Conflicts between Cultures

The Native Americans battle to stay on their land

Review

As Europeans made contact, and Americans began moving westward, Native American groups were forced to relocate.

The Republic of Texas1836-1845

• After the independence of Texas, the settlers had several conflicts with Native American groups in Texas.

• Lamar’s Indian Removal policies created many conflicts.

By 1865, Native Americans lost nearly ¼ of their lands.

Native Americans Control the West

• During the Civil War soldiers left to fight.

• Settlers in West Texas were defenseless, and open to attack.

• Forts are too far apart, and soldiers were too few to prevent attacks.

The Search for Peace

• 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek signed.

• Plains tribes asked to live on reservations.

The Peace Policy Fails

• Peace did not come to west Texas because many Native American leaders did not sign the treaty.

• Comanches and Kiowas refused to move to reservations.

The Kiowas• Kiowa chief Satanta said

West Texas belonged to the Comanches and Kiowas.

• chief Lone Wolf called for war.

The Comanche• Ten Bears, (Paruasemana) a

Comanche chief, argued that his people must be allowed to roam freely over the plains.

Native American Leaders POV

The Comanche (cont.)

• Comanche chief, Quanah Parker, spent 10 years trying to stop the spread of Anglo settlements.

• Quanah was the son of an Anglo American woman, Cynthia Ann Parker, who had been captured by Comanches as a child.

The Peace Policy Ends

• General William Tecumseh Sherman went to West Texas to investigate the raids.

• Sherman found that the raids harmed Anglo settlers, and had Satanta, Big Tree, and Satank arrested.

• The peace policy was abandoned, and the army began a campaign to forcefully remove Native Americans.

Read pages 408-409 and answer the following questions.

1. In the 1870’s, American hunters had greatly reduced buffalo herds in which states?

2. Which fort became the center of the buffalo hunter boom in Texas?

3. The nearest railroad line was next to which city?

4. Other than hunting, what were some other ways that men could earn a living?

5. What happened to the community of Fort Griffin after the “good times” ended?

Buffalo Herds Are Slaughtered

• buffalo hunts began in 1870s…1873 the herds north of Texas were gone. Hunters began moving onto the Texas plains.

• Native Americans feared the decreasing numbers of buffalo would end their way of life.

• The Plains groups fought back to save their culture.

The Indian Wars

• During 1871-1872, Colonel Mackenzie, led campaigns against Native Americans of the South Plains along the Rio Grande.• They attacked villages, likely killing women

and children.• 1874 Quanah Parker led warriors from 5

Native American nations in an attack on a buffalo hunters’ camp at Adobe Walls.

How was Mackenzie’s raid on Native Americans in Mexico different from other raids?

It was across the border, and it was an attack on a village, which probably included women and children as victims.

Why were Quanah Parker and his warriors particularly interested in attacking Adobe Walls?

It was a buffalo hunters’ camp, and Quanah was particularly hostile to buffalo hunters, who were destroying Native Americans’ livelihood.

The Indian Wars (cont.)

• The Red River campaign began the march of the US army into the Panhandle and West Texas. The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon was

the most decisive battle. Col. Mackenzie set fire to Comanche,

Kiowa, and Cheyenne villages.

Why was is not possible for Native Americans and Anglo cultures to live together peacefully?

Both groups wanted to control the land.

Why was control of the land important to both Native Americans and Anglo settlers?

Native Americans needed grazing land for the buffalo. Anglo settlers needed land for farming and ranching.

Buffalo Soldiers End the Wars • African American soldiers,

though often not respected by Anglo soldiers, were famous throughout Texas for their experience and skill in warfare against Native Americans.

• Native Americans called the African American troops “buffalo soldiers,” a title of great respect.

• Nineteen buffalo soldiers received Congressional Medals of Honor.

A New Era Begins

• Anglo American settlers saw the removal of Native Americans as a great accomplishment.

• West Texas was now open for railroads, farming, and ranching.

In what way was removal of Native Americans something both positive and negative?

Positive: removal allowed West Texas to develop Anglo American ranching and farming communities.

Negative: many people lost their lives and suffered, both Native American and settlers; wild herds of buffalo were brought nearly to extinction, as slaughter and waste changed the natural environment.