TIU LUN CNG NGH CH BIN TR, C PH, CA CAO TI

GVHD: Ths. PHAN TH HNG LINNHM: SVTT:

Tp.H Ch Minh 22-4-2014

MC LC

1CHNG 1: TM HIU TNH HNH SN XUT V TIU TH C PH TRN TH GII V VIT NAM

11.1.Lch s pht trin ca cy c ph

11.1.1.Ngun gc

11.1.2. Du nhp vo Chu u

21.1.3 Cc nh hng ca ngnh c ph Vit Nam hin nay:

31.1.4 chlicacycph

31.2.Tnhhnhsnxutvtiuthcph

31.2.1.Trn th gii

31.2.2. Dintch

31.2.3. Nngsut

31.2.4. Snlng

41.3. Tnhhnhtiuthcph

51.3.1.TiuthcphccncnhpkhuthnhvinICO

61.3.2Tiuthcphccncsnxut.

61.3.3. Vit Nam

11CHNG 2: TNG QUAN SN XUT C PH NHN RANG

112.1. Quy trinh cng ngh

112.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

112.2.1. Lm sch v phn loi nguyn liu

122.2.2. nh lng

122.2.3. Rang

122.2.3.1 Mc ch, yu cu

132.2.3.2. Phng php rang

13Rang m kiu -Php (mu t 45-35)

172.2.3.3. Quy trnh rang

172.2.3.4. Thit b rang

212.2.3.5. Mt s bin i trong qu trnh rang

272.2.3.6. Cc yu t nh hng

352.2.4. Lm ngui c ph

352.2.5. Phi trn

352.2.5.1. Mc ch

362.2.5.2. Thit b phi trn

412.2.6. c ph

CHNG 1: TM HIU TNH HNH SN XUT V TIU TH C PH TRN TH GII V VIT NAM

1.1.Lch s pht trin ca cy c ph

1.1.1.Ngun gc

Theo mt truyn thuyt c ghi li trn giy vo nm 1671, nhng ngi chn d Kaffa (thuc Ethiopia ngy nay) pht hin ra mt s con d trong n sau khi n mt cnh cy c hoa trng v qu mu chy nhy khng mt mi cho n tn m khuya. H bn em chuyn ny k vi cc thy tu ti mt tu vin gn .

Khi mt ngi chn d trong s n th loi qu mu anh ta xc nhn cng hiu ca n. Sau cc thy tu i xem xt li khu vc n c ca by d v pht hin ra mt loi cy c l xanh thm v qu ging nh qu anh o. H ung nc p ra t loi qu v tnh to cu nguyn chuyn tr cho n tn m khuya. Nh vy c th coi rng nh chnh n d ny con ngi bit c cy c ph.

Cch thc pha ch c ph truyn thng ca ngi Ethiopia c l l cch thc c xa nht. Ht c ph c cho vo mt ci cho st to v rang ln, sau c nghin vn ra hoc cho vo ci gi. Ch ht gi vn c trn vi ng trong mt ci bnh gi l jebena (mt loi bnh c thon c quai), nu ln v ra bt.

1.1.2. Du nhp vo Chu u

Sau nhiu ln tht bi, ngi H Lan l dn tc u tin Chu u ly c ht ging cy ny mang v th trng o Java ( khi l thuc a ca h).

Nm 1723, mt s quan hi qun Php tn De Clieu c v ngh php Paris, quyt nh em cy ny v x Martinique ni anh tr ng. Sau nhiu hon nn De Clieu cng trng c cy c ph mt ni kn o vi 3 thy th canh gc ngy m. Hn 50 nm sau, Php tr thnh i th cnh tranh gay gt vi H Lan, bt ng xy ra khng th gii quyt h nh n chnh quyn Brasil ng ra dn xp. y l c hi, vi nhng qu k, Brasil mang c ht ging v nc v y l khi u cho ging c ph trng ti Brasil, bin cc quc gia Trung, Nam M tr thnh nhng quc c ph ln bc nht th gii.

Trong khi , vo nm 1660 c ph c ngi H Lan truyn vo Bc M vng Amsterdam, Bn nm sau, ngi Anh chim vng ny v t tn l New York, c ph tr thnh mt thc ung quen thuc ch dnh cho gii thng lu trong khi tr l thc ung ph thng trong mi tng lp. Th nhng n nm 1773, khi Anh Hong George nh thu tr v ngi dn M ni ln chng li th tnh hnh thay i. Ngi M gi dng dn da tn cng nhng tu ch tr em xung bin. Bin c lch s di tn Boston Tea Party lm cho ngi M nghing qua ung c ph v chng bao lu thc ung ny tr thnh quc m.

T , c ph lan ra Ai Cp v Yemen, v ti th k th 15 th n Armenia, Persia, Th Nh K v pha bc chu Phi. C ph n Italia, sau l phn cn li ca chu u, Indonesia v M.

Hin nay, c ph l sn phm nng nghip vo hng quan trng nht trn th gii vi quy m sn xut tri rng hn 60 nc ti bn chu lc: chu M, chu , chu Phi v chu i Dng.

1.1.3 Cc nh hng ca ngnh c ph Vit Nam hin nay:

Chuyn dch c cu cy trng

H gi thnh sn xut, nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh

p dng cng ngh sau thu hoch tin tin, i mi thit b, nng cao cht lng sn phm kt hp vi bo v mi trng

Xy dng v ban hnh cc tiu chun cp Nh nc v c ph

M rng th trng cho c ph Vit Nam nc ngoi, xc tin vic tiu th c ph th trng ni a

Pht trin mt ngnh c ph bn vng gi thnh sn xut, nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh

1.1.4 chlicacycph

Cycphcdngtrongyhc,trongcngnghipthcphm.Cphcntoracngnviclm,gpphnbovmitrng.cbitcycphemlingunthunhpln.Hinnaykimngchxutkhucphthgiikhong10tUSD/nm.1.2.Tnhhnhsnxutvtiuthcph

1.2.1.Trn th giiTrongvithpkquasnxutcphthgiitnggimthtthng,nhngnhnchungcxuhngtngln.Sbinngttccckhacnhcasnxutlsnlng,dintch,canhtcvnngsutukhnggingnhau.

1.2.2. Dintch

Dintchtrngcphthgiitnm1990n2002tngtrungbnhl0,1%/nm,t14.593.940hanm2002.Dintchtrngcphcckhuvckhcnhautrnthgiitnggimkhngngu.TrongkhidintchtrngcphcakhuvcChu,ThiBnhDngtngtrungbnhl2,8%/nmthdintchtrngcphnhngnckhcligim0,3%(tnht1990n2002).

1.2.3. Nngsut

Trivivicgiatngvdintch,nngsuttrngcphtrnthgiilicxuhnggimxung,gim0,2%nm.Nunhnngsutcphcathgiinm1990ttrungbnhl580 kg / hath nngsutnm2002cht553 kg /ha.TtnhinnngsuttrngcphtrongthigianquakhnggimttcccncchnghnccncChuThiBnhDngnngsutcphkhngnhngkhnggimmlicntnglntrungbnh0,4%/nm.

1.2.4. Snlng

Snxutcphthgiitngln.Quabngtngktsnlngcphthgiitrong thigianl42nmcaccnhphntchkinhtcaBNngnghipM,ta

thyrngsnlngcphv2001/2002l118,8triubao,tng51triubaotng

ngvi77%sovinm1960/1961.Trungbnhminmtng1,2triubaohayni

cchkhcl1,83%/nm.Tuynhinsnlngtngkhnguccnm.Snlngthpnhtl53triubao/nm(1964/1965)vmccaonhtl118,8triubao/nm(2001/2002ninvnmngoi).Nhnchungsnlngtngtnm1976/1977nnay.Snlngthpvounhngnm1960vnm1975dosngmui.Tnm1987/1988nnay

snxutcphcngtnggimthtthngnhngnhnchunglcxuhngtnglnvsnlng.Snxutcphtptrungchyuccncangphttrin:Chimhn90%snlngcacphthgii,ccncphttrinsnxutvikhilngrtnhv

chyunhpkhutiudng.ChuMlatinhlkhuvctrngcphlnnhtth

gii,trongBraxincsnlngnguthgii.TrcchintranhthgiilnthII,snxutcphcaBraxinchim80%snlngcacthgii,nhngnmsauny

donhiuncChu,ChuPhiymnhsnxutnnhinnaysnlngcphcaBraxinchchimkhong30%snlngthgii.Tnhtthng9/2002nthng8/2003,snxutcphcaBraxint27,7triubao,chimttrng31,5%trongtng

snlngcphthgii.SnlngcphcaccncChu,ChuPhitngngkvtngdnttrngsovisnlngthgii.Hinnaynhiuncchtrngn

snxutcphhatanxutkhu.

Tmli,vsnxutcphthgiinhnchungtrongthigiangnycxu

hngtnglnvsnlngvdintch,cbitkhuvcChuvChuPhi.Nhiunctrnthgiiivosnxutcphhatanxutkhu.Cphchvnchimuthtrongtngsnlngcphthgii(chng70%).Tuynhin,nngsutcph

thgiicxuhnggimxung.

1.3. Tnhhnhtiuthcph

Cphlmtmthngbunbncgitrkimngchlnth2cathgiiangphttrinsaudum.Cphctrngvxutkhuccncangphttrinthucvnhainhitivnhiti,phnlnsnphmcnhpkhuvtiuthccnccngnghipphttrin.Nm1922tnglngcphtiuthtrnthgiil31,2triubaoth80nmsaulngtiuthlnn112,4triubao(2002)tngn3,6ln.Trongnhngnmgnylngcphctiuthtrnthgiitngbnhqunminm1%.Gn75%lngcphctiuthccncphttrin.Stngtrngtiuthcphlkhnnh.

1.3.1.TiuthcphccncnhpkhuthnhvinICO

Bng:TiuthcphccncnhpkhuthnhvinICOnv:triubao

Trong21ncnhpkhuthnhvinICOthMlnctiuthcphlnnhtvn

nht17,518triubao/nm,chim30%thtrngcphthgii,cngchtbnh

qun4kg/ngi/nm,cnthphnsoviccncChuu.CcncEUcphl

ungthngdng,chimkhong20%thtrngung,tiuthcphhngnmt33 n 35triubao

NhtBnlnctiuthcphlnnhtChu,vimctiuth6triubao/nm.Ccncangphttrinlngtiuthtnglnngkldoiukinkinhtcci

thin.

1.3.2Tiuthcphccncsnxut.

Ccncsnxutcphkhngchxutkhumxuhngtiudngniangycngtng.Nm1996tiuthkhong20,5triubao,nnm2002mctiuthl23triubao.HaincBrazilvIndonexiavcmctiuthniacao,thngchimtrn30%snlnghngnm.Theokhochthnhtnm2003Brazilcthtiuthti15,5triubao,Clombia1,6triubao,Indonexia2,1triubao.KhilngtiudngccncChucngtngln.Tiuthcphccncsnxutkhnnh,ringvcph2001/2002cxuhnggimxungdotnhhnhkhnghongkinhttrnthgii,cbitlccncChu,MLatinh. NgoirangidnccncTrungvngurtthchungcph,hngnmcc

ncny tiuthkhong5 - 6triubao.

CcncnhpkhucphkhngphilthnhvinICOhngnmnhpkhu

khong5triubaonhAngirni,TriuTin,Achentina,...

Vchngloi,thcphArabicavncachunghnvngycngcnhucutiu

thnhiuhnbichtlngcngnhhngvthmngoncan.DovygicphArabicathngcao gp22.5lngicphRobusta.

1.3.3. Vit Nam

Ln u tin c ph c a vo Vit Nam vo nm 1875, ging Arabica c ngi Php mang t o Bourton sang trng pha Bc sau lan ra cc tnh min Trung nh Qung Tr, B Trch, Sau thu hoch ch bin di thng hiu Arabica du Tonkin, c ph c nhp khu v Php. Sau khi chim nc ta thc dn Php thnh lp cc n in c ph nh Chin, Xun Mai, Sn Ty chng canh tc theo phng thc du canh du c nn nng sut thp gim t 400 500 kg/ha nhng nm u xung cn 100 150 kg/ha khi cng v sau. ci thin tnh hnh, Php du nhp vo nc ta hai ging mi l c ph vi (C. robusta) v c ph mt ( C. mitcharichia) vo nm 1908 thay th, cc n in mi li mc ln pha Bc nh H Tnh (1910), Yn M (1911, Thanh Ho), Ngha n (1915, Ngh An). Thi im ln nht (1946 1966) t 13.000 ha.

Nm 1925, ln u tin c trng Ty Nguyn, sau gii phng din tch c ph c nc khong 20.000 ha, nh s h tr vn t quc t, cy c ph dn c ch trng, n nm 1980 din tch t 23.000 ha, xut khu trn 6000 tn. Bn k hoch ban u c xy dng nm 1980 t mc tiu cho ngnh c ph Vit Nam c khong 180 nghn ha vi sn lng 200 nghn tn. Sau , bn k hoch ny nhiu ln sa i. Cc con s cao nht dng li mc 350 nghn ha vi sn lng 450 nghn tn (VICOFA, 2002).

Trn sng mui nm 1994 Brasil ph hu phn ln din tch c ph nc ny, cng hng t hn hn ko di nm 1997 lm ngun cung trn ton th gii sp gim mnh, gi tng t bin khch l m rng din tch c ph Vit Nam, u t k thut canh tc thm canh, chuyn canh, nh din tch v sn lng tng nhanh, trung bnh 23,9%/nm, a tng din tch cy c ph nm 2000 ln n 516,7 nghn ha, chim 4,14% tng din tch cy trng ca Vit Nam, ng th ba ch sau hai loi cy lng thc ch lc l la (chim 61,4%) v ng (chim 5,7%). Trong thp k 90 th k XX, sn lng tng ln trn 20%/nm (v cc nm 1994, 1995, 1996 sn lng tng thm ch cn cao hn vi t l ln lt l 48,5%, 45,8% v 33%). Nm 2000, Vit Nam c khong 520 nghn ha c ph, tng sn lng t 800 nghn tn. Nu so vi nm 1980, din tch c ph ca Vit Nam nm 2000 tng gp 23 ln v sn lng tng gp 83 ln. Mc sn lng v din tch vt xa mi k hoch trc v suy on ca cc chuyn gia trong nc v quc t.

Cho n nay sn lng c ph c nc chim 8% sn lng nng nghip, chim 25% gi tr xut khu v l nc xut khu c ph Robusta ln nht th gii vi hai tnh c din tch canh tc ln nht l kLc v Gia Lai, mang li vic lm n nh, thu nhp cao cho hng triu ngi. Gp phn n nh kinh t x hi nhng vng xa xi ho lnh, dn tc t ngi,..

Vit nam hin l nc sn xuat c ph ln th 2 trn th gii sau Brazin v ng u th gii v xut khu c ph vi. Din tch c ph Vit Nam qua mt s nm c thng k nh bng di y:

Bng : din tch c ph Vit Nam qua mt s nm

n v: nghn hecta

Din tch c ph Vit Nam20052006200720082009

Din tch gieo trng497,4488,7508,8530,9537,0

Din tch cho sn phm483,6481,2488,7500,2504,1

Din tch trng mi13,87,520,130,732,9

Theo k hoch pht trin n nm 2020 cho nghnh c ph c tho lun ti mt hi tho do b nng nghip v pht trin thn t chc vo ngy 22 thng 4 nm 2012 ti Bun Ma Thut, Vit Nam ln k hoch ct gim 13,5% din tch c ph t 555.000 hecta xung cn 480.000 hecta, trong khi vn gi sn lng n nh vo cui thp k ny l vo khong 1,1 triu tn, hoc 18,33 triu bao ( bao 60kg ) c ph mt nm, tng t nh sn lng ca v ma 2010/2011.

Bng : tng sn lng v xut khu c ph ca Vit Nam nin v t 2000/01 n 2010/2011

n v: nghn bao ( 60kg/bao )

Nin v San lng Xuat khu

2000/011484114606

2001/021309311966

2002/031157411555

2003/041533714497

2004/051437013994

2005/061384213122

2006/071934018090

2007/081646715774

2008/091850017386

2009/101820014591

2010/111946716850

3. Tiu chun c ph nhn rang.

Tn ch tiu Mc cht lng ( phn trm khi lng )

Hng IHng II

1. Cm quan

- Mu sc

- Mu sc

- Mi

- v

- Nc

2. ha l

2.1 ht tt khng t hn

2.2 mnh v khng nhiu hn

2.3 ht b li khng nhiu hn

2.4 Hm lng m khng nhiu hn

2.5 Hm lng tro

- tro tng s khng nhiu hn

- tro khng tan khng nhiu hn

2.6 t l cht tan trong nc khng t hn

2.7 Tp cht khng nhiu hnHt ng u, khng chy, cho php dnh t v la nh bc

Mu nu cnh gin m

Thm c trng ca c ph rang, khng c mi l

V m , th cht phong ph, hp dnMu cnh gin m,trong snh, hp dn

92

3

5

5

5

0.1

25

0.3Ht khng ng u, khng chy, cho php t dnh t v la nh bc

Mu nu cnh gin m

Thm c trng ca c ph rang, khng c mi l

V m , th cht trung bnh, khng c v l

Mu cnh gin m,trong, t yu cu86

4

10

5

5

0.1

25

0.3

CHNG 2: TNG QUAN SN XUT C PH NHN RANG2.1. Quy trinh cng ngh

SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT

Hinh 1: S quy trinh cng ngh ch bin c ph rang

2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

2.2.1. Lm sch v phn loi nguyn liu

C ph nhn c th l c ph x hoc c ph nhn qua phn loi, lm sch. Nu c ph nhn qua phn loi, lm sch th c th em i rang ngay, cn c ph nhn x s c em i x l.Mc ch

Tch tp cht(ct, si, cnh, l)

Tng ng u ca nguyn liu, to iu kin tng nng sut, gi thnh v cht lng ca sn phm.

C s ca phng php

S khc nhau v hnh dng, kch thc.

S khc nhau v khi lng ring.

S khc nhau v t trng.2.2.2. nh lng

Mc ch: nh lng l mt cng on cn thit tin hnh qu trnh rang c d dng hn, c ph chn ng u v cht lng cc m ging nhau. Khi lng cho tng m ty thuc vo cng sut ca thit b rang.

Yu cu: trong qu trnh rang, ht c ph gin n lm tng th tch, do lng c ph cho vo thit b phi ng vi cng sut ca thit b nhm trnh hin tng ht c ph n ra, th tch tng ln khng th o trn dn n s gia nhit khng ng u , gy ra chy chn cc b. Thng thng lng c ph cho vo thit b rang chim khng qu 50% th tch thit b rang.

2.2.3. Rang

2.2.3.1 Mc ch, yu cu

Mc chQu trnh rang l qu trnh gia nhit c ph nhit v thi gian thch hp bin i cc thnh phn ha hc ca ht c ph thnh nhng hp cht mi, to nn mu sc, mi v c trng ca c ph rang. Gim m, tiu dit vi sinh vt, nm mc, ht gin, d xay. Rang l mt khu quan trng ca ch bin c ph v n quyt nh n cht lng c ph tch, do cn phi c k thut rang ng. Nguyn tcS dng nhit cao trong thi gian nht nh to bin i ha hc, c l trong ht

Yu cu

Ty thuc thu hiu khch hng m khi c ph c rang theo mc t ra ban u. Tuy nhin mc rang no th khi ht c ph cng phi chn ng u, khng c ht chy kht.

2.2.3.2. Phng php rang

Cc cp rang

xc nh mc rang, ngi ta thng dng phng php cm quan( nhn bng mt so snh vi mu chun) hoc dng my c t bo quang in (o mc hp th nh sng ca c ph rang). C th dng bng phn cp theo mu ca Agtron xc nh mc rang: Coi mc pht x ca ht c ph nhn sng l 100, khi mc rang cng tng th kh nng pht x nh sng ca ht c ph cng gim, tng ng vi ch s mu gim dn

C nhiu mc rang khc nhau p ng ci nhiu kiu pha v th hiu ung c ph. Cc mc rang thng gp:

Rang nht (mu t 85-75)

Rang trung bnh (mu 60)

Rang trung bnh m (mu t 55-45)

Rang m kiu -Php (mu t 45-35)

Hnh: Thang phn cp Agtron C ph rang nht( cinnamon)

Loi ny cn c gi l c ph rang qu v sn phm c mu nu vng ging mu pha trong bc ra t v cy qu, mt loi cy thng gp ng Nam . Loi ny pha c v chua du, khi rang ht t mu nh vy th ht mt 3-5% khi lng kh, trong loi c ph ny hu ht cc hp cht to ra mi v thm ngon cha c mt y hoc hm lng thp. Mi v c ph cha tht m , nhng nu c mi l th chng cha b mt i v rt d nhn thy khi nm

C ph rang trung bnh (American Roast, city roast)

Loi c ph ny cn gi l c ph kiu M, sn phm c mu nu va (trung gian gia socola m v socola sa). B mt ca ht kh, cha tit ra du. Khi pha c mi m v chua nh. Trong loi c ph ny th hu ht cc hp cht to ra mi v thm ngon c y v c hm lng cao nht. Khi rang t mu nh vy th ht mt 5-8% khi lng kh.

C ph rang trung bnh m (Full City Roast, Vienna Roast)

Full City Roast: Cn gi l rang kiu php nht, Full City c c trng bi mt mu sm hn mt cht so vi American Roast, vi nhng m nh du trn b mt ht c ph. Du ny n t bn trong ht v a ra ra b mt bi thi gian rang ko di. Du rt quan trng trong vic to hng v cho c ph pha cc cp rang khc nhau, nu rang qu lu s dn n c qu nhiu du trn b mt ht. Rang giai on ht mt i 8% khi lng kh. Thi gian rang c ph Full City khong 10-11 pht nhit khong 2250C

Vienna Roast

Vienna Roast l loi c ph c c trng bi gam mu nu trm v nhiu du hn trn b mt ca ht, trong Vienna Roast c hng v c o, l ca hng v caramel, cc acid ng. Trong ht c ph c cha nc, nc c chuyn thnh hi trong qu trnh rang, p sut hi lm cho ht c ph tng v mt kch thc. Thi gian rang ca Vienna Roast l 11-12 pht nhit 2300C.

French RoastFrench Roast c mt mu nu sm, mang mt hng v tinh t hn cc c ph khc, ht c ph mu nu sm, du sng bng, c xy ra s t chy lm cho cc acid gim, ht ch yu xut hin cui giai on n ln th 2. Nhit rang ca French Roast l 2400C. Trong giai on rang , ht mt t 8-12% cht kh.

Italian Roast

Italian Roast mu nu m nhng cha en, sng bng, ting n nghe r rng hn so vi French Roast, chua gn nh bin mt v ht c ph thon, mng hn. Nhit rang khong 2450C. Ht mt t 8-12% cht kh.

2.2.3.3. Quy trnh rang

Rang c ph l mt qu trnh m trong nhng hp cht cha mi v ca c ph c gii phng nh mt lot cc phn ng ho hc. Hng v, chua, m nht v d v ca c ph ph thuc rt nhiu vo qu trnh ny. Nhit cho php ca qu trnh 1850C- 2400C, ti u l 2100C-2300C. Thi gian 10-15 pht ty nguyn liu, cng ngh, thit s dng, i vi cng ngh rang ca M (rang lin tc) thi gian rang l 5 pht,cn rang nh (chm) thi gian rang ti 25 pht.

Qu trnh rang c chia lm 3 giai on gia nhit nh sau:

Giai on 1: y l qu trnh tng nhit khi c ph ln n nhit rang, thi gian ny cng ngn cng tt. Trong giai on ny m b mt ht bay ra, quan st thy khi trng bay ra (thc cht l hi nc) km theo mi hng.

Giai on 2: L giai on rang, nhit khi ht dao ng trong khong 200-2400C, trong giai on ny th tch khi ht tng ln, mu xanh xm ca khi ht mt dn, ht chuyn sang mu vng ri mu nu nht. Cui giai on 2 cng mi tng ln, ting n lch tch r ln.

Giai on 3: L giai on to hng thm, cn khng ch khng nhit khi ht vt qu 2400C. Trong giai on ny, cc phn ng to mu, mi, xy ra rt nhanh, cn kim tra thng xuyn xc nh im dng c chnh xc.

Lu : Sau khi ht c ph t cp mu rang mong mun, ct ngun nhit v nhanh chng cho c ph ra thit b lm ngui, trnh qu nhit2.2.3.4. Thit b rang

Rang th cng cc c s sn xut nh, ngi ta tin hnh rang trong nhng thit b rang hnh cu hoc hnh tr, lng c ph cho vo