SDI TOPICALITY2007

TOPICALITY INDEX TOPICALITY INDEX....................................................................................................................................................1SHELL- USFG IS ALL 3 BRANCHES.........................................................................................................................2SHELL- Substantially = > half.......................................................................................................................................3SHELL- increase = more not change..............................................................................................................................4SHELL- increase is not create........................................................................................................................................5SHELL- public is all people............................................................................................................................................6SHELL- public health = disease prevention...................................................................................................................7SHELL- to SSA..............................................................................................................................................................8SHELL- SSA IS ALL 48 NATIONS..............................................................................................................................9SHELL- SSA (only)......................................................................................................................................................10Resolved........................................................................................................................................................................11the..................................................................................................................................................................................12UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT........................................................................................................13United States.................................................................................................................................................................14federal government.......................................................................................................................................................15federal............................................................................................................................................................................16government....................................................................................................................................................................17should............................................................................................................................................................................18substantially..................................................................................................................................................................19substantially = a %........................................................................................................................................................20increase..........................................................................................................................................................................22its...................................................................................................................................................................................23public health assistance.................................................................................................................................................24public health..................................................................................................................................................................26public.............................................................................................................................................................................30health.............................................................................................................................................................................31assistance.......................................................................................................................................................................32to....................................................................................................................................................................................33Sub-Saharan Africa.......................................................................................................................................................34SSA- Sudan is/is not included.......................................................................................................................................35ASPEC..........................................................................................................................................................................36AT: ASPEC...................................................................................................................................................................37OSPEC..........................................................................................................................................................................38AT: OSPEC...................................................................................................................................................................39

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

SHELL- USFG IS ALL 3 BRANCHES

A. USFG includes all 3 branchesLaborLawTalk Dictionary 2007 http://dictionary.laborlawtalk.com/United_States_Federal_GovernmentThe government of the United States, established by the Constitution, is a federal republic of 50 states, a few territories and some protectorates. The national government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The head of the executive branch is the President of the United States. The legislative branch consists of the United States Congress, while the Supreme Court of the United States is the head of the judicial branch.

B. VIOLATION- PLAN ONLY USES ONE OF THE THREE BRANCHES

C. REASONS TO PREFER1. Predictable Ground- allowing the aff to specify one part of the USFG kills

Neg CP and DA ground. This allows Affs to spike out of generic disads to federal action, and choose obscure parts of the government to do the plan. Its unpredictable and destroys our ability to generate offense.

2. Education- federal action requires the involvement of all branches. Specifying one branch or agency destroys education on the political process and prevents us from having an in-depth debate about the implementation of the plan.

D. T is a voter for competitive equity and education

2

SDI TOPICALITY2007

SHELL- Substantially = > half

A. Definitions1. SUBSTANTIALLY IS MORE THAN HALF

Gary Thomason, Purchasing Manager March 22, 2004http://www.gcsnp.org/bidinfo/B-4053_BREAD.pdf.Substantially' is defined as: over 51 percent of the final processed product consists of agricultural commodities grown domestically

2. INCREASE MEANS BECOME LARGER IN SIZE OR AMOUNTCambridge Dictionaries Online 2007 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=40073&dict=CALDto (make something) become larger in amount or size:

B. Violation- Plan does not make the amount of public health assistance greater by 51 percent or more.

C. Reasons to Prefer1. Predictable Ground- increases of more than half are key to negative

ground. Small increases justify unpredictable, minor changes that have no literature base. Increases of at least 50% guarantee negative disad links and counterplan ground.

2. Education- our interpretation is key to education on substantial increases in public health assistance. Small increases rob us on education about what it means to give assistance to SSA.

D. T is a voter for competitive equity and education

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

SHELL- increase = more not change

A. Definition- INCREASE MEANS TO MAKE BIGGER IN AMOUNTWordnet 2007 http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=increaseS: (v) increase (become bigger or greater in amount)

B. Violation- Plan does not provide more assistance, they only change from one type of assistance to another.

C. Reasons to Prefer1. Predictable Ground- Shifts in assistance are unpredictable. We can

never know what old assistance they might cut to give new assistance. This allows aff to get out of our politics or spending links because they can say they don’t like because its not an increase.

2. Extra-Topicality- replacing a type of assistance is extra topical. This allows affs to claim advantages from decreasing aid. This makes the topic bi-directional and destroys negative ground. Decreases or changes in aid should be negative cp ground. Extra-T is an independent reason to vote negative.

3. Education- discussion of additional assistance is key to topic education. Changes in how current assistance happens does not allow us to learn about the pros and cons of giving additional aid.

D. T is a voter for competitive equity and ground.

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

SHELL- increase is not create A. Definition- INCREASE MEANS TO MAKE GREATER IN SIZE OR DEGREEOxford English Dictionary 2007 Database accessed 7-7-07To become greater in size, amount, duration, or degree; to be enlarged, extended, or intensified; to wax, grow.

B. Violation- Plan gives creates new assistance, it does not add to existing assistance.

C. Reasons to Prefer1. Predictable Ground- There are an infinite number of new policies that

could be created. The resolution calls for an increase only, if the intent of the resolution was to create new policies it would say create public health assistance. Only current policies are predictable, strengthening these policies ensures adequate disad and counterplan ground.

2. Limits- Allowing Affs that create new kinds of assistance completely unlimits the topic. The only way to guarantee a good, in-depth debate is to limit affs to building on existing policies.

3. Education- Our interpretation allows for a better education on current assistance policies. Limit the topic in this way provides a quality, in-depth education on the topic.

D. Topicality is a voter for competitive equity and education.

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

SHELL- public is all people

A. Definition- PUBLIC MEANS ALL PEOPLE, NOT A SPECIFIC GROUPCambridge Dictionaries Online 2007 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=63934&dict=CALDrelating to or involving people in general, rather than being limited to a particular group of people: Public opinion (= the opinions of most people) has turned against him. Is it really in the public interest (= useful to people) to publish this information? We need to increase public awareness of the disease.

B. Violation- Plan only gives assistance to a particular group of people, not the entire public of SSA.

C. Reasons to Prefer1. Predictable ground- allowing the aff to target a specific group of people

makes it impossible for the neg to predict the millions of possible aff cases. We can never be prepared to debate all the groups that can be targeted. Additionally, their interpretation kills all disad and counterplan by only focusing on a part of the public.

2. Education- focusing on a specific group destroys our ability to learn about the entire population of SSA and the affects of providing assistance to such a large group of people.

D. T is a voter for competitive equity and ground.

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

SHELL- public health = disease prevention

A. Definition- PUBLIC HEALTH IS DISEASE PREVENTIONInstitute of Medicine, The Future of Public Health, 1988 hsc.unm.edu/som/fcm/MPH/Curriculum/Public%20Health%20Definitions.docPublic Health A public enterprise having a mission to fulfill society’s interest in ensuring the conditions in which people can be healthy, a structure comprised of organized community efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and promotion of health, and activities organized within both the formal structure of government and the associated effort of private and voluntary organizations and individuals.

B. Violation- plan does not do anything to prevent a disease. Instead they ________________________________

C. Reasons to Prefer1. Limits- allowing affs that deal with something other than disease

prevention explodes the topic. This makes nearly everything topical. Limiting affs to cases that deal with disease prevention allows for plenty of affs without exploding the topic.

2. Predictable Ground- allowing affs that deal with something other than disease prevention destroys predictable ground. It is impossible to predict and research all possible affs, and their interpretation robs us of our generic disad links.

3. Education- our interpretation provides for the best education on public health problems in SSA. There are several diseases that are problems in the area, and our interpretation insures we have an in-depth discussion on how to solve these important problems.

D. T is a voter for competitive equity and education.

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

SHELL- to SSA

A. Definitions1. TO SHOWS WHO IS RECEIVING SOMETHING

Cambridge Dictionaries Online 2007 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=83451&dict=CALDused for showing who receives something or who experiences an action: I lent my bike to my brother. I told that to Glyn and he was horrified.

2. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA INCLUDES 48 NATIONSUS Department of State 2001 (“Tips for travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa” March, 2001 http://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/brochures/brochures_1218.html)This brochure covers all of Africa except the five nations bordering the Mediterranean. Sub-Saharan Africa includes 48 nations. Forty-two of these nations are on the mainland. In addition, four island nations in the southwest Indian Ocean (Madagascar, The Comoros, Mauritius, and Seychelles) and two island nations in the Atlantic Ocean (Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe) are considered part of Africa. For convenience, we will often use the word "Africa" to refer to the sub-Saharan region. For information on the five northern African nations of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Libya, and Egypt, see Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa .

B. Violation- Plan gives money to another organization, such as an NGO, not to SSA. The 48 nations south of the Sahara must be who receives something from the USFG.

C. Reasons to Prefer1. Predictable Ground- The neg can never predict the numerous

organizations or companies the USFG could give money to that could then give something to SSA. This explodes Neg research burden, making it impossible for them to have args that clash with the Aff. Allowing Affs to give money to someone before it goes to the SSA spikes out of DA, CP, and Solvency args.

2. Education- they rob of us of education about how aid goes from the US to SSA. There are good and bad things about this type of assistance, but the Aff eliminates our ability to discuss and learn about these things.

3. Effects- at best the aff is effectually topical because the plan gives something to an organization that then does something for SSA. This is unpredictable and destroys negative ground.

3. Extra-T- the aff gives something to someone that is not in the resolution. This is impossible to predict, and robs th negative of generic solvency args and disad ground. Its an independent reason to vote Neg.

D. T is a voter for competitive equity and education.

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

SHELL- SSA IS ALL 48 NATIONS

A. Definition- SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA INCLUDES 48 NATIONSUS Department of State 2001 (“Tips for travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa” March, 2001 http://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/brochures/brochures_1218.html)This brochure covers all of Africa except the five nations bordering the Mediterranean. Sub-Saharan Africa includes 48 nations. Forty-two of these nations are on the mainland. In addition, four island nations in the southwest Indian Ocean (Madagascar, The Comoros, Mauritius, and Seychelles) and two island nations in the Atlantic Ocean (Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe) are considered part of Africa. For convenience, we will often use the word "Africa" to refer to the sub-Saharan region. For information on the five northern African nations of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Libya, and Egypt, see Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa .

B. Violation- plan does not provide assistance to all of SSA, they only target parts of the region.

C. Reasons to Prefer1. Predictable ground- allowing affs to target specific parts of SSA means

the Neg can never predict which part may be used. This justifies plans that only target one country or village in Africa. This means Negs can never get disad links or CP out of parts.

2. Education- targeting small parts of SSA destroys our education on the region of Sub-Saharan Africa.

D. T is a voter for competitive equity and education.

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

SHELL- SSA (only)

A. Definition- SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA INCLUDES 48 NATIONSUS Department of State 2001 (“Tips for travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa” March, 2001 http://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/brochures/brochures_1218.html)This brochure covers all of Africa except the five nations bordering the Mediterranean. Sub-Saharan Africa includes 48 nations. Forty-two of these nations are on the mainland. In addition, four island nations in the southwest Indian Ocean (Madagascar, The Comoros, Mauritius, and Seychelles) and two island nations in the Atlantic Ocean (Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe) are considered part of Africa. For convenience, we will often use the word "Africa" to refer to the sub-Saharan region. For information on the five northern African nations of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Libya, and Egypt, see Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa .

B. Violation- The Aff gives aid to countries that are not in SSA.

C. Reasons to Prefer1. Predictable Ground- There are hundreds of counties or organizations

outside of SSA that Affs could fund. This is completely unpredictable and destroys our ability to argue against that part.

2. Extra-T- Giving aid to places other than SSA is extra-topical. Extra-T is bad because it gives the aff infinite ground and makes it impossible for negs to predict and argue all possible advantages from extra topical parts of plan.

D. T is a Voter for fairness and education

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

Resolved

RESOLVED IS TO DECIDE FORMALLYCambridge Dictionaries Online 2007 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=67258&dict=CALDto make a decision formally or with determination:

RESOLVED IS TO BE DETERMINEDCambridge Dictionaries Online 2007 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=67258&dict=CALDdetermined: [+ to infinitive] He was resolved to ask her to marry him the next day.

RESOLVED MEANS TO MAKE A FIRM DECISIONMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolved to reach a firm decision about <resolve to get more sleep> <resolve disputed points in a text>

RESOLVED MEANS TO DEAL WITH OR TO FIND AN ANSWERMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolved 4 a: to deal with successfully : clear up <resolve doubts> <resolve a dispute> b: to find an answer to c: to make clear or understandable d: to find a mathematical solution of e: to split up (as a vector) into two or more components especially in assigned directions

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

the

THE MEANS THE FOLLOWING WORD OR PHRASE IS DEFINITE AND A UNIQUE MEMEBR OF ITS CLASSMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/THEa—used as a function word to indicate that a following noun or noun equivalent is definite or has been previously specified by context or by circumstance <put the cat out> b—used as a function word to indicate that a following noun or noun equivalent is a unique or a particular member of its class <the President><the Lord>

THE IS USED BEFORE A PROPER NAMEMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/THEused as a function word before a proper name (as of a ship or a well-known building) <the Mayflower>

THE INDICATES THAT THE FOLLOWING NOUN IS DISTINCTMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/THEused as a function word before a proper name to indicate the distinctive characteristics of a person or thing <the John Doe that we know wouldn't lie>

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

USFG IS ALL 3 BRANCHESLaborLawTalk Dictionary 2007 http://dictionary.laborlawtalk.com/United_States_Federal_GovernmentThe government of the United States, established by the Constitution, is a federal republic of 50 states, a few territories and some protectorates. The national government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The head of the executive branch is the President of the United States. The legislative branch consists of the United States Congress, while the Supreme Court of the United States is the head of the judicial branch.

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

United States

UNITED STATES IS A FEDERATION OF STATESMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/UNITED%20STATESa federation of states especially when forming a nation in a usually specified territory

UNITED STATES INCLUDES 50 STATES, D.C., AND ALL TERRITORIESUS Department of Defense- 2005 “Base Realignment and Closure” http://www.defense.gov/brac/definitions_brac2005.htmlUnited States The 50 states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and any other territory or possession of the United States.

UNITED STATES IS MADE UP OF THE 50 STATESWordnet 2007 http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=united%20statesS: (n) United States, United States of America, America, the States, US, U.S., USA, U.S.A. (North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776)

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

federal government

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT IN D.C.The Open Door Website 2006 Resource for students and teachers- Glossary of terms http://www.saburchill.com/history/hist003.html#PFederal Government The central government of the U.S.A. which is based in Washington D.C..

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INCLUDES 3 BRANCHES AND IS SEPARATE FROM STATE GOVERNMENTSLaw Reform Commission Sept 2004 “Terms of Reference, Participants, Submissions and Glossary” http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lrc.nsf/pages/DP30TORFederal Government: May refer to the Commonwealth Government, see above. However, it may also refer to a system of government where there is a division of legislation, executive and judicial power between two main levels of governments. Such a system exists in Australia, as well as in the United States of America, Canada, Germany and Nigeria. The division of power is between the Commonwealth, which is the central government and has responsibility for the nation as a whole, and the state governments which have responsibility for particular geographic areas. This division of power results in a citizen having to obey two sets of laws, elect two governments, and use two court systems (federal and state). It is because Australia has a federal system of government that we have both federal and state anti-discrimination laws.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INCLUDES ALL US GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES OTHER THAN THE ARMED FORCESBureau of Justice Statistics 2006 “Justice Expenditure and Employment Data” http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/app1.htmlFederal Government--the term Federal encompasses all activities of the United States Government other than employment of the Armed Forces. District of Columbia data are excluded from this category and included with data for municipalities.

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

federal

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS A GOVERNMENT THAT SHARES POWER BETWEEN CENTRAL AUTHORITY AND OTHER POLITICAL UNITSMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/FEDERALformed by a compact between political units that surrender their individual sovereignty to a central authority but retain limited residuary powers of government

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS GOVERNMENT SHARED BETWEEN CENTRAL AND CONSTITUENT TERRITORIAL UNITSMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/FEDERALof or constituting a form of government in which power is distributed between a central authority and a number of constituent territorial units

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENTMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/FEDERALof or relating to the central government of a federation as distinguished from the governments of the constituent units

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

government

GOVERNMENT IS THE ORGANIZATION THAT PERFORMS POLITICAL FUNCTIONSMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/GOVERNMENTthe organization, machinery, or agency through which a political unit exercises authority and performs functions and which is usually classified according to the distribution of power within it

GOVERNMENT IS THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, LAWS, AND CUSTOMSMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/GOVERNMENTthe complex of political institutions, laws, and customs through which the function of governing is carried out

GOVERNMENT IS THE PEOPLE THAT MAKE UP A POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/GOVERNMENTthe body of persons that constitutes the governing authority of a political unit or organization: as a: the officials comprising the governing body of a political unit and constituting the organization as an active agency

17

SDI TOPICALITY2007

should

SHOULD MEANS OBLIGATIONMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/SHOULD2—used in auxiliary function to express obligation, propriety, or expediency <'tis commanded I should do so — Shakespeare><this is as it should be — H. L. Savage><you should brush your teeth after each meal>

SHOULD IS A RECOMMENDATIONUniv. of Delaware No Date- Accessed 7-27-07 Occupational Health & Safety http://www.udel.edu/OHS/fireworkdefine.htmlShould-Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required.

SHOULD MEANS DUTYThe American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved July 27, 2007, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/SHOULDUsed to express obligation or duty

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

substantially

SUBSTANTIALLY MEANS ENOUGH TO SATISFYMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substantiallyample to satisfy and nourish : full <a substantial meal>

SUBSTANTIALLY IS A SIGNIFICANTLY LARGE QUANTITYMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substantiallya: possessed of means : well-to-do b: considerable in quantity : significantly great <earned a substantial wage>

SUBSTANTIALLY IS LARGE IN QUANTITY OR QUALITYCambridge Dictionaries Online 2007 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=79478&dict=CALDlarge in size, value or importance

SUBSTANTIALLY IS HAVING SUBSTANCEThe American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=substantiallyOf, relating to, or having substance; material. True or real; not imaginary. Solidly built; strong. Ample; sustaining: a substantial breakfast. Considerable in importance, value, degree, amount, or extent: won by a substantial margin.

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

substantially = a %

SUBSTANTIALLY IS AT LEAST 20 PERCENTWords and Phrases, Vol. 40A, 2002, p. 456-7S.D.N.Y. 1945. Maintenance employees in building seeking to recover overtime compensation and liquidated damages under Fair Labor Standards Act had burden of proving that a substantial number of tenants were engaged in production of goods for commerce, the word "substantial" mean- ing that at least 20 per cent. of building be occupied by tenants engaged in production of goods for commerce. Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, §16(h), 29 U.S.C.A. § 216(h).-Ullo v. Smith , 62 F.Supp. 757, affirmed 177 F.2d 101, 12 A.L.R.2d 1122.-Labor I511. I; Mast & S 80(6),

SUBSTANTIALLY REQUIRES A CHANGE OF AT LEAST 30 PERCENTThabex 23 February 2003South African Investment Firm http://www.thabex.com/news/JSE_SENS_Announcements/SENS/SENS_Exercise_PTX.html as retrieved on Jul 7, 2005 09:56:07 GMTAs a result of the disposal of Platinexco (the exercise of the option referred to above), the details of which are fully described in the Circular to Shareholders dated 13 April 2004, Thabex advises that it expects earnings and headline earnings for the six-month period ended 31 August 2004 to be substantially above the earnings for the six-months ended 31 August 2003. In terms of the JSE Securities Exchange South Africa (“the JSE”) Listings Requirements substantially is defined as a movement equal to or greater than 30%.

SUBSTANTIALLY IS MORE THAN HALFGary Thomason, Purchasing Manager March 22, 2004http://www.gcsnp.org/bidinfo/B-4053_BREAD.pdf.Substantially' is defined as: over 51 percent of the final processed product consists of agricultural commodities grown domestically

SUBSTANTIALLY IS AT LEAST 74 PERCENTWords and Phrases, 2000, Minn.App. 1984. Ex-husband's 74% increase in net income since .1977 constituted a "substantial increase" in income for purposes of determining whether child support order should be modified. M.S.A. § 518.64, subd. 2.-Scott v. Scott, 352 N.W.2d 62.-Divorce 309.2(3).

SUBSTANTIALLY IS 75 PercentOffice of NYS Attorney Generalhttp://www.oag.state.ny.us/investors/investor/part13.html as retrieved on Jul 5, 2005 16:29:10 GMTSection 13.1 Definitions. a) For purposes of these regulations the term "commodity" shall not include stamps or numismatic coins whose fair market value is at least 20% higher than the value of the metal they contain where such numismatic coins or stamps are sold by any person or firm whose income from the sale of such numismatic coins or stamps derives substantially from retail sales in face-to-face transactions with purchasers in retail stores. b) The term "substantially" shall mean seventy-five percent or more of such income. c) The term "person" shall mean an individual, firm, company, partnership, corporation, trust or association.

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

substantially = a %

SUBSTANTIALLY IS 85 PERCENTInternal Revenue Service 1976Revenue Rulinghttp://www.taxlinks.com/rulings/1976/revrul76-208.htm as retrieved on Jul 11, 2005 00:16:16 GMT.Although the term "substantially all" is not defined in the regulations under section 509 of the Code, it is defined in the Foundation Excise Tax Regulations issued under sections of the Code which were promulgated under the Tax Reform Act of 1969 as was section 509. Section 53.4942(b)-1(c) of those regulations provides that for the purposes of section 4942(j)(3)(A) of the Code (relating to qualifying distributions by private operating foundations) the term "substantially all" shall mean 85 percent or more. For purposes of the integral part test, the term "substantially all" is considered to have the same meaning of 85 percent or more that it has in section 53.4942(b)-1(c) of the regulations. Accordingly, because the trust described above distributes less than 85 percent of its income to or for the use of one or more publicly supported organizations, it does not satisfy the "substantially all" requirement of the integral part test set forth in section 1.509(a)-4(i)(3)(iii)(a) of the regulations and is not a supporting organization within the meaning of section 509(a)(3) of the Code.

SUBSTANTIALLY IS 90 PERCENTWords and Phrases, 2000,

N.H. 1949. -The Word "substantially" as used in provision of Unemployment Compensation Act that experience rating of an employer may transferred to' an employing unit which acquires the organization, -trade, or business, or "substantially" all of the assets thereof, is 'an elastic term which does not include a. definite, fixed amount of percentage, and the transfer does not have to be 100 per cent but cannot be less than 90 per cent in the ordinary situation. R.L c. 218, § 6, subd. F, as added by Laws 1945, c. 138, § 16.-Auclair Transp. v. Riley, 69 A.2d 861, 96 N.H. l.-Tax347.1.

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increase

INCREASE MEANS BECOME LARGER IN SIZE OR AMOUNTCambridge Dictionaries Online 2007 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=40073&dict=CALDto (make something) become larger in amount or size:

INCREASE IS TO MAKE GREATERMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/INCREASE1: to make greater : augment

INCREASE MEANS TO MAKE GREATER IN SIZE OR DEGREEOxford English Dictionary 2007 Database accessed 7-7-07To become greater in size, amount, duration, or degree; to be enlarged, extended, or intensified; to wax, grow.

INCREASE IS AN ADDED QUANTITYWordnet 2007 http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=increaseincrease, gain (a quantity that is added) "

MAKE GREATER IN AMOUNTWordnet 2007 http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=increaseS: (v) increase (become bigger or greater in amount)

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

its

ITS RELATES TO SOMETHING AS A POSSESSORMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ITSof or relating to it or itself especially as possessor, agent, or object of an action <going to its kennel> <a child proud of its first drawings> <its final enactment into law>

ITS INDICATES BELONGINGBusiness Words 2004 http://www.business-words.com/dictionary/I.htmlits belonging to it, as in: The cat licked its paw.

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

public health assistance

PHA ARE SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE GOVERNMENT FOR PEOPLE IN NEED TO PROTECT HEALTH.Code of Federal Regulatons, 2004[Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 45, Volume 2] [Revised as of October 1, 2004] From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access[CITE: 45CFR402.2] [Page 376] http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/12feb20041500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2004/octqtr/45cfr402.2.htm

Public health assistance means health services (1) that are generally available to needy individuals residing in a State; (2) that receive funding from units of State or local government; and, (3) that are provided for the primary purpose of protecting the health of the general public, including, but not limited to, immunizations for immunizable diseases, testing and treatment for tuberculosis and sexually-transmitted diseases, and family planning services.

PHA INCLUDES IMMUNIZATIONHealth Law.org, 2007 http://www.healthlaw.org/library.cfm?fa=download&resourceID=67503&appView=folder&folderID=43162&printAll aliens, regardless of immigration status, are eligible for public health assistance funded through sources other than the Medicaid program. The public health assistance is limited to immunizations with respect to immunizable diseases and for testing and treatment of symptoms of communicable diseases whether or not such symptoms are caused by a communicable disease. As with emergency Medicaid, providers are not required to, and should not, verify the citizenship, nationality and immigration status of applicants for these services. The above definition of public health assistance opens the door to a wide range of critical health services for immigrants and their families. Among the most important are:Immunizations for Children and Adolescents: All children and adolescents should be fully immunized according to the current standards of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; AIDS and HIV services and treatment including screening and diagnosis, counseling, testing and treatment provided with Ryan White Act or other non-Medicaid funds, Tuberculosis services including screening, diagnosis and treatment. Sexually transmitted disease (SDT) screening, diagnosis and treatment.Additionally, treatment of symptoms of a wide range of other communicable diseases is also covered even if ultimately, a communicable origin is ruled out.

PROVIDING DRUGS OR EDUCATION FOR AIDS IS PUBLIC HEALTH ASSISTANCESmith 1998 (Rhonda, “HHS may shift funds to fight AIDS among blacks” Washington Blade Online Sept 18, http://www.aegis.com/news/wb/1998/WB980903.html)Zingale also said that the July 30 HHS proposal reflects a critical need for $100 million more in Ryan White AIDS funds for prevention and education programs. Currently, about $625 million in federal funds are available for HIV prevention and education programs nationwide.In addition to making funds for HIV prevention programs more of a priority for racial and ethnic minorities, Zingale said the federal government's Medicaid policy must be revised so individuals eligible for this type of public health assistance have earlier access to protease inhibitors and other drug therapies."If you're serious about closing the gap between blacks and whites when it comes to AIDS, you have to change the Medicaid rule that says a person must have full-blown AIDS before they can be eligible for access to AIDS-preventing drugs," he said. "And you have to get out of the way of local communities in removing HIV-tainted needles from the streets. And [the July 30 proposal] does neither of those things."

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public health assistance

THINGS THAT COUNT AS PUBLIC HEALTHMedicineNet.com 2007 http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5120

One way to illustrate some of the breadth of public health is to look at some of the notable public health achievements in the 20th century. The following were selected as the "Ten Great Public Health Achievements -- United States, 1900-1999" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Vaccination Vaccination has resulted in the eradication of smallpox; elimination of poliomyelitis in the Americas; and control of measles, rubella, tetanus, diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and other infectious diseases in the United States and other parts of the world.Motor-vehicle safety Improvements in motor-vehicle safety have resulted from engineering efforts to make both vehicles and highways safer and from successful efforts to change personal behavior (e.g., increased use of safety belts, child safety seats, and motorcycle helmets and decreased drinking and driving). These efforts have contributed to large reductions in motor-vehicle-related deaths.Safer workplaces Work-related health problems, such as coal workers' pneumoconiosis (black lung), and silicosis -- common at the beginning of the century -- have come under better control. Severe injuries and deaths related to mining, manufacturing, construction, and transportation also have decreased; since 1980, safer workplaces have resulted in a reduction of approximately 40% in the rate of fatal occupational injuries.Control of infectious diseases Control of infectious diseases has resulted from clean water and improved sanitation. Infections such as typhoid and cholera transmitted by contaminated water, a major cause of illness and death early in the 20th century, have been reduced dramatically by improved sanitation. In addition, the discovery of antimicrobial therapy has been critical to successful public health efforts to control infections such as tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke have resulted from risk-factor modification, such as smoking cessation and blood pressure control coupled with improved access to early detection and better treatment. Since 1972, death rates for coronary heart disease have decreased 51%.Safer and healthier foods Since 1900, safer and healthier foods have resulted from decreases in microbial contamination and increases in nutritional content. Identifying essential micronutrients and establishing food-fortification programs have almost eliminated major nutritional deficiency diseases such as rickets, goiter, and pellagra in the United States.Healthier mothers and babies Healthier mothers and babies have resulted from better hygiene and nutrition, availability of antibiotics, greater access to health care, and technologic advances in maternal and neonatal medicine. Since 1900, infant mortality has decreased 90%, and maternal mortality has decreased 99%.Family planning Access to family planning and contraceptive services has altered social and economic roles of women. Family planning has provided health benefits such as smaller family size and longer interval between the birth of children; increased opportunities for preconceptional counseling and screening; fewer infant, child, and maternal deaths; and the use of barrier contraceptives to prevent pregnancy and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and other STDs.Fluoridation of drinking water Fluoridation of drinking water began in 1945 and in 1999 reaches an estimated 144 million persons in the United States. Fluoridation safely and inexpensively benefits both children and adults by effectively preventing tooth decay, regardless of socioeconomic status or access to care. Fluoridation has played an important role in the reductions in tooth decay (40%- 70% in children) and of tooth loss in adults (40%-60%).Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard and subsequent public health anti- smoking campaigns have resulted in changes in social norms to prevent initiation of tobacco use, promote cessation of use, and reduce exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Since the 1964 Surgeon General's report on the health risks of smoking, the prevalence of smoking among adults has decreased, and millions of smoking-related deaths have been prevented.

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public health

PUBLIC HEALTH IS DISEASE PREVENTIONInstitute of Medicine, The Future of Public Health, 1988 hsc.unm.edu/som/fcm/MPH/Curriculum/Public%20Health%20Definitions.docPublic Health A public enterprise having a mission to fulfill society’s interest in ensuring the conditions in which people can be healthy, a structure comprised of organized community efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and promotion of health, and activities organized within both the formal structure of government and the associated effort of private and voluntary organizations and individuals.

PUBLIC HEALTH CARE IS CONCERNED WITH ENTIRE COMMUNITIES AND INCLUDES 3 AREASMedicineNet.com 2007 http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5120Public health: The approach to medicine that is concerned with the health of the community as a whole. Public health is community health. It has been said that: "Health care is vital to all of us some of the time, but public health is vital to all of us all of the time."

The mission of public health is to "fulfill society's interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy." The three core public health functions are:

* The assessment and monitoring of the health of communities and populations at risk to identify health problems and priorities; * The formulation of public policies designed to solve identified local and national health problems and priorities; * To assure that all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective care, including health promotion and disease prevention services, and evaluation of the effectiveness of that care.

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SDI TOPICALITY2007

public health

PUBIC HEALTH EFFORTS PROTECT THE HEALTH OF COMMUNITIES THROUGH IDENTIFYING AND PREVENTION OF ILLNESSUNIMAX 2006 “Definition and Goals of Public Health” Aug 21 http://www.unimaxsupply.com/sitepgs/1publichealth.htmPublic health is a multidisciplinary field whose goal is to promote the health of the population through organized community efforts. (pp3-15 - Schneider, MJ Introduction to Public Health. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 2000)Contrast the: Focus of Medicine: mainly on treating illness in separate individualsFocus of Public Health: activities include * Assessing the health status of the population * Diagnosing its problems * Searching for the causes for those problems * Designing solutions for those problems. Solutions usually involve community-level interventions that control or prevent the cause of the problem. For example, educational programs to discourage teenagers from smoking, screening programs for cancer, laws requiring seat belt use.

PUBLIC HEALTH DEALS WITH PROTECTING AND IMPROVING COMMUNITY HEALTH WITH PREVENTION EFFORTSMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PUBLIC%20HEALTHthe art and science dealing with the protection and improvement of community health by organized community effort and including preventive medicine and sanitary and social science

PUBLIC HEALTH IS A SOCIETAL EFFORT TO PROTECT, PROMOTE AND RESTORE HEALTHThe Trust for America’s Health 2006 “Ask the Epidemiologist” http://healthyamericans.org/docs/?DocID=96Public health - an effort organized by society to protect, promote, and restore the people’s health.

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public health

PUBLIC HEALTH IS CONCERNED WITH DISEASE PREVENTION AND CHANGING HARMFUL BEHAVIORSUniversity of South Florida- College of Public Health 5-8-2007Even professionals in the field struggle to define public health precisely. It has been called the "invisible profession" because people don't hear much about it until a disaster occurs. Then, public health experts are in the spotlight, calling on their understanding of the way the physical and social worlds work to save lives. Public health professionals are part of an ongoing system that protects people from diseases and encourages them to change harmful behaviors. Public health has been increasingly concerned with targeted prevention programs aimed at specific problems that disproportionately affect minority and economically disadvantaged groups. With its focus on health promotion and disease prevention, public health provides a foundation for our health care system that ultimately means lower health care costs.The base of knowledge for public health comes from a variety of disciplines, ranging from social sciences to biological sciences and business, brought together by a commitment to improve the public's health.While physicians treat the ills of individuals, public health professionals attack society's health problems--domestic violence, teen smoking, sexually transmitted diseases, hazardous waste and dangerous workplaces. Public health experts examine such questions as, Who gets certain diseases and why? Can a common element be changed to prevent an illness among an entire population? Does that element require a change in behavior; technology, or the health care delivery system? How can we motivate individuals to change their behavior? Can the new technology be developed? How should the health care delivery system be changed to improve access and treatment? Often, answering such questions requires stepping into the political arena where experts and advocates can develop policies and programs that give everyone an opportunity to lead a healthy life.

PUBLIC HEALTH IS PROMOTION OF HEALTH, DISEASE PREVENTION AND PROLONGING LIFEMinistry of Health- New Zealand December 2000 “The New Zealand Health Strategy” http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/0/15f5c5045e7a1dd4cc256b6b0002b038?OpenDocumentPublic health- The science and art of promoting health, preventing disease and prolonging life through organized efforts of society.

PUBLIC HEALTH INCLUDES CONTROLLING INFECTIONS, EDUCATION, AND TREATMENT & DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASEFlorida Department of Health 2007 http://www.doh.state.fl.us/planning_eval/CHAI/Resources/FieldGuide/6CommHealthStatus/CHSATerminology.htmPublic Health: "...the science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts toward a sanitary environment; the control of community infections; the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene; the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and treatment of disease; and the development of the social machinery to ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health." (C.E.A. Winslow) The mission of public health is to fulfill society's desire to create conditions so that people can be healthy (Institute of Medicine, 1988).

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public health

HEALTH OF WHOLE COMMUNITYNatural Resource Defense Council 2007 http://www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/p.asppublic health - the health or physical well-being of a whole community.

EFFORT TO RESTORE HEALTH OF A POPULATIONJohn Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2007 “Epidemiology Glossary” http://www.jhsph.edu/publichealthexperts/Glossary.htmPublic health—an effort organized by society to protect, promote, and restore the people’s health. Physicians treat one patient at a time; public health workers treat whole populations.

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public

PUBLIC MEANS ALL THE PEOPLE & AREA OF A NATIONMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PUBLICa: of, relating to, or affecting all the people or the whole area of a nation or state <public law> b: of or relating to a government c: of, relating to, or being in the service of the community or nation

PUBLIC MEANS ALL PEOPLE, NOT A SPECIFIC GROUPCambridge Dictionaries Online 2007 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=63934&dict=CALDrelating to or involving people in general, rather than being limited to a particular group of people: Public opinion (= the opinions of most people) has turned against him. Is it really in the public interest (= useful to people) to publish this information? We need to increase public awareness of the disease.

PUBLIC IS SOMETHING SHARED BY ALL MEMBERS OF A COMMUNITYMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PUBLICa: accessible to or shared by all members of the community b: capitalized in shares that can be freely traded on the open market —often used with go

PUBLIC MUST BE SUPPORTED BY PUBLIC FUNDSMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PUBLIC supported by public funds and private contributions rather than by income from commercials <public radio> <public television>

PUBLIC IS RELATED TO COMMUNITY OR BUSINESS, NOT PRIVATEMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PUBLIC of or relating to business or community interests as opposed to private affairs : social

PUBLIC MEANS WELL KNOWNMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PUBLICa. exposed to general view : open b: well-known, prominent c: perceptible, material

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health

HEALTH IS THE BODY BEING FREE FROM ILLNESSCambridge Dictionaries Online 2007 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=36255&dict=CALDthe condition of the body and the degree to which it is free from illness, or the state of being well

HEALTH DEALS WITH THE CONDITION OF THEY BODY OR MINDMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/HEALTHthe condition of being sound in body, mind, or spirit; especially : freedom from physical disease or pain

HEALTH MEANS FREE FROM DISEASEWordnet 2007 http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=healthS: (n) health, wellness (a healthy state of wellbeing free from disease)

STATE OF COMPLETE HEALTH- MORE THAN ABSENCE OF DISEASE John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2007 “Epidemiology Glossary” http://www.jhsph.edu/publichealthexperts/Glossary.htmHealth—a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity.

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assistance

ASSISTANCE IS TO SUPPLY AIDMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ASSISTANCEthe act of assisting or the help supplied : aid <financial and technical assistance>

PUBLIC ASSISTANCE IS GOVERNMENT AID TO NEEDYMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/public%20assistancegovernment aid to needy, aged, or disabled persons and to dependent children

ASSISTANCE IS TO HELP FULFILL A NEEDWordnet 2007 http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=assistance# S: (n) aid, assist, assistance, help (the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose) "he gave me an assist with the housework"; "could not walk without assistance"; "rescue party went to their aid"; "offered his help in unloading"

ASSISTANCE IS THE ACTION OF HELPINGOxford English Dictionary 1989 2nd EDThe action of helping or aiding in an undertaking or necessity; furtherance, succour; also, the help afforded, aid, support, relief. Formerly often in pl.

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to

TO SHOWS WHO IS RECEIVING SOMETHINGCambridge Dictionaries Online 2007 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=83451&dict=CALDused for showing who receives something or who experiences an action: I lent my bike to my brother. I told that to Glyn and he was horrified.

TO INDICATES DIRECTION AND MOVEMENT TOWARD A PARTICULAR PLACEMerriam-Webster Online 2007 http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/TO1 a—used as a function word to indicate movement or an action or condition suggestive of movement toward a place, person, or thing reached <drove to the city><went back to the original idea><went to lunch> b—used as a function word to indicate direction <a mile to the south><turned his back to the door><a tendency to silliness>

TO MEANS IN THE DIRECTIONCambridge Dictionaries Online 2007 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=83448&dict=CALDin the direction of: We're going to town on the bus, okay? We went to Prague last year.

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Sub-Saharan Africa

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA INCLUDES 48 NATIONSUS Department of State 2001 (“Tips for travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa” March, 2001 http://travel.state.gov/travel/tips/brochures/brochures_1218.html)This brochure covers all of Africa except the five nations bordering the Mediterranean. Sub-Saharan Africa includes 48 nations. Forty-two of these nations are on the mainland. In addition, four island nations in the southwest Indian Ocean (Madagascar, The Comoros, Mauritius, and Seychelles) and two island nations in the Atlantic Ocean (Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe) are considered part of Africa. For convenience, we will often use the word "Africa" to refer to the sub-Saharan region. For information on the five northern African nations of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Libya, and Egypt, see Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa .

COUNTRIES IN SSAInternational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2007 http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/regions#ssaSub-Saharan AfricaAngola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Congo, The Democratic Republic of the, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, United Republic of, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe,

THE REGION SOUTH OF THE SAHARAWordnet 2007 http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=sub-saharan%20africaNoun* S: (n) Sub-Saharan Africa, Black Africa (the region of Africa to the south of the Sahara Desert)

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SSA- Sudan is/is not included

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA INCLUDES: (not Sudan)International Food Policy Research Institute, 2007http://www.ifpri.org/country/subsahaf.asp#countriesCountries in Sub-saharan Africa: Angola Botswana Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Côte d'Ivoire Democratic Republic of Congo Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Republic of Congo Rwanda Sao Tome Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

SUDAN IS INCLUDED IN SSAFood and Agriculture Organization of the UN 2003 “@3 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are facing food emergencies” July 23, http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2003/20863-en.htmln sub-Saharan Africa, 23 countries are facing food emergencies, according to a new report released by FAO today.The countries are Angola, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

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ASPEC

A. Interpretation- The aff must specify the agentFirst, from the Dictionary of Politics 1979-the government consists of three branches: the legislative, the executive, or the judicial,

Second, from the American Heritage Dictionary 2000-Resolved- To reach a decision or make a determination

B. Violation- The aff didn’t specify C. Reasons to prefer

1. Predictable limits - There are dozens of executive agencies that can regulate the authority of their personnel to search without probable cause and there is a split between congress and the courts in terms of legally restricting the authority. The literature on each of the agents is unique from other agents making later specification render a specific negative strategy null.

2. Ground–Specification key to DA links like politics and courts as well as process counterplans

3. Education- 90% of policy is implementationElmore, Prof. Public Affairs at University of Washington, Political Science Quarterly 79-80, p. 605, 1980

The emergence of implementation as a subject for policy analysis coincides closely with the discovery by policy analysts that decisions are not

self-executing. Analysis of policy choices matter very little if the mechanism for implementing those

choices is poorly understood in answering the question, "What percentage of the work of achieving a desired

governmental action is done when the preferred analytic alternative has been identified?" Allison

estimated that in the normal case, it was about 10 percent, leaving the remaining 90 percent in the realm of implementation.

4. Aff conditionality- They can skew our strategy by dodging out of DA links and CP competition we present in the 1NC

5. Most real world- The USFG isn’t an actor- all three branches cannot pass a policy as one.

6. Irreversible time skew - Granting us whatever links we presented doesn’t remedy the time skew - there was no way we could have predicted that they would have granted us these links and reading the shell was the only way to deter abuse. Punish them for altering our time and strategy.

D. Voter for fairness, education and jurisdiction

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AT: ASPEC

1. Counter-interpretation: normal means solves issues stemming from agent specification

a.) Solves offense, the negative can read evidence that says the plan will be done in certain way and then link to it

b.) Normal means solves the Elmore evidence, under normal means policies don’t lack direction or implementation.

c.) Solves all education about agents arguments, we just argue that the neg has to engage us first- they can go ahead and present links they have

2. Forcing specification gives the negative the right to agent and process counterplans. This creates bad, un-educational debate- there is never any discussion of the aff we just talk about their narrow net benefit and whether or not the perm solves.

3. Infinitely regressive- There is no reason why specifying funding or personnel is less relevant than ASPEC- The only bright line is what the resolution mandates.

4. Encourages over specifying- This kills limits and predictability because there are thousands of case combinations. And they lose ground because random agents are perceived in politics DA’s.

5. No Resolution mandate- The resolution says the USFG, it doesn’t mandate that we have to specify a single branch. All issues could be solved if the resolution specified the agent- then it would be a relevant question

6. Fiat is a should/would question designed to let us debate what would happen post plan and avoid procedurals like aspec

7. No in round abuse- If you were to run a specific DA link to one agent, we would not no link your disad.

8. Cross-x checks- You could’ve asked us but you just wanted to run ASPEC

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OSPEC

A. Violation-The affirmative over-specifies how the plan will be implemented by giving the specific agent who will do the plan.

B. Reasons to prefer1. Predictable limits: There are over hundreds of different agents in the Federal Government. Allowing the aff to choose makes the topic 500 times larger, killing predictability.

2. Ground: When they overspecify it kills disad ground because we can’t get our generic politics links and they can squirrel out of other generic disads by claiming they implement plan differently than the disad assumes.

3. Non-Topical: The affirmative doesn’t fiat the entire United States Federal Government as a whole body, this violates the term Government:Black’s Law Dictionary, 1979 [5th edition, page 625]The whole class or body of officeholders or functionaries considered in the aggregate, upon whom devolves the executive, judicial, legislative, and administrative business of the state.

C. Vote on OSPEC for fairness, predictable ground and jurisdiction

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AT: OSPEC

1. Counter interpretation: USFG is one of the three branches.a.) Solves their predictability and limits arguments.b.) Reasonable compromise between affirmative solvency and negative link ground.

2. Malaria is uniquely predictable, its one of the three major branches

3. No ground loss- They can still run generic links to the USFG, it encompasses the plan

4. Ground- We give them ground to specific agent links, politics, and procedural counterplans

5. Specific literature- The best policy literature is written in the context of the government branch in question, not the USFG as a whole. This is key to both affirmative advantage literature and negative link ground

6. Education- 90% of policy is implementationElmore, Prof. Public Affairs at University of Washington, Political Science Quarterly 79-80, p. 605, 1980

The emergence of implementation as a subject for policy analysis coincides closely with the discovery by policy analysts that decisions are not

self-executing. Analysis of policy choices matter very little if the mechanism for implementing those

choices is poorly understood in answering the question, “What percentage of the work of achieving a desired

governmental action is done when the preferred analytic alternative has been identified?” Allison

estimated that in the normal case, it was about 10 percent, leaving the remaining 90 percent in the realm of implementation.

7. They overlimit—no plan affects every single part of the USFG—there are over 900 agents and no case involves all of them. This allows for no topical affirmative plans or negative positions under their interpretation.

8. Aff conditionality- If we don’t specify, we can dodge out of your disad links and counterplan competitiveness by saying we don’t defend that agent.

39