Conference LIVELIHOOD CAPACITY AND ADATIVE STRATEGIES...

SEACA, College, Lobanõs, Philippine

21 – 22 November, 2012

International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security

LIVELIHOOD CAPACITY AND ADATIVE STRATEGIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE OF RICE – BASED FARMING

HOUSEHOLDS IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM

Le Canh Dung, Dang Kieu Nhan, Vo Van Ha and Vo Van Tuan

Mekong Delta Development Research Institute, Can Tho University, Vietnam

(Email: [email protected])

1

International Conference on Climate Change Im

pacts and Adaptation for Food and Environm

ental Security 2012

Outline• Rationale

• Objectives

• Methodology

• Results & discussion– Livelihood capitals

– Main hazards & responses

– Rice variety – communication pathway & preference

• Conclusion & Implication

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Rationale

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Rice production in the Mekong Delta

Source GSO, Vietnam (2011)

- Export and Food security

- Small farmsize

- Climate change

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

<0.2 0.2-0.5 0.5 - 2.0 >2.0

National Red River Delta Mekong Delta

Ha

%

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

sown area Production

1,0

00

ha;

1,0

00

to

n

Vietnam

Mekong Delta

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Livelihood assessments – why ?

•Rice and rice-based farming being highly vulnerable to weather and/or hydrological extremes

•Farming activity = a component of household system:

• Improved adaption of farming activity = improved adaptation of household livelihood capacity

• Livelihood elements: household and community or higher level

•Livelihood assessments in the context of “CC”:

• Strengths ?

• Weakness ?

• Needs for further improvements ?

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OBJECTIVES

Livelihood assessments aim to:

• Identify the biophysical and socio-economic factors

that enable and constraint the capacity of farmers to

adapt to climate change

• Identify needs for adaptive livelihood strategies of

households

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Methodology

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Conceptual framework

Climatic and non-climatic extremes

Exposure

- Temporal

- Spatial

Livelihood and

capacityAdaptation

strategies

Risk Governance

Vulnerability

(own drawing based on Birkmann et al 2012)

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Selection of sites, farming systems and

households

Flood zone:

- 2 rice, 3 rice & 2

rice-vegetables

- 99 households

(HLS)

Alluvial zone:

- 2 rice, 3 rice, 2 rice-

fish & 3 rice-fish

- 139 households

(HLS)

Acidic zone:

- 2 rice, 3 rice, 2 rice-

vegetables, 2 rice-

fish & 3 rice-fish

- 137 households

(HLS)

Saline zone:

- 3 rice & rice-shrimp

- 78 households (HLS)

• 4 zones x 2 sites (favourable and unfavourable)

• 6 farming systems

• Household livelihood surveys (HLS): 480 households

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Data collection and analysis

Data analysis:

• 2-way ANOVA: zone x site

• Determinants of income and adoption of new technologies

Considered data related to:

• Household’s livelihood elements

• Communication pathway of new technology accessibility

• Risk management strategies to natural hazards

• Farming inputs and outputs

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Results & Discussion

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Household’s livelihood – human capitalLow availability of farm labour and low perception of

female on “CC”

• Household size: 4.4 members – delined !

• Family labour: 3 (2 engaged with farming)

• Low availability and poor accessibility of rural labour

new technologies: labour-extensive

• Poor perception of HH’s female on “CC” and adaptive

strategies

Increased participation of female in new technology

development

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• Relatively smaller farms in alluvial and acidic zones rice intensification pressure ? Farming diversification and improved resource uses in those

zones ?

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Flood Alluvial Acidic Saline

Fa

rm s

ize

(h

a)

Favourable

Unfavourable

Household’s livelihood – natural capitalSmaller farms in alluvial and acidic zones

Rice fields

sharing > 80% of

farm land

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• > 90% owning TV & phone

future extension channel

• <10% owning farm implements (tractor, rice harvester)

promote farm input services and farming organization

policies and institutions ?

• 50 -60% having sanitation and safe water storage facilities

human health

agro-chemical uses and farm resources management for

future farming practices

Household’s livelihood – physical capitalHigh availability of communication but low availability of farm and sanitation facilities

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• > 80% household in debt favourable micro-credit

programs with in-kind loan going along with new technology

development poor farmers

Household’s livelihood – financial capitalBeing in debt and a need for favourable micro-credits

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


De

bt (m

il V

ND

/ho

use

ho

ld) Favourable

Unfavourable

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Household’s livelihood – financial capitalNo and small saving amount of the small-land holder highly vulnerable need micro-finance program

for small farm holders

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Household’s livelihood – financial capitalFarm resources use efficiency being declined to the

downstream

50

100

150

200

250


Inco

me

(m

il V

ND

/ho

use

ho

ld)

Favourable

Unfavourable

20

40

60

80


Fa

rm in

co

me

(m

il V

ND

/ha

)

Favourable

Unfavourable

• Low household income in alluvial, acidic and saline zones

• In flood and saline zones, land use intensity strongly contribute to

household income

• Economic efficiency of farm resource uses being lower towards

downstream natural and human capital ?

more vulnerable to hazards ? 17



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20

60

100

140

2 ric

e

2 ric

e-fis

h

2 ric

e-ve

geta

bles

3 ric

e

3 ric

e-fis

h

rice-

shrim

p

Gro

ss m

arg

in (

mil V

ND

/ha

)

0.5

1

1.5

2

Be

ne

fit-

co

st ra

tio

Income

BCR

Household’s livelihood – financial capitalLand use intensity and sustainability of farming systems

0

50

100

150

200

2 ric

e

2 ric

e-fis

h

2 ric

e-ve

geta

bles

3 ric

e

3 ric

e-fis

h

rice-

shrim

p

Labour

inputs

(m

an-d

ays/h

a)

• Rice-vegetables:

promising BUT

labour and market !

• Rice-fish: the use of

dikes?

•3 rice: long-run

sustainable ?

•Rice-shrimp: improve rice

component?

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Household’s livelihood – social capital & communication pathways

• 17 - 33% participate in agriculture-related CBOs;

the percentages are lower:

- towards the downstreams

- in unfavourable sites

contributing to resources use efficiency?

• TV and neighbour: important chanels of accessing to

weather and new rice variety information

Role of informal institutions in increasing adaptive

capacity

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-

1

2

3

4

Hig

h te

mp

Extr

em

e fl

oo

ds

He

avy r

ain

s

Dro

ug

hts

Sa

linity

Inse

ct

Dis

ea

se

Pe

st

Hazards

Sco

re o

f im

po

rta

nce

Flood

Alluvial

Acid soil

Saline

• Flood zone: disease, pest, insect, flooding?

• Alluvial zone: flooding, disease and pests

• Acidic zone: flood, pest, disease?

• Saline zone: heavy rains, droughts, salinity

Main hazards by zones

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-

20

40

60

80

100

Hig

h te

mp

Extr

em

e

flo

od

s

He

avy r

ain

s

Dro

ug

hts

Sa

lin

ity

Inse

ct

Dis

ea

se

Pe

st

Hazards

% o

f co

resp

on

de

nts

Physical stress-tolerant crop varieties

Pest-resistant crop varieties

Irrigation management

Other good farming practices

No response/change

• Low response to harzards - coping rather than adaptation • More attention to rice “pests” and water on-farm managementWeaknesses in internal & external livelihood capacities?

Responses of households to hazardsCoping rather than adaptation

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• being inclined to short-growth duration, logging and “pest” tolerance

Adaptation perception, availability of and accessibility to information/services for rice variety?

Role of water management structures

012345

salinity

hig

h

tem

pera

ture

subm

erg

ence

short

-gro

w

dura

tion

loggin

g

"pests

"

Tolerance characteristics

Core

s o

f im

port

ance

flood

alluvial

acidic

saline

Farmers’ preference for future rice varietiesInclined to coping and intensification

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012345

salin

ity

hig

h

tem

pera

ture

subm

erg

ence

short

-gro

w

dura

tion

loggin

g

"pests

"

Tolerance characteristics

Core

s o

f im

port

ance

favourable

unfavourable

Farmers’ preference for future rice varietiestowards coping and intensification

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Conclusions and implications

• Farmers have encountered a combination of climatic and

non-climatic extremes.

integrated solutions to adapt to changes

• Climatic extremes: rains, droughts, salinity and flooding,

which are strongly influenced by water infrastructure and

land use types.

Structural investments and land use planning by the

government are of importance, which strongly determine

needs of technology innovation and adaptive capacity.

• Livelihood elements and institutions adaptive capacity:

weaknesses and strengths are site-specific

New technology development needs going along with

livelihood capacity building and institutions

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Conclusions and implications (cont.)

• The closer to the downstream the more vulnerable to hazards,

resulting from a combination of livelihood and biophysical

constraints

Priority actions in saline and acidic zones ?

• Improve land use intensity through rotational and/or integrated

farming systems could be an option for improved rice-based

farming systems

Considering:

• Output market

• Labour

• Organization and input services

• 3 rice cropping: short-term BUT not long-term

• Technological innovation uptake by farmers are strongly

influenced by both internal and external factors of household

system.25



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Thank you for your attention!

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