Conflict, Security, & Cooperation

Conflict, Security, & CooperationAbout C, S, & CTypes of Force

◦Conventional◦Unconventional

Approaches to State Security◦The cooperation continuum

ABOUT CONFLICT, COOPERATION, & SECURITY

4 Main Conflict Changes over Time

1. Increase in arms transfers◦ Cold War and post-Cold War

http://www.oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/?attachment_id=11544

4 Main Conflict Changes over Time2. Increase in severity

◦ Technology

http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2008/12/92_nations_sign_treaty_to_ban.html

4 Main Conflict Changes over Time

3. Increase in frequency◦ Decolonization◦ Civil unrest

http://www.economist.com/node/12758508?subjectid=7933596&story_id=12758508

http://bpm-americas.blogspot.com/2010/03/summary-para-states-quasi-states-and.html

4 Main Conflict Changes over Time

4. Change in focus of security◦ Guns and bombs ◦ Human security

GN v. GS

Guatemalan Convenience Store Guard

UNDOC.org

Consequences of ConflictCreates hostilitiesInterferes with tradeForestalls developmentSpill-over effectEmigration

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19473478

TYPES OF FORCE

Conventional ForceConventional Legitimate control of forceDisputes between states

◦Wars ◦Aggression

Disputes within states◦Intervention

Unconventional Force: StatesSpecial operations

Overt v. CovertState-sponsored terrorism

Sudan, Afghanistan, Somalia al-QaedaRwandaM23 Congo rebels

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18612612

Unconventional Force: Non-States

Non-states◦Terrorist acts◦Cyber attacks◦Piracy

 

Unconventional: Non-State Terrorism

What is it?Targets

◦Domestic, int’lObjectives

◦Attention◦Challenge gov’t

Coup d’état Assassinations, guerrilla warfare Peru’s Shining Path

◦Independence Basque separatist group Eta

Terrorist Acts: DomesticWhy might domestic opposition be

considered terrorism?Kurdish Worker’s Party (PKK) in Turkey Lack political representation Freedom fighters v. terrorists

Terrorist Acts: International

Not new phenomenonOrganize, attack across borders

◦Al Qaeda, TalibanCold War v. post-Cold War

◦Colonization◦Target US, western culture

http://warnewsupdates.blogspot.com/2012/05/us-involvement-in-yemens-war-against-al.html

Piracy

Recently revivedInt’l watersMore common near ‘troubled’ states

◦Somalia◦Nigeria

http://www.economist.com/node/18061574

Cyber-Attacks

Target  infrastructure◦Defense systems◦Communication systems◦Energy providers◦Economic services

Shamoon virus targeted Aranco-Replaced systems files with image-Garbage data -30,000 machines infected/ destroyedhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19922421

THE COOPERATION CONTINUUM

IndividualStates

Some cooperati

on

More cooperati

on

Full cooperati

on

The Cooperation Continuum

Unilateral Self-

Defense

Limited Self-

Defense

Int’l Security Forces

Abolition of War

Unilateral Self-Defense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

8002011 Military Spend-

ing in $

F R0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

Percentage Spent v. Other Countries

Traditional approach to securing a state

Self-relianceMilitary

Limited Self Defense

Bilateral or multilateralArms limitation pacts

Conventional◦Antipersonnel Mine Treaty

Nuclear◦ Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT)

Chemical◦ Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)

Biological◦ Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)

http://www.rainbowfund.org/landmines/

International Security Forces

Collective security More cooperationIGOs

◦Regional◦Int’l

International Security Forces: Regional

◦NATO Afghanistan

◦ECOWAS Mali

◦Why intervene? Interests

International Security Forces: IGOs

INTERPOLUN

◦Peacekeeping◦Peacemaking ◦Peacebuilding

I800 C monitors http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18379696

Abolition of WarPacifism

◦Moral issue◦Bottom-up

Activities Gandhi MLK George Clooney

Total disarmament◦Cooperation http://www.kentlaw.edu/perritt/courses/seminar/2005-spring-papers

/zahorsky-Seminar%20Paper%20on%20Global%20Arms%20Trade.htm

Conflict, Security, & Cooperation

About: ChangesConventional & unconventional

forceCooperation