Conductivities of fractured limestone aquifers (m/s)
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0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 5 6 7 8 9 0.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Conductivities of fractured limestone aquifers (m/s) Tortuosity (-) Walkerton, Ontario (CANADA) Bari (ITALY) gasification site Bari - IRSA West – Central Florida (USA) Barton Springs, Texas (USA) 0 20 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 40 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 6 0 p z2 p z6 p z4 p z5 p z8 p z9 p z1 0 p z1 1 p z1 2 PT1 Tortuosity: 0.24 MT3DMS MT3DMS modified IH S Dispersivity: 10m pz 1 s19 Total phenols (26.7 mg/L) during 2004 in the sampled groundwater from well PT1 Total phenols (mg/L) Time (d) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 pz1 pz2 pz6 pz4 pz5 pz8 pz3 pz7 pz9 pz10 pz11 pz12 PT1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Model predictions of flow and pollutant transport in fractured rocks are subject to uncertainties due to imprecise knowledge of the position, orientation, length, aperture and density of the fractures. These properties are difficult to quantify precisely because fractures are located in depth in subsoil and, generally, tectonic and stratigraphic studies may provide only fracture frequency and their orientation. The use of the “equivalent” continuum models might help hydro-geologists to solve flow and pollutant transport problems in fractured aquifers, when fracture properties are unknown. Test results have shown a delay of velocity estimated using continuum models, with respect to the discrete model, that decreases by increasing the hydraulic conductivity of the limestone aquifer under consideration. Maximum discrepancies have been noted for conductivity (< 10 -4 m/s) typically associated with non - karst limestone aquifers. The tortuosity has been then included into the codes in order to address flow velocity calculations in numerical codes, such as MT3DMS (Zheng, C. 2010). TORTUOSITY/CONDUCTIVITY RELATIONSHIP TORTUOSITY/CONDUCTIVITY RELATIONSHIP REFERENCES REFERENCES STUDY AREA STUDY AREA x 32 U 2 c x 12 b U 2 The known analytical solutions of the NS equations can be defined in very simplified conceptual models (Figure 2), under laminar flow. The presented (Figure 2) conceptual models assume that matrix blocks are impermeable and, similarly to MT3DMS, contain a dual domain mathematical representation to approximate the effects of a fast system (fractures) and an immobile system (rock matrix). An improvement of the fissure model has been achieved. By including a tortuosity factor [-] to define b and δch [L], i.e. the apparent enlarged fissure aperture or tube size, as n k 1 2 ch k: permeability n: porosity The tortuosity is a fundamental parameter in describing the complexity of the path-line of water flow propagating within a single fracture or a porous medium. That tortuous paths play an important role in affecting flow in a rough fractures was experienced by Tsang (1984). n k 1 b 2 NAVIER–STOKES SOLUTIONS NAVIER–STOKES SOLUTIONS and by USING TORTUOSITY… and by USING TORTUOSITY… These equations provide different water velocities when a set of parallel fractures is modified in an "equivalent" tube model, by reducing size of the tube diameter and increasing the tube number. When the conceptual model of groundwater is not properly selected velocity underestimation will occur. CAN EQUIVALENT CONTINUUM MODELS SIMULATE FLOW AND POLLUTANT TRANSPORT IN FRACTURED LIMESTONE AQUIFER? EGU 2011 HS8.2 - 1407 C. Masciopinto (1) ([email protected]) and D. Palmiotta (1,2) ([email protected]) (1) Water Research Institute of National Research Council, IRSA-CNR , Bari, Italy – (2) Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS Figure 1. Study area Figure 2. Conceptual model Case test of the Bari contaminated site Case test of the Bari contaminated site (Southern Italy) (Southern Italy) Figure 3. Stratigraphic section of the study area Figure 5. Tracer breakthrough curve and expected concentrations given by IHS (Masciopinto et al., 2008), MT3DMS and MT3DMS modified codes 92 m/d Water velocity scale: 3.5 m/d Contour heads (m) during winter 2002 Apparent pollutant pathways Pollutio n sources Observatio n Wells Monitored Wells Contour heads (m) during winter 2002 in an equivalent porous media Pumping tracer Pumping tracer test test Schematic cross-section in the fractured limestone of the tested area Bari A PU LIA 20 m Injection well #E well #C Figure 4. Study area of the field test in Bari (IRSA-CNR) Figure 6. Apparent contaminant pathways (outputs) using IHS and the particle tracking code. Calcarenite di Gravina p.c. - 4 m -34 m -54 m (Cretaceous) Calcare di Bari Jurassic fractured dolomite Figure 7. Velocity vectors derived from MODFLOW Figure 8. Best-fit of values obtained by comparing the results of tracer tests in some fractured limestone aquifers Tracer: chlorophyll V: 200 L of solution C: 0.5 g/L 72.5 L/s s19 pz1 PT1 pz 3 pz7 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 C/C max Time (min) Figure. 8 Expected (model) outputs and observed concentrations during winter 2004 in well PT1 at the contaminated site with conductivity 0.01 cm/s, porosity 0.003 and tortuosity 0.24. IHS output Modified MT3DMS Chlorophy ll MT3DMS As the best conceptual model must reproduce the fissure geometry (i.e. apertures, number, orientation, etc.) of the real medium as closely as possible, tortuosity must be included in conductive tube models in order to explain groundwater velocities. By using tortuosity in conductive tubes, underestimations of groundwater velocities in an equivalent continuum model (i.e. porous medium) can be eliminated. Successful simulations of flow and pollutant transport have been carried out at the Bari fractured aquifers by using tortuosity. Alluvial deposits (sand) Lame Calcarenite di Gravina (Lower Pliocene) Calcare di Bari (Cretaceous) roads railroad Zheng, C. 2010. MT3DMS v 5.3: Modular three-dimensional multispecies transport model for simulation of advection, dispersion and chemical reactions of contaminants in groundwater systems Supplemental User’s Guide. Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, Technical Report, February 2010. Tsang, Y. W. 1984. The effect of tortuosity on fluid flow through a single fracture. Water resources research, 20 (9), 1209-1215. Masciopinto, C., La Mantia, R. and C.V. Chrysikopoulos 2008. Fate and transport of pathogens in a fractured aquifer in the Salento area, Italy. Water Resources Research, 44, W01404,doi:10.1029/2006WR005643. p.c. 16.2 m above sea 2.2 m above sea 0.3 m Water velocity scale: 35 m/d 0.3 m/d
description
p.c. Calcarenite di Gravina. - 4 m. Water velocity scale:. Observation Wells. 92 m/d. Calcare di Bari. Pollution sources. (Cretaceous). 3.5 m/d. -34 m. Jurassic fractured dolomite. -54 m. Monitored Wells. Bari. Tortuosity (-). Bari - IRSA. Bari (ITALY) gasification site. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Conductivities of fractured limestone aquifers (m/s)
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.055 6 7 8 9
0.12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
Conductivities of fractured limestone aquifers (m/s)
Tor
tuos
ity (
-)
Walkerton, Ontario (CANADA)
Bari (ITALY)gasification site
Bari - IRSA West – Central Florida (USA)Barton Springs,
Texas (USA)
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
1 4 0
1 6 0
p z 2
p z 6
p z 4
p z 5
p z 8
p z 9
p z 1 0p z 1 1
p z 1 2
PT1
Tortuosity: 0.24
MT3DMS
MT3DMS modified
IHS
Dispersivity: 10m
pz1
s19
Total phenols (26.7 mg/L) during 2004 in the sampled groundwater
from well PT1
Tot
al p
heno
ls (
mg/
L)
Time (d)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1600
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
pz1 pz2
pz6
pz4
pz5
pz8
pz3
pz7
pz9
pz10pz11
pz12
PT1
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONModel predictions of flow and pollutant transport in fractured rocks are subject to uncertainties due to imprecise knowledge of the position, orientation, length, aperture and density of the fractures. These properties are difficult to quantify precisely because fractures are located in depth in subsoil and, generally, tectonic and stratigraphic studies may provide only fracture frequency and their orientation. The use of the “equivalent” continuum models might help hydro-geologists to solve flow and pollutant transport problems in fractured aquifers, when fracture properties are unknown. Test results have shown a delay of velocity estimated using continuum models, with respect to the discrete model, that decreases by increasing the hydraulic conductivity of the limestone aquifer under consideration. Maximum discrepancies have been noted for conductivity (< 10-4 m/s) typically associated with non - karst limestone aquifers. The tortuosity has been then included into the codes in order to address flow velocity calculations in numerical codes, such as MT3DMS (Zheng, C. 2010).
TORTUOSITY/CONDUCTIVITY RELATIONSHIPTORTUOSITY/CONDUCTIVITY RELATIONSHIP
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
STUDY AREASTUDY AREA
x32U
2c
x12
bU
2
The known analytical solutions of the NS equations can be defined in very simplified conceptual models (Figure 2), under laminar flow. The presented (Figure 2) conceptual models assume that matrix blocks are impermeable and, similarly to MT3DMS, contain a dual domain mathematical representation to approximate the effects of a fast system (fractures) and an immobile system (rock matrix).
An improvement of the fissure model has been achieved. By including a tortuosity factor [-] to define b and δch [L], i.e. the apparent enlarged fissure aperture or tube size, as
n
k12ch
k: permeability n: porosity
The tortuosity is a fundamental parameter in describing the complexity of the path-line of water flow propagating within a single fracture or a porous medium. That tortuous paths play an important role in affecting flow in a rough fractures was experienced by Tsang (1984). An improved solution of MT3DMS was obtained by introducing the tortuosity.
n
k1b
2
NAVIER–STOKES SOLUTIONSNAVIER–STOKES SOLUTIONS
and by USING TORTUOSITY…and by USING TORTUOSITY…
These equations provide different water velocities when a set of parallel fractures is modified in an "equivalent" tube model, by reducing size of the tube diameter and increasing the tube number. When the conceptual model of groundwater is not properly selected velocity underestimation will occur.
CAN EQUIVALENT CONTINUUM MODELS SIMULATE FLOW AND POLLUTANT TRANSPORT IN
FRACTURED LIMESTONE AQUIFER?EGU 2011 HS8.2 - 1407
C. Masciopinto (1) ([email protected]) and D. Palmiotta (1,2) ([email protected])
(1) Water Research Institute of National Research Council, IRSA-CNR , Bari, Italy – (2) Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
Figure 1. Study area
Figure 2. Conceptual modelCase test of the Bari contaminated siteCase test of the Bari contaminated site (Southern Italy)(Southern Italy)
Figure 3. Stratigraphic section of the study area
Figure 5. Tracer breakthrough curve and expected concentrations given by IHS (Masciopinto et al., 2008), MT3DMS and MT3DMS modified codes
92 m/d
Water velocityscale:
3.5 m/d
Contour heads (m)during winter 2002
Apparent pollutant pathways
Pollution sourcesObservation Wells
Monitored Wells
Contour heads (m) during winter 2002 in an equivalent porous media
Pumping tracer testPumping tracer test
Schematic cross-section in the fractured limestone of the tested area
BariAPULIA
20 m
Injection well #E
well #C
Figure 4. Study area of the field test in Bari (IRSA-CNR)
Figure 6. Apparent contaminant pathways (outputs) using IHS and the particle tracking code.
Calcarenite di Gravinap.c.
- 4 m
-34 m
-54 m
(Cretaceous)
Calcare di Bari
Jurassic fractureddolomite
Figure 7. Velocity vectors derived from MODFLOW
Figure 8. Best-fit of values obtained by comparing the results of tracer tests in some fractured limestone aquifers
Tracer: chlorophyll V: 200 L of solution C: 0.5 g/L
72.5 L/s
s19
pz1
PT1
pz3
pz7
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
102 3 4 5 6 7 8
C/Cmax
Time (min)
Figure. 8 Expected (model) outputs and observed concentrations during winter 2004 in well PT1 at the contaminated site with conductivity 0.01 cm/s, porosity 0.003 and tortuosity 0.24.
IHS output
Modified MT3DMS
Chlorophyll
MT3DMS
As the best conceptual model must reproduce the fissure geometry (i.e. apertures, number, orientation, etc.) of the real medium as closely as possible, tortuosity must be included in conductive tube models in order to explain groundwater velocities. By using tortuosity in conductive tubes, underestimations of groundwater velocities in an equivalent continuum model (i.e. porous medium) can be eliminated. Successful simulations of flow and pollutant transport have been carried out at the Bari fractured aquifers by using tortuosity.
Alluvial deposits (sand)
Lame
Calcarenite di Gravina (Lower Pliocene)
Calcare di Bari (Cretaceous)
roads railroadZheng, C. 2010. MT3DMS v 5.3: Modular three-dimensional multispecies transport model for simulation of advection, dispersion and chemical reactions of contaminants in groundwater systems Supplemental User’s Guide. Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, Technical Report, February 2010.
Tsang, Y. W. 1984. The effect of tortuosity on fluid flow through a single fracture. Water resources research, 20 (9), 1209-1215.
Masciopinto, C., La Mantia, R. and C.V. Chrysikopoulos 2008. Fate and transport of pathogens in a fractured aquifer in the Salento area, Italy. Water Resources Research, 44, W01404,doi:10.1029/2006WR005643.
p.c.
16.2 m above sea
2.2 m above sea
0.3 m
Water velocityscale:
35 m/d
0.3 m/d
