Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities · SALC September 14-17, 2014 Nashville, TN...
Transcript of Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities · SALC September 14-17, 2014 Nashville, TN...
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities Michael Poplawski Senior Engineer Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
A networked outdoor lighting control system
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Basic capabilities
bull Asset management bull Remote monitoring bull Reporting maintenance bull Basic lighting control bull Adaptive lighting
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 4
Some emerging capabilities
bull Small Cells ATT Verizon Leases bull Parking Availability Parking Location Provider Fees bull Parking Metering Parking Fines bull Interactive LCD Billboards Retail Advertising Fees bull Weather Reporting Weather Service Fees bull Air Quality Reporting Industrial Offender Fines bull Illegal Dumping Detection Dumping Fines
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 5
Key market adoption issues
bull Market and user maturity bull Upfront cost andor payback time bull Monetizing Energy Savings bull Quantifiable value propositions bull Game changers
ndash Managing modularity vs integration ndash Interoperability ndash Future city visions interdepartmental or municipal-utility collaboration
models business models ndash New value propositions revenue opportunities
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 6
IES Street and Area Lighting Conference
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
What to Look for Today in Control Systems
Learning Objectives
1 Better understand some key differences in the technology building blocks that comprise market-available outdoor lighting control systems
2 Better understand how those key differences relate to system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment
3 Be able to formulate questions to ask when evaluating a market-available system that donrsquot require a complete understanding of the technology building blocks but effectively uncover how they relate to user needs and concerns (ie system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment)
Not on this agenda common features value propositions barriers to adoption conflicts of interest
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Field devices the entire set of networked Components (hardware and embedded software consisting of Controllers and possibly Gateways) installed in the field that following installation start-up and commissioning function together to adaptively control and remotely monitor Luminaires
bull Central Management System a computer environment that functions as the core of the System by providing all shared System services and consolidating and storing (or managing the storage of) all System data
bull Network (from IES TM-23-11) a group of systems that functioncooperatively andor interdependently to provide a chain of command for lighting control
bull Field Device Network typically a Local Area Network (LAN) that connectsand enables communication between (exclusively) Field Devices
bull Backhaul Network typically a Wide Area Network (WAN) that connectsand facilitates communication between (at a minimum) one or more Field Device networks with a Central Management System
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Controller (from IES TM-23-11) the device that originates a command toexecute a lighting change Most commonly associated with a lightingcontrol station or control console a controller may also be a sensor orother automatic device operating without human interaction
ndash Physically monitors and controls Luminaires installed at Control Points ndash Reacts and responds to logical and physical inputs ndash Makes control decisions using internal algorithmic and logic functions ndash Communicates via a network protocol
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Gateway (from IES TM-23-11) a device designed for interfacing between two communication networks that use different protocols such as BACnetto DALI or DMX512 to 0-10VDC A Gateway may contain devices such asprotocol translators impedance matching devices rate converters faultisolators or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability
ndash Serves (at a minimum) as the interface between one or more FieldDevices and a Central Management System
ndash Aggregates data packets and connects to an external network ndash Typically translates from a wireless Field Device protocol to a
standardized Wide Area Network (WAN) protocol such as WiFi (ie IEEE 80211xx) Ethernet (ie IEEE 8023) or LTE Cellular (ie 3GPP Release 8)
ndash Sometimes referred to as a ldquoBorder Routerrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Leaf transmitsreceives messages bull Router generates and forwards
(repeats) adjacent nodersquos packets bull Border Router see Gateway
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
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Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
A networked outdoor lighting control system
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Basic capabilities
bull Asset management bull Remote monitoring bull Reporting maintenance bull Basic lighting control bull Adaptive lighting
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 4
Some emerging capabilities
bull Small Cells ATT Verizon Leases bull Parking Availability Parking Location Provider Fees bull Parking Metering Parking Fines bull Interactive LCD Billboards Retail Advertising Fees bull Weather Reporting Weather Service Fees bull Air Quality Reporting Industrial Offender Fines bull Illegal Dumping Detection Dumping Fines
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 5
Key market adoption issues
bull Market and user maturity bull Upfront cost andor payback time bull Monetizing Energy Savings bull Quantifiable value propositions bull Game changers
ndash Managing modularity vs integration ndash Interoperability ndash Future city visions interdepartmental or municipal-utility collaboration
models business models ndash New value propositions revenue opportunities
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 6
IES Street and Area Lighting Conference
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
What to Look for Today in Control Systems
Learning Objectives
1 Better understand some key differences in the technology building blocks that comprise market-available outdoor lighting control systems
2 Better understand how those key differences relate to system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment
3 Be able to formulate questions to ask when evaluating a market-available system that donrsquot require a complete understanding of the technology building blocks but effectively uncover how they relate to user needs and concerns (ie system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment)
Not on this agenda common features value propositions barriers to adoption conflicts of interest
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Field devices the entire set of networked Components (hardware and embedded software consisting of Controllers and possibly Gateways) installed in the field that following installation start-up and commissioning function together to adaptively control and remotely monitor Luminaires
bull Central Management System a computer environment that functions as the core of the System by providing all shared System services and consolidating and storing (or managing the storage of) all System data
bull Network (from IES TM-23-11) a group of systems that functioncooperatively andor interdependently to provide a chain of command for lighting control
bull Field Device Network typically a Local Area Network (LAN) that connectsand enables communication between (exclusively) Field Devices
bull Backhaul Network typically a Wide Area Network (WAN) that connectsand facilitates communication between (at a minimum) one or more Field Device networks with a Central Management System
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Controller (from IES TM-23-11) the device that originates a command toexecute a lighting change Most commonly associated with a lightingcontrol station or control console a controller may also be a sensor orother automatic device operating without human interaction
ndash Physically monitors and controls Luminaires installed at Control Points ndash Reacts and responds to logical and physical inputs ndash Makes control decisions using internal algorithmic and logic functions ndash Communicates via a network protocol
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Gateway (from IES TM-23-11) a device designed for interfacing between two communication networks that use different protocols such as BACnetto DALI or DMX512 to 0-10VDC A Gateway may contain devices such asprotocol translators impedance matching devices rate converters faultisolators or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability
ndash Serves (at a minimum) as the interface between one or more FieldDevices and a Central Management System
ndash Aggregates data packets and connects to an external network ndash Typically translates from a wireless Field Device protocol to a
standardized Wide Area Network (WAN) protocol such as WiFi (ie IEEE 80211xx) Ethernet (ie IEEE 8023) or LTE Cellular (ie 3GPP Release 8)
ndash Sometimes referred to as a ldquoBorder Routerrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Leaf transmitsreceives messages bull Router generates and forwards
(repeats) adjacent nodersquos packets bull Border Router see Gateway
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
A networked outdoor lighting control system
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Basic capabilities
bull Asset management bull Remote monitoring bull Reporting maintenance bull Basic lighting control bull Adaptive lighting
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 4
Some emerging capabilities
bull Small Cells ATT Verizon Leases bull Parking Availability Parking Location Provider Fees bull Parking Metering Parking Fines bull Interactive LCD Billboards Retail Advertising Fees bull Weather Reporting Weather Service Fees bull Air Quality Reporting Industrial Offender Fines bull Illegal Dumping Detection Dumping Fines
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 5
Key market adoption issues
bull Market and user maturity bull Upfront cost andor payback time bull Monetizing Energy Savings bull Quantifiable value propositions bull Game changers
ndash Managing modularity vs integration ndash Interoperability ndash Future city visions interdepartmental or municipal-utility collaboration
models business models ndash New value propositions revenue opportunities
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 6
IES Street and Area Lighting Conference
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
What to Look for Today in Control Systems
Learning Objectives
1 Better understand some key differences in the technology building blocks that comprise market-available outdoor lighting control systems
2 Better understand how those key differences relate to system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment
3 Be able to formulate questions to ask when evaluating a market-available system that donrsquot require a complete understanding of the technology building blocks but effectively uncover how they relate to user needs and concerns (ie system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment)
Not on this agenda common features value propositions barriers to adoption conflicts of interest
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Field devices the entire set of networked Components (hardware and embedded software consisting of Controllers and possibly Gateways) installed in the field that following installation start-up and commissioning function together to adaptively control and remotely monitor Luminaires
bull Central Management System a computer environment that functions as the core of the System by providing all shared System services and consolidating and storing (or managing the storage of) all System data
bull Network (from IES TM-23-11) a group of systems that functioncooperatively andor interdependently to provide a chain of command for lighting control
bull Field Device Network typically a Local Area Network (LAN) that connectsand enables communication between (exclusively) Field Devices
bull Backhaul Network typically a Wide Area Network (WAN) that connectsand facilitates communication between (at a minimum) one or more Field Device networks with a Central Management System
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Controller (from IES TM-23-11) the device that originates a command toexecute a lighting change Most commonly associated with a lightingcontrol station or control console a controller may also be a sensor orother automatic device operating without human interaction
ndash Physically monitors and controls Luminaires installed at Control Points ndash Reacts and responds to logical and physical inputs ndash Makes control decisions using internal algorithmic and logic functions ndash Communicates via a network protocol
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Gateway (from IES TM-23-11) a device designed for interfacing between two communication networks that use different protocols such as BACnetto DALI or DMX512 to 0-10VDC A Gateway may contain devices such asprotocol translators impedance matching devices rate converters faultisolators or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability
ndash Serves (at a minimum) as the interface between one or more FieldDevices and a Central Management System
ndash Aggregates data packets and connects to an external network ndash Typically translates from a wireless Field Device protocol to a
standardized Wide Area Network (WAN) protocol such as WiFi (ie IEEE 80211xx) Ethernet (ie IEEE 8023) or LTE Cellular (ie 3GPP Release 8)
ndash Sometimes referred to as a ldquoBorder Routerrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Leaf transmitsreceives messages bull Router generates and forwards
(repeats) adjacent nodersquos packets bull Border Router see Gateway
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Basic capabilities
bull Asset management bull Remote monitoring bull Reporting maintenance bull Basic lighting control bull Adaptive lighting
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 4
Some emerging capabilities
bull Small Cells ATT Verizon Leases bull Parking Availability Parking Location Provider Fees bull Parking Metering Parking Fines bull Interactive LCD Billboards Retail Advertising Fees bull Weather Reporting Weather Service Fees bull Air Quality Reporting Industrial Offender Fines bull Illegal Dumping Detection Dumping Fines
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 5
Key market adoption issues
bull Market and user maturity bull Upfront cost andor payback time bull Monetizing Energy Savings bull Quantifiable value propositions bull Game changers
ndash Managing modularity vs integration ndash Interoperability ndash Future city visions interdepartmental or municipal-utility collaboration
models business models ndash New value propositions revenue opportunities
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 6
IES Street and Area Lighting Conference
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
What to Look for Today in Control Systems
Learning Objectives
1 Better understand some key differences in the technology building blocks that comprise market-available outdoor lighting control systems
2 Better understand how those key differences relate to system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment
3 Be able to formulate questions to ask when evaluating a market-available system that donrsquot require a complete understanding of the technology building blocks but effectively uncover how they relate to user needs and concerns (ie system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment)
Not on this agenda common features value propositions barriers to adoption conflicts of interest
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Field devices the entire set of networked Components (hardware and embedded software consisting of Controllers and possibly Gateways) installed in the field that following installation start-up and commissioning function together to adaptively control and remotely monitor Luminaires
bull Central Management System a computer environment that functions as the core of the System by providing all shared System services and consolidating and storing (or managing the storage of) all System data
bull Network (from IES TM-23-11) a group of systems that functioncooperatively andor interdependently to provide a chain of command for lighting control
bull Field Device Network typically a Local Area Network (LAN) that connectsand enables communication between (exclusively) Field Devices
bull Backhaul Network typically a Wide Area Network (WAN) that connectsand facilitates communication between (at a minimum) one or more Field Device networks with a Central Management System
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Controller (from IES TM-23-11) the device that originates a command toexecute a lighting change Most commonly associated with a lightingcontrol station or control console a controller may also be a sensor orother automatic device operating without human interaction
ndash Physically monitors and controls Luminaires installed at Control Points ndash Reacts and responds to logical and physical inputs ndash Makes control decisions using internal algorithmic and logic functions ndash Communicates via a network protocol
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Gateway (from IES TM-23-11) a device designed for interfacing between two communication networks that use different protocols such as BACnetto DALI or DMX512 to 0-10VDC A Gateway may contain devices such asprotocol translators impedance matching devices rate converters faultisolators or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability
ndash Serves (at a minimum) as the interface between one or more FieldDevices and a Central Management System
ndash Aggregates data packets and connects to an external network ndash Typically translates from a wireless Field Device protocol to a
standardized Wide Area Network (WAN) protocol such as WiFi (ie IEEE 80211xx) Ethernet (ie IEEE 8023) or LTE Cellular (ie 3GPP Release 8)
ndash Sometimes referred to as a ldquoBorder Routerrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Leaf transmitsreceives messages bull Router generates and forwards
(repeats) adjacent nodersquos packets bull Border Router see Gateway
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Some emerging capabilities
bull Small Cells ATT Verizon Leases bull Parking Availability Parking Location Provider Fees bull Parking Metering Parking Fines bull Interactive LCD Billboards Retail Advertising Fees bull Weather Reporting Weather Service Fees bull Air Quality Reporting Industrial Offender Fines bull Illegal Dumping Detection Dumping Fines
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 5
Key market adoption issues
bull Market and user maturity bull Upfront cost andor payback time bull Monetizing Energy Savings bull Quantifiable value propositions bull Game changers
ndash Managing modularity vs integration ndash Interoperability ndash Future city visions interdepartmental or municipal-utility collaboration
models business models ndash New value propositions revenue opportunities
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 6
IES Street and Area Lighting Conference
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
What to Look for Today in Control Systems
Learning Objectives
1 Better understand some key differences in the technology building blocks that comprise market-available outdoor lighting control systems
2 Better understand how those key differences relate to system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment
3 Be able to formulate questions to ask when evaluating a market-available system that donrsquot require a complete understanding of the technology building blocks but effectively uncover how they relate to user needs and concerns (ie system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment)
Not on this agenda common features value propositions barriers to adoption conflicts of interest
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Field devices the entire set of networked Components (hardware and embedded software consisting of Controllers and possibly Gateways) installed in the field that following installation start-up and commissioning function together to adaptively control and remotely monitor Luminaires
bull Central Management System a computer environment that functions as the core of the System by providing all shared System services and consolidating and storing (or managing the storage of) all System data
bull Network (from IES TM-23-11) a group of systems that functioncooperatively andor interdependently to provide a chain of command for lighting control
bull Field Device Network typically a Local Area Network (LAN) that connectsand enables communication between (exclusively) Field Devices
bull Backhaul Network typically a Wide Area Network (WAN) that connectsand facilitates communication between (at a minimum) one or more Field Device networks with a Central Management System
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Controller (from IES TM-23-11) the device that originates a command toexecute a lighting change Most commonly associated with a lightingcontrol station or control console a controller may also be a sensor orother automatic device operating without human interaction
ndash Physically monitors and controls Luminaires installed at Control Points ndash Reacts and responds to logical and physical inputs ndash Makes control decisions using internal algorithmic and logic functions ndash Communicates via a network protocol
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Gateway (from IES TM-23-11) a device designed for interfacing between two communication networks that use different protocols such as BACnetto DALI or DMX512 to 0-10VDC A Gateway may contain devices such asprotocol translators impedance matching devices rate converters faultisolators or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability
ndash Serves (at a minimum) as the interface between one or more FieldDevices and a Central Management System
ndash Aggregates data packets and connects to an external network ndash Typically translates from a wireless Field Device protocol to a
standardized Wide Area Network (WAN) protocol such as WiFi (ie IEEE 80211xx) Ethernet (ie IEEE 8023) or LTE Cellular (ie 3GPP Release 8)
ndash Sometimes referred to as a ldquoBorder Routerrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Leaf transmitsreceives messages bull Router generates and forwards
(repeats) adjacent nodersquos packets bull Border Router see Gateway
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Key market adoption issues
bull Market and user maturity bull Upfront cost andor payback time bull Monetizing Energy Savings bull Quantifiable value propositions bull Game changers
ndash Managing modularity vs integration ndash Interoperability ndash Future city visions interdepartmental or municipal-utility collaboration
models business models ndash New value propositions revenue opportunities
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN 6
IES Street and Area Lighting Conference
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
What to Look for Today in Control Systems
Learning Objectives
1 Better understand some key differences in the technology building blocks that comprise market-available outdoor lighting control systems
2 Better understand how those key differences relate to system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment
3 Be able to formulate questions to ask when evaluating a market-available system that donrsquot require a complete understanding of the technology building blocks but effectively uncover how they relate to user needs and concerns (ie system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment)
Not on this agenda common features value propositions barriers to adoption conflicts of interest
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Field devices the entire set of networked Components (hardware and embedded software consisting of Controllers and possibly Gateways) installed in the field that following installation start-up and commissioning function together to adaptively control and remotely monitor Luminaires
bull Central Management System a computer environment that functions as the core of the System by providing all shared System services and consolidating and storing (or managing the storage of) all System data
bull Network (from IES TM-23-11) a group of systems that functioncooperatively andor interdependently to provide a chain of command for lighting control
bull Field Device Network typically a Local Area Network (LAN) that connectsand enables communication between (exclusively) Field Devices
bull Backhaul Network typically a Wide Area Network (WAN) that connectsand facilitates communication between (at a minimum) one or more Field Device networks with a Central Management System
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Controller (from IES TM-23-11) the device that originates a command toexecute a lighting change Most commonly associated with a lightingcontrol station or control console a controller may also be a sensor orother automatic device operating without human interaction
ndash Physically monitors and controls Luminaires installed at Control Points ndash Reacts and responds to logical and physical inputs ndash Makes control decisions using internal algorithmic and logic functions ndash Communicates via a network protocol
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Gateway (from IES TM-23-11) a device designed for interfacing between two communication networks that use different protocols such as BACnetto DALI or DMX512 to 0-10VDC A Gateway may contain devices such asprotocol translators impedance matching devices rate converters faultisolators or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability
ndash Serves (at a minimum) as the interface between one or more FieldDevices and a Central Management System
ndash Aggregates data packets and connects to an external network ndash Typically translates from a wireless Field Device protocol to a
standardized Wide Area Network (WAN) protocol such as WiFi (ie IEEE 80211xx) Ethernet (ie IEEE 8023) or LTE Cellular (ie 3GPP Release 8)
ndash Sometimes referred to as a ldquoBorder Routerrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Leaf transmitsreceives messages bull Router generates and forwards
(repeats) adjacent nodersquos packets bull Border Router see Gateway
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
IES Street and Area Lighting Conference
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
What to Look for Today in Control Systems
Learning Objectives
1 Better understand some key differences in the technology building blocks that comprise market-available outdoor lighting control systems
2 Better understand how those key differences relate to system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment
3 Be able to formulate questions to ask when evaluating a market-available system that donrsquot require a complete understanding of the technology building blocks but effectively uncover how they relate to user needs and concerns (ie system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment)
Not on this agenda common features value propositions barriers to adoption conflicts of interest
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Field devices the entire set of networked Components (hardware and embedded software consisting of Controllers and possibly Gateways) installed in the field that following installation start-up and commissioning function together to adaptively control and remotely monitor Luminaires
bull Central Management System a computer environment that functions as the core of the System by providing all shared System services and consolidating and storing (or managing the storage of) all System data
bull Network (from IES TM-23-11) a group of systems that functioncooperatively andor interdependently to provide a chain of command for lighting control
bull Field Device Network typically a Local Area Network (LAN) that connectsand enables communication between (exclusively) Field Devices
bull Backhaul Network typically a Wide Area Network (WAN) that connectsand facilitates communication between (at a minimum) one or more Field Device networks with a Central Management System
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Controller (from IES TM-23-11) the device that originates a command toexecute a lighting change Most commonly associated with a lightingcontrol station or control console a controller may also be a sensor orother automatic device operating without human interaction
ndash Physically monitors and controls Luminaires installed at Control Points ndash Reacts and responds to logical and physical inputs ndash Makes control decisions using internal algorithmic and logic functions ndash Communicates via a network protocol
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Gateway (from IES TM-23-11) a device designed for interfacing between two communication networks that use different protocols such as BACnetto DALI or DMX512 to 0-10VDC A Gateway may contain devices such asprotocol translators impedance matching devices rate converters faultisolators or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability
ndash Serves (at a minimum) as the interface between one or more FieldDevices and a Central Management System
ndash Aggregates data packets and connects to an external network ndash Typically translates from a wireless Field Device protocol to a
standardized Wide Area Network (WAN) protocol such as WiFi (ie IEEE 80211xx) Ethernet (ie IEEE 8023) or LTE Cellular (ie 3GPP Release 8)
ndash Sometimes referred to as a ldquoBorder Routerrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Leaf transmitsreceives messages bull Router generates and forwards
(repeats) adjacent nodersquos packets bull Border Router see Gateway
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
What to Look for Today in Control Systems
Learning Objectives
1 Better understand some key differences in the technology building blocks that comprise market-available outdoor lighting control systems
2 Better understand how those key differences relate to system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment
3 Be able to formulate questions to ask when evaluating a market-available system that donrsquot require a complete understanding of the technology building blocks but effectively uncover how they relate to user needs and concerns (ie system features value propositions and potential barriers to deployment)
Not on this agenda common features value propositions barriers to adoption conflicts of interest
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Field devices the entire set of networked Components (hardware and embedded software consisting of Controllers and possibly Gateways) installed in the field that following installation start-up and commissioning function together to adaptively control and remotely monitor Luminaires
bull Central Management System a computer environment that functions as the core of the System by providing all shared System services and consolidating and storing (or managing the storage of) all System data
bull Network (from IES TM-23-11) a group of systems that functioncooperatively andor interdependently to provide a chain of command for lighting control
bull Field Device Network typically a Local Area Network (LAN) that connectsand enables communication between (exclusively) Field Devices
bull Backhaul Network typically a Wide Area Network (WAN) that connectsand facilitates communication between (at a minimum) one or more Field Device networks with a Central Management System
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Controller (from IES TM-23-11) the device that originates a command toexecute a lighting change Most commonly associated with a lightingcontrol station or control console a controller may also be a sensor orother automatic device operating without human interaction
ndash Physically monitors and controls Luminaires installed at Control Points ndash Reacts and responds to logical and physical inputs ndash Makes control decisions using internal algorithmic and logic functions ndash Communicates via a network protocol
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Gateway (from IES TM-23-11) a device designed for interfacing between two communication networks that use different protocols such as BACnetto DALI or DMX512 to 0-10VDC A Gateway may contain devices such asprotocol translators impedance matching devices rate converters faultisolators or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability
ndash Serves (at a minimum) as the interface between one or more FieldDevices and a Central Management System
ndash Aggregates data packets and connects to an external network ndash Typically translates from a wireless Field Device protocol to a
standardized Wide Area Network (WAN) protocol such as WiFi (ie IEEE 80211xx) Ethernet (ie IEEE 8023) or LTE Cellular (ie 3GPP Release 8)
ndash Sometimes referred to as a ldquoBorder Routerrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Leaf transmitsreceives messages bull Router generates and forwards
(repeats) adjacent nodersquos packets bull Border Router see Gateway
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Terminology
bull Field devices the entire set of networked Components (hardware and embedded software consisting of Controllers and possibly Gateways) installed in the field that following installation start-up and commissioning function together to adaptively control and remotely monitor Luminaires
bull Central Management System a computer environment that functions as the core of the System by providing all shared System services and consolidating and storing (or managing the storage of) all System data
bull Network (from IES TM-23-11) a group of systems that functioncooperatively andor interdependently to provide a chain of command for lighting control
bull Field Device Network typically a Local Area Network (LAN) that connectsand enables communication between (exclusively) Field Devices
bull Backhaul Network typically a Wide Area Network (WAN) that connectsand facilitates communication between (at a minimum) one or more Field Device networks with a Central Management System
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Controller (from IES TM-23-11) the device that originates a command toexecute a lighting change Most commonly associated with a lightingcontrol station or control console a controller may also be a sensor orother automatic device operating without human interaction
ndash Physically monitors and controls Luminaires installed at Control Points ndash Reacts and responds to logical and physical inputs ndash Makes control decisions using internal algorithmic and logic functions ndash Communicates via a network protocol
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Gateway (from IES TM-23-11) a device designed for interfacing between two communication networks that use different protocols such as BACnetto DALI or DMX512 to 0-10VDC A Gateway may contain devices such asprotocol translators impedance matching devices rate converters faultisolators or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability
ndash Serves (at a minimum) as the interface between one or more FieldDevices and a Central Management System
ndash Aggregates data packets and connects to an external network ndash Typically translates from a wireless Field Device protocol to a
standardized Wide Area Network (WAN) protocol such as WiFi (ie IEEE 80211xx) Ethernet (ie IEEE 8023) or LTE Cellular (ie 3GPP Release 8)
ndash Sometimes referred to as a ldquoBorder Routerrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Leaf transmitsreceives messages bull Router generates and forwards
(repeats) adjacent nodersquos packets bull Border Router see Gateway
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Terminology
bull Controller (from IES TM-23-11) the device that originates a command toexecute a lighting change Most commonly associated with a lightingcontrol station or control console a controller may also be a sensor orother automatic device operating without human interaction
ndash Physically monitors and controls Luminaires installed at Control Points ndash Reacts and responds to logical and physical inputs ndash Makes control decisions using internal algorithmic and logic functions ndash Communicates via a network protocol
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Gateway (from IES TM-23-11) a device designed for interfacing between two communication networks that use different protocols such as BACnetto DALI or DMX512 to 0-10VDC A Gateway may contain devices such asprotocol translators impedance matching devices rate converters faultisolators or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability
ndash Serves (at a minimum) as the interface between one or more FieldDevices and a Central Management System
ndash Aggregates data packets and connects to an external network ndash Typically translates from a wireless Field Device protocol to a
standardized Wide Area Network (WAN) protocol such as WiFi (ie IEEE 80211xx) Ethernet (ie IEEE 8023) or LTE Cellular (ie 3GPP Release 8)
ndash Sometimes referred to as a ldquoBorder Routerrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Leaf transmitsreceives messages bull Router generates and forwards
(repeats) adjacent nodersquos packets bull Border Router see Gateway
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Terminology
bull Gateway (from IES TM-23-11) a device designed for interfacing between two communication networks that use different protocols such as BACnetto DALI or DMX512 to 0-10VDC A Gateway may contain devices such asprotocol translators impedance matching devices rate converters faultisolators or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability
ndash Serves (at a minimum) as the interface between one or more FieldDevices and a Central Management System
ndash Aggregates data packets and connects to an external network ndash Typically translates from a wireless Field Device protocol to a
standardized Wide Area Network (WAN) protocol such as WiFi (ie IEEE 80211xx) Ethernet (ie IEEE 8023) or LTE Cellular (ie 3GPP Release 8)
ndash Sometimes referred to as a ldquoBorder Routerrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Leaf transmitsreceives messages bull Router generates and forwards
(repeats) adjacent nodersquos packets bull Border Router see Gateway
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Terminology
bull Leaf transmitsreceives messages bull Router generates and forwards
(repeats) adjacent nodersquos packets bull Border Router see Gateway
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Terminology (Updated)
bull Compatibility The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to coexist in the same physical environment ndash that is operate without corrupting interfering with or hindering the operation of the other entity
bull Interoperability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to work together and (more specifically) to reliably and securely exchange and readily use data with a common shared meaning
bull Interchangeability The ability of two or more devices applications networks or systems to be physically exchanged for each other and provide a defined level of identical operation without additional configuration
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Terminology
bull Component Installation A process that results in a state where allComponents have been provided the basic necessities required for them to operate as intended
ndash Typically includes mechanical mounting the establishment of one ormore electrical connections and perhaps some provisioning for network communication or configuration of basic parameters to default or user specified settings
ndash Does not result in a state where all Components are operating asintended or where all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
bull System Start-Up A process that results in a state where all Componentsare operating as intended and all System functions and capabilities are available to the User
ndash Typically includes the configuration of System hardware firmware and software
ndash Does not (necessarily) result in a state where all System functions andcapabilities are configured according to User desires
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Terminology
bull System Commissioning A process that results in a state where all System functions and capabilities are configured according to User desires
ndash Typically includes the modification of System software settings
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Installation
bull Physical configurations bull Mechanical mounting bull Electrical connections
Start-Up
bull Logical configurations bull Network configuration and connection bull Sensor configuration and connection
Commissioning
bull Functional configurations bull Grouping scheduling reporting bull Adaptive lighting
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
15 things to look for
1 Interoperability
2 Luminaire integration options
3 Input voltage options
4 Lighting control options
5 Energy metering
6 Location commissioning
7 Sensor options
8 Network architecture
9 Wireless spectrum
10Backhaul selection
11Software
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12Security
13Data access
14Business models
15 Integration with other (non-lighting) systems
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
1) Interoperability
bull Facilitates ability to integrate best-of-breed components (eg controllers sensors software) into a system
bull Facilitates ability to modify and improve an existing system as you learn what you (really) needwant
bull Helps manage risk of component manufacturer obsolescence bull Many typeslevels
ndash Between a Controller and a Luminaire ndash Between a Central Management System and Field Device Network ndash Between a Field Device and Communication Network ndash Between Field Devices
bull Sharing of application data requires a common application definition(sometimes referred to as a protocol or profile) hellip or an up-to-date ldquotranslatorrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Some interoperability specifications amp standards
bull ANSI C13610 and C13641 (httpwwwnemaorgTechnicalPagesANSI-C136-Series-Standards-for-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipmentaspx)
bull LonMark (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
bull 3GPP (httpwww3gpporg) ndash LTE (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-acronyms98-lte) ndash LTE-Advanced (httpwww3gpporgtechnologieskeywords-
acronyms97-lte-advanced) ndash Small Cells (httpwww3gpporghetnet) ndash LTE-Direct (httpwwwqualcommcomresearchprojectslte-direct)
bull TALQ (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) bull ZigBee NAN
(httpwwwzigbeeorgdefaultaspxContenttype=ArticleDetamptabID=332ampmoduleId=ampAid=484ampPR=PR)
bull Wi-SUN (httpwwwwi-sunorg) bull NTCIP (httpwwwntciporg) bull Qualcomm AllSeen Alliance AllJoyn (httpswwwalljoynorg)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
7
6
5
Data Application
Network Process to Application
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
Data Session Interhost Communication
4
3
2
1
Segments
Packets
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Frames
Bits
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
ldquoInternetrdquo Model
Application
Transport
Network
Physical amp Data Link
Application
Transport
Link
Internet
DHCP FTP HTTP SMTP SNMP SSH
TCP UDP
IPv4 IPv6
DSL DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN PPP
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
2
3
4
5
7
6
Application
There are many possible levels of interoperability
OSI Model
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption
bull Verbal bull Written
bull Face-to-face phone bull Mail Email
bull Pony Express Rail Air bull Wired Wireless
bull English French bull Dialects
bull Jargon Lingo bull Slang Colloquialisms
Method
Format
Delivery
Language
ApplicationSpecific
Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
7
Another analogy (new) OSI Model
6
5
4
3
2
Data
Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits
ApplicationNetwork Process to
Application
Session Interhost Communication
TransportEnd-to-End Connections
and Reliability
Network Path Determination and IP (Logical Addressing)
Data Link MAC and LLC
(Physical addressing)
PhysicalMedia Signal and
Binary Transmission
Data Presentation
Data Representation and Encryption Application
Transport amp Network
Physical amp Data Link
20_kWh 21_kHh 1ab 43c ac5 789
[0010][1001][0101][0101]0010100101010101
httpenwikipediaorgwikiOSI_model
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Gateway caveats
bull Gateways serve a bridge between systems ndash At one or more communication layers (physicaldata link network
transport application) ndash Translate across one or more layers
bull The successful translation of application data is susceptible to changes or additions to application definitions
bull Deeper levels of device-to-device interoperability can deliver greater system flexibility and performance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
ANSI C13610-2010
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Locking-Type Photocontrol Devices and Mating Receptacles ndash Physical and Electrical Interchangeability and Testingrdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
ANSI C13641-2013
ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment ndash Dimming Control Between an External Locking Type Photocontrol and Ballast or Driverrdquo
httpswwwnemaorgStandardsPagesFor-Roadway-and-Area-Lighting-Equipment-Dimming-Control-Between-an-External-Locking-Type-Photocontrol-and-Ballast-or-Driveraspx
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Todayrsquos field devices
Physical amp Data Link
Application (Lighting Control)
Transport amp Network (Mesh)
bull NTCIP 1213 ELMS Typically Proprietary bull
bull LonMark TALQ
bull Allseen Alljoyn
Typically Proprietary
Typically standards-basedIEEE 802154 (ZigBee) IEEE 80211 (WiFi)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
LonMark International
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwlonmarkorgconnectionsolutionslightingstreetlighting)
ndash 14 street lighting members bull Full interoperability (including application layer) primarily for wired physical
implementations bull Based on the ISOIEC 14908 series of standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
LonMark International
0100 - Network Infrastructure 0400 - Programmables 0500 - IO 0600 - Generic Controllers 0700 - Generic Actuators 0800 - Generic Human-Machine Interface 1000 - Sensors 2000 - Energy Management 3000 - Lighting 4000 - Wiring Devices Address 5000 - AccessIntrusionMonitoring MANY applications 6000 - Motor Controls 7000 - Gateways 8000 - HVAC 9000 - Transportation 10000 - Refrigeration 11000 - Fire amp Smoke Devices 13000 - Industrial 14000 - VerticalConveyer Transportation (Elevator) 15000 - Whitegoods 17000 - Automated Food Service 18000 - Semiconductor Fabrication
httpwwwlonmarkorgtechnical_resourcesresource_filesspid_master_listDeviceClasses
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
The TALQ Consortium
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwtalq-consortiumorg) ndash 11 regular members ndash 11 associate members ndash 4 partners
bull Standardized interface (including application layer) between centralmanagement systems and outdoor lighting networks
bull Design specification(s) bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
The TALQ Consortium
Focused on Outdoor Lighting Networks (OLNrsquos)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Wi-SUN Alliance
bull Vendor consortium (httpwwwwi-sunorg) ndash 10 promoter members ndash 44 contributor members ndash 2 observer members
bull PhysicalData Link Network and Transport layer interoperability (ie everything EXCEPT the application layer)
bull Based on IEEE 802154g 6loWPAN standards bull Compliance testing and certification
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Wi-SUN Alliance
Focused on Smart Utility Networks
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
2) Luminaire integration options
bull External to luminaire onoff only (no dimming) ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull External to luminaire with dimming ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wired solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + power-line carrier (PLC) solution ndash 3-prong receptacle (ANSI C13610) + wireless solution ndash 5-7 prong receptacle (ANSI C13641)
bull Internal to luminaire ndash Installation responsibility ndash LED driver interaction (heat unintentional radiation) ndash Antenna
bull Integral to luminaire
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Luminaire integration options
bull Internal to luminaire (today) bull Integral to luminaire ie internal
to the ballastdriver (soon)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
3) Input voltage options
bull Universal (120 ndash 277 Volt) bull 240 Volt bull 347 Volt bull 480 Volt bull Internal (to luminaire) transformers
required for high(er) voltage luminaires if suitable controller is not available
bull Emerging options powered bydriverballast
H X Ve
ndor
120
Volt
240
Volt
277
Volt
120
ndash 27
7 Vo
lt34
7 Vo
lt48
0 Vo
lt
A X X X B X X X C X S D X E X F X G X
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
4) Lighting control options
bull 0-10V ndash One-way analog communication driverballast ndash Can not set power or light level
bull DALI ndash Two-way digital communication with driverballast ndash Can set light level ndash Can (theoretically) extract luminaire characteristics (eg makemodel
power profile) ndash Can report driverballast characteristics (eg temperature)
bull Integral to luminaire driverballast
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
bull What ndash Dimmable driverballast ndash Low additional up-front material cost ndash Low future upgrade labor cost
bull Why ndash Growing adoption of controllable (eg LED) luminaires ndash Minimize cost to add control later
bull How ndash Exterior plugreceptacle ndash Power-door replacement ndash LED driver replacement ndash Interior plugreceptacle ndash Firmware upgrade
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Light level considerations
bull Identifying conditions that warrant different (from nominal) light levels
bull Identifying when those conditions occur
bull Light level vs power expectations realities
bull Establishing the desired light level
bull Billing for the resultant (varying) power level
httpwwwfhwadotgovpublicationsresearchsafety1405014050pdf
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
5) Energy metering
bull For generating ldquorevenue-grade billing datardquo bull For monetizing ldquoadaptive lightingrdquo bull Accuracy precision bull Data security bull Standards
ndash ANSI C121 ndash 2008 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters Code for Electricity Meteringrdquo
ndash ANSI C1220 ndash 2010 ldquoAmerican National Standard for Electric Meters 02 and 05 Accuracy Classesrdquo
ndash ANSI C13650 ndash TBD ldquoAmerican National Standard For Roadway and Area Lighting Equipment TBD (Revenue Grade Energy Measurement)rdquo
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Energy metering claims
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
100 75 50 25
0
PM
2
00 P
M
200
PM
4
00 P
M
400
PM
6
00 P
M
600
PM
800
PM
800
PM
100
0 P
M10
00
AM
12
00
AM
12
00
AM
2
00
PM
120
0
Average or bin-center duration
PM12
00
Adaptive lighting tariff 2 Average or bin-center reduction
AM
2
00
AM
4
00 A
M
400
AM
6
00 A
M
600
AM
8
00 A
M
800
AM
10
00
AM
10
00
Alternatives to energy metering
100 75 50 25
0
Average or bin-center duration
Average or bin-center reduction Adaptive lighting tariff 1
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
6) Location commissioning
bull Options ndash None ndash Controller location is assigned from an
existing database ndash Controller location is captured using a
field commissioning device (with GPS) ndash Controller captures its own location
(via integral GPS) bull Key considerations
ndash GPS cost (one-time use) ndash GPS accuracy vs lock-in time
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
7) Sensor options
bull Ambient Light (photocell) bull Traffic (inductive loop camera-
based) bull Occupancy (PIR camera-based
microwave) bull Environmental conditions bull Video (requires high-bandwidth
network) bull Audio (gunshot) bull Air quality (chemical particle) bull Radiation
Sensing cars pedestrians bicycles environmenthellip
Adaptation schedules presence traffic weather
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Sensor options
bull Many existing and emerging device options bull Raw data (eg video stream) vs locally processedanalyzed data (eg
number of parked cars traffic volume) bull Varying system integration schemes
ndash Integrated into luminaire or controller ndash Analog signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Digital signal input to device on lighting control network ndash Connected to lighting control network through a gateway ndash Directly connected to lighting control network ndash Shared data through Central Management System
bull Data sharing facilitated by application level interoperability
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Sensor examples
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
8) Network architecture
bull Primary market-available options ndash Wired (PLC) LAN ndash Wireless Mesh LAN ndash Wireless Star LAN ndash Wireless direct connect to WAN (eg cellular)
bull Number or presence of gateways ndash Electrical connection energy consumption ndash Maintenance ndash Aesthetics
bull Connection challenges solutions ndash Repeaters ndash RF power adjustment ndash Additional gateways
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Wireless topologies (updated)
The mesh forms the network Gateways create the network Gateways primarily interface to other networks and interface to other networks
Gateway
Gateway
Mesh Star
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Propagation simulation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Mesh network formation example
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Average mesh hop count example g p
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Where is the gateway
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
9) Wireless spectrum
bull Managed (legal protection and enforcement) by Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC)
bull Unlicensed (ISM Applications) ndash Free access granted to all users ndash Most devices in 900-928 MHz 2400-2483 MHz bands ndash One watt or less transmit power ndash Must obey FCC ldquogood neighborrdquo rules ndash Must be able to live in crowded noisy environment
bull Licensed ndash Fee-based access granted to one user ndash Various portions of RF spectrum over a designated geographic area ndash Higher allowed transmit power ndash Knowledge of and control over all transmitters ndash Lower noise
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
10) Backhaul selection
bull Wired - Fiber ndash IEEE 8023 (Ethernet) ndash Availability at utilitylight pole lighting boxes traffic management
boxes ndash New install expense (perhaps covered by small cell installation) ndash Fastest and most reliable
bull Wireless ndash Cellular ndash GRPS 3G LTE4G ndash Wide availability and coverage ndash Must consider propagation conditions at gateway locations to avoid
coverage holes bull Wireless ndash Other
ndash WiMax ndash Line-of-sight (eg 60GHz)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
11) Central Management Software
bull System integration ndash Vendor hosted CMS (cloud-based) ndash User hosted CMS (application installed on user system)
bull Capabilities amp Features ndash Many purposes including commissioning asset management remote
monitoring and reporting diagnostics and manual control etc ndash Varying formats (GUIrsquos levels of customizationcomplexity) ndash Not all formats ideally suited for all users andor staff (eg system
administration field maintenance) needs bull Interoperability facilitates the installation of different multiple software tools
to suit user andor staff needs
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Vendor-based hosting
bull Access application amp database through encrypted user sessions using
Application amp database hosted by vendor(s) User remote access
Internet
technology (https) similar to online banking bull Application management (eg upgrades security) handled by Vendor(s) bull Database backups handled by Vendor(s) bull Cloud-based multi-user management is potentially more cost-effective bull Typically involves a service fee (per-light-point-per-year fee)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
1 2
User-based hosting
1 2
Application amp database User remote access Standalone desktop hosted by user application amp database
bull User and vendor coordinates application management and software upgrades
bull All data stays on the userrsquos premises bull User responsible for data backup and security management bull User typically pays one-time software cost + additional cost for support
services (eg help desk) and software upgrades
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
12) Security
bull Security is not (just) a feature or set of features ndash 128256-bit AES ndash MAC address filtering ndash TLS DTLS IPsec ndash IPV6
bull Security is a process and commitment ndash Secure deployment and commissioning to prevent the addition of
malicious devices in the system ndash Authentication to prevent unauthorized people or devices from gaining
access to the network to control or disrupt it ndash Data encryption to prevent eavesdropping of network data ndash Secure software updates to prevent hackers from loading non-
functional or malicious software
ndash Ongoing maintenance
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Network security certification tools
bull Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) 140-2
ndash Level 1 (minimum security PC) ndash Level 2 ndash Level 3 ndash Level 4 (maximum security)
bull Department of Defense InformationAssurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP)
ndash Severity Codes CAT I CAT II and CAT III
ndash Accreditation decisions Authorization to Operate Interim Authorization to OperateInterim Authorization to Test Denial of Authorization to Operate
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
13) Data access
bull Vendor-based or user-based CMS hosting
bull Tiered access fees bull Microdata vs aggregate data bull Rawmeasured sensor data bull Facilitated data exchange via
Application Programming Interfaces(APIrsquos)
ndash Standards (REST JSON XML) ndash Push Pull (Query) ndash Example
httpwwwlightingfactscomLibraryAPI
ndash Examplehttpportfoliomanagerenergystargovwebserviceshomeapi
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
14) Business models
bull User financed purchase ndash Private vs public financing ndash Energy Efficiency incentives or
loans (requires energy savings) ndash Capital cost recovery (utilities)
bull 3rd party financed purchase ndash ESCO paid by future savings ndash ESCO paid by previous savings
bull Service contract ndash Per networked device fee ndash Per data usage fee
bull Revenue generating opportunities ndash Shared electricalmechanical
infrastructure (poles electricity) ndash Shared LAN ndash Shared WAN (backhaul) ndash Shared bandwidth
bull Revenue generating examples ndash Repeaters for other (eg smart
meter) networks ndash Access points for other networks
(eg cellular small cells)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Investment analysis
bull Payback analysis ndash Accounts for maintenance savings (varies significantly) ndash Based (mostly) on lighting control energy savings (rare) ndash Based (solely) on LED retrofit energy savings (becoming more
common requires combined project) ndash Accounts for non-energy benefits (rare)
bull Evaluation metrics ndash Return-on-Investment (ROI) ndash Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) ndash Total Value of Ownership (TVO)
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
15) Integration with other systems
bull Comprised of lighting or non-lighting devices bull Shared central management system separate networks
ndash Municipal and DOT lighting systems bull Shared network separate central management systems
ndash Smart meter and lighting systems bull Shared data via communication with other central management systems
ndash Lighting and asset management systems ndash Lighting and traffic systems
bull Shared network and data via field-to-field communication with other devices
ndash Lighting systems and vehicles (Vehicle to Infrastructure or V2I) bull Facilitated by interoperability gateways etc
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Lighting and Asset Management Systems
Operator
Asset CMS Lighting CMS Login Login
Data Exchange
3rd Party Asset Central Management System
Street Lighting Central Management
System
via standard Web Services
CityTouch AssetLink
Data Connector
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
Lighting and Traffic
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
5
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
100
80 60
40 20
30 35
40
45
50
30
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
530
13 3
30 PM
5
301
3 5 00
PM
530
13 6
30 PM
5
301
3 800
PM
530
13 9
30 PM
530
13 1
1 00 P
M 5
311
3 123
0 AM
531
13 2
00 AM
5
311
3 330
AM
531
13 5 0
0 AM
531
13 6
30 AM
Imported XML traffic dataVo
lume
Volume
Occup
ancy
Occup
ancy
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0 25
Occup
ancy
Volume
40 40
20 20
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
100 100
80 80
60 60
25 0
Occup
ancy40 40
Volume20 20
25
20 20‐ ‐
15 15‐ ‐
10 ‐ 10 ‐
5 ‐ 5 ‐
0 ‐ 0 ‐
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
0
0
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
httpwww1eereenergygovbuildingssslcontrol-specificationhtml SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-
QUESTIONS
What to Look for Today in Control Systems Michael Poplawski Pacific Northwest National Lab
SALC September 14-17 2014 Nashville TN
- Connected Outdoor Lighting Systems for Municipalities
- A networked outdoor lighting control system
- Basic capabilities
- Some emerging capabilities
- Key market adoption issues
- What to Look for Today in Control Systems
- Terminology
- Terminology (Updated)
- 15 things to look for
- 1) Interoperability
- Some interoperability specifications amp standards
- There are many possible levels of interoperability
- Another analogy (new)
- Gateway caveats
- ANSI C13610-2010
- ANSI C13641-2013
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant components
- ANSI C13641-2013 compliant products
- Todayrsquos field devices
- LonMark International
- The TALQ Consortium
- Wi-SUN Alliance
- 2) Luminaire integration options
- 3) Input voltage options
- 4) Lighting control options
- ldquoControl-Readyrdquo luminaires
- Light level considerations
- 5) Energy metering
- Energy metering claims
- Alternatives to energy metering
- 6) Location commissioning
- 7) Sensor options
- Sensor examples
- 8) Network architecture
- Wireless topologies (updated)
- Propagation simulation example
- Mesh network formation example
- Average mesh hop count example
- 9) Wireless spectrum
- 10) Backhaul selection
- 11) Central Management Software
- Vendor-based hosting
- User-based hosting
- 12) Security
- Network security certification tools
- 13) Data access
- 14) Business models
- Investment analysis
- 15) Integration with other systems
- Lighting and Asset Management Systems
- Lighting and Traffic
- Imported XML traffic data
- DOE SSL Program Resources Model Specification
- QUESTIONS
-