Conducting a Literature Review - Vanderbilt...

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Conducting a Literature Conducting a Literature Review Review Mario Davidson, PhD Mario Davidson, PhD Biostatistician III Biostatistician III Vanderbilt University School of Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Medicine Nashville, TN Nashville, TN

Transcript of Conducting a Literature Review - Vanderbilt...

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Conducting a Literature Conducting a Literature ReviewReview

Mario Davidson, PhDMario Davidson, PhDBiostatistician IIIBiostatistician IIIVanderbilt University School of Vanderbilt University School of MedicineMedicineNashville, TNNashville, TN

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Speaker has No Conflict of Speaker has No Conflict of InterestInterest

Information based on educational Information based on educational needs of physicians, rigorous scientific needs of physicians, rigorous scientific evidence from research, or clinical evidence from research, or clinical experience, and developed experience, and developed independently of commercial independently of commercial influences.influences.

No financial relationships to disclose.No financial relationships to disclose. Myself or spouse has/had no related Myself or spouse has/had no related

financial relationship for this CME. financial relationship for this CME.

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OverviewOverview

IntroductionIntroduction

Formulate a QuestionFormulate a Question

Organizing and Assessing the Organizing and Assessing the SourcesSources

Writing the Literature ReviewWriting the Literature Review

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IntroductionIntroduction

What is a literature review?What is a literature review? Synthesis of Researchers' IdeasSynthesis of Researchers' Ideas Comparison and Contrasts of Comparison and Contrasts of

WorksWorks More than a Book ReportMore than a Book Report Requires a Critical Review and Requires a Critical Review and

AssessmentAssessment Thus, you must understand the Thus, you must understand the

sources!sources!

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Introduction (cont.)Introduction (cont.)

Why conduct a literature Why conduct a literature review?review?

To evaluate existing researchTo evaluate existing research

To describe others researchTo describe others research

To identify gaps in the To identify gaps in the

literatureliterature

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Introduction (cont.)Introduction (cont.)

Why conduct a literature Why conduct a literature review?review?To add to the literatureTo add to the literatureTo speak of your own research To speak of your own research

relative to others workrelative to others workTo identify ideas, methods, and To identify ideas, methods, and

information relevant to your information relevant to your researchresearch

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Introduction (cont.)Introduction (cont.)

Literature Review SearchLiterature Review SearchSeek Training from a Librarian Seek Training from a Librarian

on PubMedon PubMedGo Outside of PubMedGo Outside of PubMedPhysically Visit the LibraryPhysically Visit the LibraryScour the BibliographyScour the Bibliography

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Small Group Activity: Formulate Small Group Activity: Formulate a Questiona Question

Topic: DatingTopic: Dating

One minute to brainstorm and write One minute to brainstorm and write words associated with the topicwords associated with the topic

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Small Group Activity: Formulate Small Group Activity: Formulate a Questiona Question

Topic: DatingTopic: Dating

Four minutes to write down as many Four minutes to write down as many

research questions using your research questions using your

brainstorming words (or additional brainstorming words (or additional

words) related to the topicwords) related to the topic

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Small Group Activity: Formulate Small Group Activity: Formulate a Questiona Question

Topic: DatingTopic: Dating

Choose the best question.Choose the best question.

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Small Group Activity: Formulate Small Group Activity: Formulate a Questiona Question

Discuss the following questions below. Are Discuss the following questions below. Are they researchable? Good questions? Toothey researchable? Good questions? Toobroad? Too narrow?broad? Too narrow?

How many dates does the average married How many dates does the average married couple have per year?couple have per year?

Does dating create intimacy?Does dating create intimacy?

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Small Group Activity: Formulate Small Group Activity: Formulate a Questiona Question

Discuss the following questions below. Are Discuss the following questions below. Are they researchable? Good questions? Too they researchable? Good questions? Too broad? Too narrow?broad? Too narrow?

How many dates does the average married How many dates does the average married couple have per year? couple have per year? To narrow; can be answered with one statistic.To narrow; can be answered with one statistic.

Does dating create intimacy?Does dating create intimacy? To broad; how are we defining intimacy?To broad; how are we defining intimacy? What methodology will be used?What methodology will be used? What population?What population? Is number of dates relevant? Etc.Is number of dates relevant? Etc.

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Small Group Activity: Formulate Small Group Activity: Formulate a Question (cont.)a Question (cont.)

Does the question truly spark your interest?Does the question truly spark your interest? What information is required to answer the What information is required to answer the

question?question? Who will you need to research?Who will you need to research? Will you be able to answer the question Will you be able to answer the question

fully?fully?

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Small Group Activity: Formulate Small Group Activity: Formulate a Question (cont.)a Question (cont.)

Is the question easily researchable?Is the question easily researchable?

Is there enough information about the Is there enough information about the question?question?

Is there too much information about Is there too much information about the question?the question?

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Small Group Activity: Formulate Small Group Activity: Formulate a Question (cont.)a Question (cont.)

Will you have access to sources?Will you have access to sources?

What resources will be required? What resources will be required?

Will anything need to be measured Will anything need to be measured and how?and how?

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Formulate a Question Formulate a Question Does the question truly spark your interest?Does the question truly spark your interest?

If no, choose another question. Research If no, choose another question. Research takes too long to be doing something takes too long to be doing something uninteresting!uninteresting!

What information is required to answer the What information is required to answer the question? question? If getting information is difficult If getting information is difficult the process will be prolonged!the process will be prolonged!

Who will you need to research? Who will you need to research? Make sure Make sure you have access!you have access!

Will you be able to answer the question Will you be able to answer the question fully?fully? Shallow research may result in Shallow research may result in failure to publish.failure to publish.

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Formulate a Question (cont.)Formulate a Question (cont.)

Is the question easily researchable? Is the question easily researchable? If If not, completion is going to be very not, completion is going to be very time consuming.time consuming.

Is there enough information about the Is there enough information about the question? question? If not saying something If not saying something intelligible will be difficult! intelligible will be difficult!

Is there too much information about Is there too much information about the question? the question? There will be problems There will be problems finishing your research!finishing your research!

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Formulate a Question (cont.)Formulate a Question (cont.) Will you have access to sources? Will you have access to sources? May not May not

be able to get enough information!be able to get enough information! What resources will be required? What resources will be required? Make Make

sure you thoroughly think through all of the sure you thoroughly think through all of the resources and access to them; otherwise, resources and access to them; otherwise, you will have problems: design, finishing, you will have problems: design, finishing, answering the question, etc!answering the question, etc!

Will anything need to be measured and Will anything need to be measured and how? how? If it can't be measured, the question If it can't be measured, the question can't be answered quantitatively!can't be answered quantitatively!

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Small Group Activity: Formulate Small Group Activity: Formulate a Question (cont.)a Question (cont.)

With the previous question in mind, With the previous question in mind, you have 5 minutes to revise your you have 5 minutes to revise your question.question.

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Formulate a Question (cont.)Formulate a Question (cont.)

Use the small group exercise as a toolUse the small group exercise as a tool ConciseConcise AccurateAccurate FeasibleFeasible

Ask the questions discussed in the Ask the questions discussed in the previous slides.previous slides.

Revise, Revise, Revise Until It's Revise, Revise, Revise Until It's RIGHT!RIGHT!

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Organizing and Assessing the Organizing and Assessing the SourcesSources

OrganizationOrganization

Assessment QuestionsAssessment Questions

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OrganizationOrganization

Consider Index Cards or Consider Index Cards or Spreadsheets. Jot Notes Spreadsheets. Jot Notes About:About:AuthorsAuthorsYearsYearsMethodologyMethodologyResults/ConclusionsResults/Conclusions

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Organization (cont.)Organization (cont.)

Determine OrganizationDetermine OrganizationBy TimelineBy TimelineBy ThemeBy ThemeBy MethodologyBy Methodology

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Assessment QuestionsAssessment Questions

What is the inclusion/exclusion What is the inclusion/exclusion criteria?criteria?

Have you chosen mostly primary Have you chosen mostly primary sources?sources?

Have you chosen the most Have you chosen the most relevant articles? Authors?relevant articles? Authors?

Is your search complete?Is your search complete?

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Assessment Questions (cont.)Assessment Questions (cont.)

Have you found recent Have you found recent developments? developments?

Have you found classical sources?Have you found classical sources?

Was the design and methodology Was the design and methodology appropriate?appropriate?

Have the results been interpreted Have the results been interpreted correctly?correctly?

What are the similarities and What are the similarities and differences?differences?

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Writing the Literature ReviewWriting the Literature Review

Create an OutlineCreate an Outline

StructureStructure

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Create an OutlineCreate an Outline

Identify the major themes.Identify the major themes. Sort notes appropriately.Sort notes appropriately. Group relationships and ideas as Group relationships and ideas as

subtopics.subtopics. Avoid long list of subtopics.Avoid long list of subtopics. If you cannot decide where something If you cannot decide where something

belongs, place it to the side until later belongs, place it to the side until later or place it in multiple subtopics.or place it in multiple subtopics.

Your outline is a working draft.Your outline is a working draft.

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StructureStructure

IntroductionIntroduction

BodyBody

ConclusionConclusion

ReferencesReferences

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Structure: IntroductionStructure: Introduction

Problem StatementProblem Statement

Research QuestionResearch Question

Outline of the Literature ReviewOutline of the Literature Review

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Structure: BodyStructure: Body

BodyBody

Use Your VoiceUse Your Voice

Describe, Compare, and Describe, Compare, and Evaluate StudiesEvaluate Studies

Paraphrase vs. QuoteParaphrase vs. Quote

Summarize and SynthesizeSummarize and Synthesize

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Body: Use Your VoiceBody: Use Your Voice

Come Across NaturalCome Across Natural

Keep it Simple (if possible)Keep it Simple (if possible)

Sometimes Difficult with Sometimes Difficult with Technical InformationTechnical Information

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Body: Describe, Compare, and Body: Describe, Compare, and Evaluate StudiesEvaluate Studies

DescribeDescribe Not enough to JUST describeNot enough to JUST describe Provide study design, theories, Provide study design, theories,

hypotheses, results, and conclusionshypotheses, results, and conclusions CompareCompare

Research AssumptionsResearch Assumptions Theories and HypothesesTheories and Hypotheses Design VariablesDesign Variables Equipment UsedEquipment Used Instructions GivenInstructions Given

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Body: Describe, Compare, and Body: Describe, Compare, and Evaluate Studies (cont.)Evaluate Studies (cont.)

Compare (cont.)Compare (cont.) Results Results

InterpretationsInterpretations

Research Speculations for Future StudiesResearch Speculations for Future Studies

EvaluateEvaluate What are the relevant factors?What are the relevant factors?

StrengthsStrengths

WeaknessesWeaknesses

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Body: Paraphrase vs. QuoteBody: Paraphrase vs. Quote

Plagiarism Plagiarism

The unauthorized use or close The unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the of another author and the representation of them as one's own representation of them as one's own original work (www.dictionary.com).original work (www.dictionary.com).

DON'T DO IT; Use References!!!DON'T DO IT; Use References!!!

Most Major Concepts from Others is Most Major Concepts from Others is ParaphrasedParaphrased

Use Quotes Sparingly; When NecessaryUse Quotes Sparingly; When Necessary

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Body: Summarize and Body: Summarize and SynthesizeSynthesize

Summarize and SynthesizeSummarize and Synthesize

ConciseConcise

ArticulateArticulate

Difficulty suggests a lack of Difficulty suggests a lack of understandingunderstanding

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Structure: Conclusion and Structure: Conclusion and ReferencesReferences

ConclusionConclusion

Summarize Major PointsSummarize Major Points

Discuss ImplicationsDiscuss Implications ReferencesReferences

Give Credit Where Credit is DueGive Credit Where Credit is Due Double Check References Double Check References

In-textIn-textBibliographyBibliography

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ReferencesReferences http://wilderdom.com/OEcourses/PROFLIT/Class3LieratureReview.htmhttp://wilderdom.com/OEcourses/PROFLIT/Class3LieratureReview.htm

http://http://www.deakin.edu.au/library/findout/research/litrev.phpwww.deakin.edu.au/library/findout/research/litrev.php

http://http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/litrev.htmlwww.utoronto.ca/writing/litrev.html

http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/postgrad/litreview/finalchecklist.htmlhttp://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/postgrad/litreview/finalchecklist.html

http://http://dept.washington.edu/psywc/handouts.shtmldept.washington.edu/psywc/handouts.shtml

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/%20plagiarismhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/%20plagiarism