) 4450000 (direct) or +1 (650) 8336625 (via USA)Fax: +57 (2) 4450073 (direct) or +1 (650) 8336626 (via USA)E-mail: ciat@cgiar.orgInternet: www.ciat.cgiar.org

CIAT Regional Office—Africa

CIAT Africa CoordinationKawanda Agricultural Research InstituteP.O. Box 6247Kampala, UgandaPhone: +256 (41) 566089, 567670, 567804, or 566749Fax: +256 (41) 567635E-mail: r.kirkby@cgiar.org / ciat-uganda@cgiar.org

CIAT Regional Office—Asia

P.O. Box 783Vientiane, Lao PDRPhone: +856 (21) 770090Fax: +856 (21) 770091E-mail: r.lefroy@cgiar.org

CIAT Regional Office—Central America and theCaribbean

Residencial San Juan de Los RoblesDel Restaurante La Marsellaise, 2 cuadras al lago, Casa #303LM-172Managua, NicaraguaPhone: +505 2709965Fax: +505 2709963E-mail: ciatnica@cablenet.com.ni / a.schmidt@cgiar.org

CIAT Country Offices

BoliviaHubert MazurekIRDConsejo de Población para el Desarrollo Sostenible (CODEPO)La Paz, BoliviaPhone: +591 (2) 2419326Fax: +591 (2) 2782944E-mail: h.mazurek@cgiar.org

BrazilRoberto PorroCIAT/ICRAFEMBRAPA Amazonia OrientalEscritorio do CIFORTravessa Eneas Pinheiro s/n66095-780 – Belém, PA, BrazilPhone: +55 (91) 2524547 or 2522460Fax: +55 (91) 2522460E-mail: r.porro@cgiar.org

Costa RicaPedro ArgelIICA-CIATApartado 55-2200 CoronadoSan José, Costa RicaPhone: +506 2160271 (direct) or 2160222, ext. 0756Fax: +506 2160269E-mail: p.argel@cgiar.org

EthiopiaTilahun Amede and Ralph Roothaertc/o ILRIP.O. Box 5689Addis Ababa, EthiopiaPhone: +251 (11) 6463215Fax: +251 (11) 6461252E-mail: t.amede@cgiar.org / r.roothaert@cgiar.org

HondurasMiguel Ayarza and Peter LentesCIAT-HondurasApartado Postal 15159Edificio de DICTA en la Secretaría de Agricultura y GanaderíaSegundo pisoBoulevar Miraflores, cerca edificio Hondutel, subiendo a

INJUPEMTegucigalpa, HondurasPhone: +504 2326352 (direct)Fax: +504 2322451, ext. 733E-mail: ciathill@cablecolor.hn

ItalyRupert BestGFAR Secretariatc/o FAO/SDRViale delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, ItalyE-mail: rupert.best@fao.org

CIAT around the World

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Nina LiljaVia Calandrelli 6, apt.100153 Rome, ItalyPhone: +39 (6) 5885218E-mail: n.lilja@cgiar.org

Louise SperlingLe GinestreLucio Volumnio 3700178 Rome, ItalyPhone: +39 (6) 7185454Fax: +39 (6) 6197661E-mail: l.sperling@cgiar.org

KenyaNteranya Sanginga, André Bationo, Jonas Chianu,

Jeroen Huising, Catherine Mgendi, Omozoje Ohiokpehai,Peter Okoth, Bernard Vanlauwe, and Ritu Verma

TSBF Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT)ICRAF CampusUN Avenue, GigiriP.O. Box 30677-00100Nairobi, KenyaPhone: +254 (20) 7224766, 7224755, or 7224773Fax: +254 (20) 7224763 or 7224764E-mail: tsbfinfo@cgiar.org

Paul KimaniDepartment of Crop ScienceUniversity of NairobiCollege of Agriculture and Veterinary ScienceKabete CampusP.O. Box 29053Nairobi, KenyaPhone: +254 (20) 630705 or 631956Fax: +254 (20) 630705 or 631956E-mail: kimanipm@nbnet.co.ke / p.m.kimani@cgiar.org

Lao PDRJohn ConnellCIAT/FLSPP.O. Box 6766Vientiane, Lao PDRPhone: +856 (21) 222796Fax: +856 (21) 222797E-mail: j.connell@cgiar.org

Rod Lefroy, Keith Fahrney, and Werner StürCIAT-AsiaP.O. Box 783Vientiane, Lao PDRPhone: +856 (21) 770090Fax: +856 (21) 770091E-mail: r.lefroy@cgiar.org / k.fahrney@cgiar.org /

w.stur@cgiar.org

MalawiRowland Chirwa, Jemimah Njuki, and Jean-Claude RubyogoSABRN NetworkChitedze Agricultural Research StationP.O. Box 158Lilongwe, MalawiPhone: +265 1707387Fax: +265 1707278E-mail: rchirwa@malawi.net / j.njuki@cgiar.org /

j.c.rubyogo@cgiar.org

NicaraguaAxel Schmidt and Roger UrbinaResidencial San Juan de Los RoblesDel Restaurante La Marsellaise, 2 cuadras al lago, Casa #303LM-172Managua, NicaraguaPhone: +505 2709965Fax: +505 2709963E-mail: ciatnica@cablenet.com.ni / a.schmidt@cgiar.org /

r.urbina@cgiar.org

NigeriaEmmanuel OkogbeninAmerican Quarters, NRCRIPMB 7006Umuahia, Abia State, NigeriaPhone: +234 8057 401924E-mail: e.okogbenin@cgiar.org

RwandaAmare TegbaruATDT ProjectISAR-RubonaB.P. 255Butare, RwandaPhone: +250 530560Fax: +250 513090E-mail: a.tegbaru@cgiar.org

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•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Sri LankaSimon CookIWMIP.O. Box 2075Colombo, Sri LankaPhone: +94 (1) 867404, 869080, 869081, 872178, or 872181Fax: +94 (1) 866854E-mail: s.cook@cgiar.org / iwmi@cgiar.org

TanzaniaMukishi Pyndji and Eliaineny MinjaSADC/CIATSelian Agricultural Research InstituteP.O. Box 2704Arusha, TanzaniaPhone: +255 (27) 2502268 or 2508557Fax: +255 (27) 2508557E-mail: m.pyndji@cgiar.org / e.minja@cgiar.org /

ciattz@habari.co.tz

ThailandReinhardt HowelerCIAT-Bangkok Officec/o FCRI, Department of AgricultureChatuchak, Bangkok 10900, ThailandPhone: +66 (2) 5797551Fax: +66 (2) 9405541E-mail: CIAT-Bangkok@cgiar.org

UgandaKwasi AmpofoHarvestPlusc/o CIAT UgandaP.O. Box 6247Kampala, UgandaPhone: +256 (41) 567670Fax: +256 (41) 567635E-mail: k.ampofo@cgiar.org

Roger Kirkby, Robin Buruchara, Andrew Farrow, Susan Kaaria,Rachel Muthoni, and Pascal Sanginga

CIAT Africa CoordinationKawanda Agricultural Research InstituteP.O. Box 6247Kampala, UgandaPhone: +256 (41) 566089, 567670, 567804, or 566749Fax: +256 (41) 567635E-mail: r.kirkby@cgiar.org / ciat-uganda@cgiar.org

USABarun Gurung26 Beckett WayIthaca, NY 14850, USAPhone: +1 (607) 3190347E-mail: b.gurung@cgiar.org

Fernando Posada and Fabiola AmarilesCIAT Miami7343 N.W. 79 TerraceMedley, FL 33166, USAPhone: +1 (305) 8639126Fax: +1 (305) 8639127E-mail: f.posada@cgiar.org / f.amariles@cgiar.org

VietnamTiago Wandschneider36A/48 Tay HoTay HoHanoi, VietnamPhone: +84 (4) 7182845Fax: +84 (4) 7182811E-mail: t.wandschneider@cgiar.org

ZimbabweRobert DelveTSBF-CIATc/o Department of Soil Science and Agricultural EngineeringFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of ZimbabweP.O. Box MP228Mount PleasantHarare, ZimbabwePhone: +263 (4) 333243 or 333244Fax: +263 (4) 333244E-mail: r.delve@cgiar.org

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Acronyms and AbbreviationsACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural ResearchADA Austrian Development AgencyADB Asian Development BankAGCD General Administration for Cooperation in Development, BelgiumAHI African Highlands InitiativeAI Amazon InitiativeASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central AfricaASOHOFRUCOL Fondo Nacional de Fomento Hortifruticola, Colombia (National Fund for the Promotion of Horticulture)ATDT Agricultural Technology Development and TransferAusAID Australian Agency for International DevelopmentAVRDC The World Vegetable Center, TaiwanBFPs basin focal projectsBGBD below-ground biodiversityBMF Austrian Federal Ministry of FinanceBMZ Federal Ministry of Cooperation and Economic Development, GermanyCAIS Centros de Aprendizaje e Intercambio de Saberes (Centers for Learning and Knowledge Sharing)CAR Corporación Autónoma Regional (Regional Autonomous Corporation)CATIE Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Costa Rica (Tropical Agricultural Research and

Higher Education Center)CFC Common Fund for CommoditiesCGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural ResearchCIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Colombia (International Center for Tropical Agriculture)CIDA Canadian International Development AgencyCIM Centrum für Internationale Migration und Entwicklung (International Centre for Migration and

Development)CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo, Mexico (International Maize and Wheat

Improvement Center)CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa, Peru (International Potato Center)CIRAD Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement

(French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development)CLAYUCA Consorcio Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Apoyo a la Investigación y al Desarrollo de la Yuca

(Latin American and Caribbean Consortium to Support Cassava Research and Development)CMD cassava mosaic diseaseCNPMF Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, Brazil (National Research Center for

Cassava and Tropical Fruits)CODEPO Consejo de Población para el Desarrollo Sostenible, Bolivia (People’s Council for Sustainable Development)COLCIENCIAS Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología “Francisco José de Caldas”

(The Francisco José de Caldas Colombian Institute for the Development of Science and Technology)CONDESAN Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina (Consortium for Sustainable Development in

the Andean Ecoregion)CORPOICA Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Colombian Corporation for Agricultural Research)CRI Crops Research Institute, GhanaCRS Catholic Relief ServicesCSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, AustraliaCSM-BGBD conservation and sustainable management of below-ground biodiversityCTA Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU

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•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••DAPA Diversification Agriculture Project AllianceDFID Department for International Development, UKDGIS Directorate General for International Cooperation, the NetherlandsDRD Department for Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, TanzaniaEARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research OrganizationEC European CommissionECABREN Eastern and Central Africa Bean Research NetworkEIAR Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural ResearchEMBRAPA Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation)ETH Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ZurichFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ItalyFARA Forum for Agricultural Research in AfricaFCRI Field Crops Research Institute, ThailandFIDAR Fundación para la Investigación y Desarrollo Agrícola, Colombia (Foundation for Agricultural Research and

Development)FLAR Fondo Latinoamericano para Arroz de Riego (Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice)FONTAGRO Regional Fund for Agricultural TechnologyGEF Global Environment FacilityGFAR Global Forum on Agricultural ResearchGRU Genetic Resources UnitGTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for Technical Cooperation)IAR4D integrated agricultural research for developmentIAvH Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia (Alexander von

Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute)ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre, KenyaIDEAM Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales, Colombia (Institute of Hydrology,

Meteorology and Environmental Studies)IDRC International Development Research Centre, CanadaIFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute, USAIICA Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture, Costa RicaIITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, NigeriaILRI International Livestock Research Institute, KenyaINCODER Instituto Colombiano de Desarrollo Rural (Colombian Institute for Rural Development)INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Extensión Agraria, Peru (National Institute for Agricultural Extension

and Research)INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Spain (National Institute of

Agricultural and Food Research and Technology)INIBAP International Network for the Improvement of Banana and PlantainINIVIT Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Viandas Tropicales, Cuba (National Research Institute on Tropical

Root Crops)INRM integrated natural resource managementINTA Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (Nicaraguan Institute for Agricultural Technology)IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, ItalyIPICS International Programme in the Chemical Sciences, SwedenIPM integrated pest managementIRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, the NetherlandsIRD Institut de recherche pour le développement, France (Institute of Research for Development)ISAR Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (Rwandan Institute for Agricultural Sciences)IWMI International Water Management Institute, Sri Lanka

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JAICAF Japan Association for International Collaboration in Agriculture and ForestryJIRCAS Japan International Research Center for Agricultural SciencesKIT Royal Tropical Institute, the NetherlandsLAC Latin America and the CaribbeanMADR Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, Colombia (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development)MAS molecular marker-assisted selectionMIS manejo integrado de suelos (integrated soil management)MTP mid-term planNAARI Namulonge Agricultural and Animal Production Research Institute, UgandaNARIs national agricultural research institutesNARO National Agricultural Research Organisation, UgandaNARS national agricultural research centersNGOs nongovernmental organizationsNRCRI National Root Crops Research Institute, NigeriaNRI Natural Resources Institute, UKNORAD Norwegian Agency for Development CooperationNZAID New Zealand Agency for International DevelopmentOPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting CountriesPABRA Pan-African Bean Research AlliancePLS pilot learning sitePM&E participatory monitoring and evaluationPPB participatory plant breedingPRDU Participatory Research for Development in the UplandsPRGA Participatory Research and Gender AnalysisPROINPA Promoción e Investigación de Productos Andinos, Bolivia (Foundation for Promotion and Research of Andean

Products)QDPI Queensland Department of Primary Industries, AustraliaQSMAS Quesungual slash and mulch agroforestry systemsR&D research and developmentRAeD Rural Agroenterprise DevelopmentRHBV rice hoja blanca virusSABRN Southern Africa Bean Research NetworkSADC Southern African Development CommunitySARI Selian Agricultural Research Institute, TanzaniaSARI Southern Agricultural Research Institute, EthiopiaSDC Swiss Agency for Development and CooperationSEI Stockholm Environment Institute, SwedenSIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation AgencySNV Netherlands Development OrganisationSoFT Selection of Forages for the TropicsSSA CP Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge ProgramTSBF Tropical Soil Biology and FertilityUMSS Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Bolivia (San Simón University)UNAMAZ Associação de Universidades Amazônicas (Association of Amazonian Universities)UNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentUSDA United States Department of AgricultureWARDA Africa Rice Center, BeninWFCP Water and Food Challenge ProgramZIL Swiss Centre for International Agriculture

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CIAT. 2006Cali, Colombia.Press run: 1000Printed in ColombiaNovember 2006

Report coordination: Edith HesseText: Mike GrahamDesign and Layout: Julio C. MartínezPrinting: Impresora Feriva S.A.