The Monarchs of Europe 1500-1800 Absolute Rulers & Enlightened Despots.
Conditions in Europe Catholic Church and Absolute Monarchs: two most powerful institutions in Europe...
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Transcript of Conditions in Europe Catholic Church and Absolute Monarchs: two most powerful institutions in Europe...
Conditions in EuropeConditions in Europe
Catholic Church and Absolute Monarchs: two most powerful institutions in Europe
AM: Censorship, illegal arrests, torture, murder. CC: Excommunication Crusades -> Renaissance Trade and cultural diffusion Group more important than the individual before
the Renaissance Renaissance-> leads to individualism/Humanism Church source for all scientific information/ Bible
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
A new way of thinking about the world develops based on observation and willingness to question assumptions
Began to question Greco-Roman and Church teachings concerning the universe
1500 – 1800 Age of ReasonUse of scientific method and human
intellect.
Galileo put on trialGalileo put on trial
Heavens are no longer seen as spiritual/ the heavens are made of matter.
Humans were not the center of the universe and God was not in a fixed place.
DiscoveriesDiscoveries
Copernicus: Heliocentric theory challenges geocentric theory
Galileo develop a telescope proved Heliocentric theory
Isaac Newton: gravity/used mathematics Development of scientific method 7 steps Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon Bacon: experimentation Descartes: human reasoning “I think therefore I am”
Other Scientific AdvancesOther Scientific Advances
Robert Boyle: elements and other chemical compounds
Andreas Vesalius: human anatomyAmbroise Pare: stitching of
wounds/ointments for preventing infectionWilliam Harvey: Blood circulationAnthony von Leeuvenhoek: microscope
Francis Bacon and Francis Bacon and the Scientific Methodthe Scientific Method
The scientific method Observation and
experimentation Testable hypothesis
Sir Francis Bacon
Science and the Science and the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Use of reasonnatural laws governing human behaviorApply the scientific method to solving the
problems of societyThe Enlightenment rejected traditional ideas
and supported a belief in human reason
The Philosophes Advocate The Philosophes Advocate ReasonReason
Philosophes French name for philosophersCentered in Paris/salons /Denis Diderot’s
“The Encylopedia”Reached its height in the mid 1700sFive Important Philosophical Concepts:
– Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty
Enlightenment PrinciplesEnlightenment Principles
• Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought
• Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith
• Scientific and academic thought should be secular
A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers
What Was the What Was the Enlightenment?Enlightenment?
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18th century that led to
a whole new world view. New theories about government, philosophy, economics and religion.
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution
The equatorial armillary, used for navigation on ships
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes
Wrote the Leviathan Lived during the English Civil War People are cruel greedy and selfish if not strictly
controlled they would fight, rob and oppose each other
The state of nature is cruel Enter into a Social Contract with the government
to provide protection/ give up some rights/ need a strong gov’t/absolute monarchy
Thomas Hobbes (1588Thomas Hobbes (1588––1679)1679)
• Applied rational analysis to the study of government
• Attacked the concept of divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy
• Believed that humans were basically driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler
John LockeJohn Locke Two Treatises of Government More optimistic view of human
nature/lived during the Glorious revolution
All people had natural or unalienable rights
The rights of life, liberty and property Gov’t’s power should be limited Should protect natural rights/ if not
had a right to rebel Influenced the Declaration of
Independence and the US Constitution
The Marquis de CondorcetThe Marquis de Condorcet
French mathematician Sketch for a Historical
Picture of the Progress of the Human Spirit
Condorcet (continued)Condorcet (continued)
Universal education
Progress and “perfectibility”
Voltaire (1694Voltaire (1694––1778)1778)• Most famous philosophe Francois Marie
Arouet 70 books Used satire against his opponents• Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy,
and books• Attacked the “relics” of the medieval
social order• Championed social, political, and
religious tolerance• “ I do not agree with a word you say but
I will defend to the death your right to say it”
• His ideas found In the US Constitution except the abolition of slavery.
VoltaireVoltaire
Francois Marie Arouet70 booksUsed satire against his opponentsFreedom of speech, freedom of religion,
toleration, use of reasonI do not agree with a word you say but I
will defend to the death your right to say it
The The EncyclopEncyclopéédiedie
• Major achievement of the philosophes
• Begun in 1745; completed in 1765
• Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert
• Banned by the Catholic Church
Frontspiece to the Encyclopédie
Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers
Baron de Montesquieu 1748 The Spirit of the Laws Three branches of gov’t Legislative, judicial, and executive branches System of checks and balances/each branch will
keep the other from getting too powerful US Constitution Separation of powers would prevent tyranny “Power Should be a check to Power”
Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques Rousseau “Man is born free and
everywhere he is in chains” Civilization corrupted man’s
natural goodness/‘The Noble Savage’
‘General will’ of society/direct democracy
Wrote the “Social Contract” Contract among individuals to
form a gov’t
Cesare Bonesana BeccariaCesare Bonesana Beccaria
Abolishment of torture“On Crime and Punishment”Abolish capital punishment
Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft• Declaration of the Rights
of Man• A Vindication of the
Rights of Women Women writers argued for
more education for women and for women’s equality in marriage.
Wealthy women spread Enlightenment ideas through salons.
Right to education, careers as doctors, participation in politics.
Olympe De GougesOlympe De Gouges
• Criticized the French Revolution
• The Rights of Women• “Declaration of the
Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen”
• Executed in 1793
The French The French SalonSalon and the and the PhilosophesPhilosophes
Madame de Pompadour
• Madame de Pompadour• Salons: gatherings for
aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas
• Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons
The Enlightenment and the The Enlightenment and the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution
• Influence of Locke, Montesquieu
• The Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
The U.S. ConstitutionThe U.S. Constitution• Separation
of powers• Checks
and balances
• Bill of Rights
Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention
The Enlightenment and the The Enlightenment and the French RevolutionFrench Revolution
• The American Revolution
• The Estates General
The Marquis de Lafayette
The Declaration of theThe Declaration of theRights of ManRights of Man
• Adopted by National Assembly in 1789
• “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”
Impact of the EnlightenmentImpact of the Enlightenment
People have confidence that human reason can solve social problems
A more secular outlook emerges as scientific thinking replaces superstition, fear and intolerance
The individual becomes more important as people use their own ability to reason and judge
Impact of the EnlightenmentImpact of the Enlightenment
Influenced the American, French , and Latin American Revolutions.
Influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution, and The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
PhysiocratsPhysiocrats
Laissez Faire Economics Adam Smith How can social order and human progress be
possible in a society where people follow their own interests?
Smith Argued that people’s personal interests lead to progress and order
To make money, people make things that other people want to buy(supply)
People spend money for things they want most (demand)
Adam SmithAdam Smith
Lassiez Faire EconomicsPure capitalismInvisible hand /natural lawsNo government intervention in the economyNatural laws of Economics
– Supply and demand– competition
CapitalismCapitalism
Accumulation of wealth by individuals Lassiez Faire economics: no government
intervention in the economy. The government does not control or restrict the
economy. It only protects. Invisible hand or natural laws of economics. Natural law of Economics
– 1.Competition– 2. Private Property and profit– 3. Supply and demand
““Enlightened Monarchs”Enlightened Monarchs” Most of Europe ruled by
absolute monarchs Receptive to Enlightenment
ideas Instituted new laws and
practices
Enlightened Monarchs
• Frederick II, Prussia
• Catherine the Great, Russia
• Maria Theresa, Austria
• Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire
• Gustav III, Sweden
• Napoleon I, France
Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots
Some monarchs accepted Enlightenment ideas. They were known as Enlightened Despots.
Maria Theresa of Austria: improved the tax system/ Tax the clergy and the nobles/ made primary education available in her kingdom.
Joseph II: practiced religious toleration, ended censorship and abolished serfdom.
Catherine the Great: asked the nobles for advice, freed some of the peasants, built schools, and hospitals. Practiced religious toleration and promoted education for women.
Art and LiteratureArt and Literature
Rise of the novelsBeethoven, Hayden, Mozart
According to the 18th- century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “motto” of the Enlightenment was “Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence!” (Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” 1784)
Immanuel Kant