Conditioning and Storing High-Moisture GrainConditioning and Storing High-Moisture Grain Grain...
Transcript of Conditioning and Storing High-Moisture GrainConditioning and Storing High-Moisture Grain Grain...
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Conditioning and Storing Conditioning and Storing HighHigh--Moisture GrainMoisture Grain
Grain Journal WebinarGrain Journal WebinarApril 9, 2010April 9, 2010
Dr. Dirk E. Maier, P.E.Dr. Dirk E. Maier, P.E.Professor & HeadProfessor & Head
Grain Science & Industry DepartmentGrain Science & Industry DepartmentKansas State UniversityKansas State Universitywww.grains.kwww.grains.k--state.edustate.edu
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Safe Grain Moisture Content (ERH = 65%)
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-1 2 4 7 10 13 16 18 21 24 27 29 32 35 38
Temperature (C)
EMC
(%)
CornSoybeans
50°F 60°F 70°F 80°FWinter Storage
Summer Storage
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Infection
Spores
Spor
es p
er G
ram
of C
orn
Perc
enta
ge o
f Ker
nels
Infe
cted
0
25
50
75
100
0.0E+00
5.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.5E+07
2.0E+07
0 2 4 6 8
Weeks
Growth of Growth of Aspergillus Aspergillus glaucusglaucus in Cornin Corn3232°°C (90C (90˚̊F)F), 15 % Moisture Content, 15 % Moisture Content
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Mycotoxins of Concern
• Deoxynivalenol (DON; Vomitoxin)• Aflatoxin• Fumonisins• Ochratoxin• Zearalenone
Gibberella zeae Ear RotFusarium graminearum
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S.L.A.M.S.L.A.M. Step 1:Step 1: SSanitationanitation
•• Handling equipmentHandling equipment•• Transportation vehiclesTransportation vehicles•• Storage structuresStorage structures
•• inside and outsideinside and outside•• Pest preventionPest prevention
•• ““Sanitation is pest control!Sanitation is pest control!””•• Residual Residual protectantsprotectants
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S.L.A.M.S.L.A.M. Step 2:Step 2: LLoading oading
•• Screening/PreScreening/Pre--cleaningcleaning•• CoringCoring
•• single vs. multiple withdrawalssingle vs. multiple withdrawals•• LevelingLeveling
•• spreading (mechanical, gravity)spreading (mechanical, gravity)•• SealingSealing
•• fans, leaks, cracksfans, leaks, cracks
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OverOver--FillingFilling•• Poor head Poor head
space space ventilationventilation
•• Spoiled grain Spoiled grain on silo wallon silo wall
•• Impossible to Impossible to monitor grain monitor grain surfacesurface
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GravityCleaner
Aspirated Cleaner
Rotary Cleaner
Pre-Cleaning
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Core of finesCore of fines•• Foreign Foreign
Material (FM)Material (FM)•• Broken grainBroken grain•• Weed seedsWeed seeds
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NonNon--uniform Airflow Effect uniform Airflow Effect -- Peaked Grain MassPeaked Grain Mass
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Aeration Cooling Effect Aeration Cooling Effect -- Peaked Grain MassPeaked Grain Mass
T300298296295293291289287286284282280279277275
Day 7
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Aeration Cooling Effect Aeration Cooling Effect -- Cored Grain MassCored Grain Mass
T300298296295293291289287286284282280279277275
Day 7
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CoringCoring
1/3-1/2 bin dia.
CoreGrain bulk
One time coring• Eliminate grain
peak• Remove core
of BCFM• Improve airflow
through center• Better monitor
grain surface
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S.L.A.M.S.L.A.M. Step 3: Step 3: AAerationeration
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AAeration Phaseseration Phases
•• Phase 1: Fall Cool DownPhase 1: Fall Cool Down•• Lower grain temperatures stepwise Lower grain temperatures stepwise
•• October 40October 40--45 F45 F•• November 35November 35--40 F40 F•• December 28December 28--35 F35 F
•• Phase 2: Winter MaintenancePhase 2: Winter Maintenance•• Maintain temperatures with intermittent aerationMaintain temperatures with intermittent aeration
•• January, February 28January, February 28--35 F35 F
•• Phase 3: Spring HoldingPhase 3: Spring Holding•• Keep cold grain coldKeep cold grain cold
•• Seal fansSeal fans•• Ventilate headspace intermittentlyVentilate headspace intermittently
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Open FanOpen Fan
Sealed FanSealed Fan
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Headspace Ventilation
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135,000 135,000 bubu Bin of Corn during Bin of Corn during Summer Storage in Indiana Summer Storage in Indiana ––
NonNon--aerated on 7/28/89aerated on 7/28/89
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r (m)
z(m
)
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T(C)363432302826242220181614121086420
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r (m)
z(m
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MC(%w.b.)14.514.414.314.214.11413.913.813.713.613.5
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0
1000
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Control Ambient Chilled
Month 4Month 3Month 2Month 1
Insect Cage Emergence - Field
60-65°F
70-75°F
80-85°F
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Summer AerationSummer Aeration
Should cooled grain be Should cooled grain be warmed up again?warmed up again?
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S.L.A.M.S.L.A.M. Step 4: Step 4: MMonitoringonitoring
•• TemperatureTemperature•• MoistureMoisture•• MoldsMolds•• InsectsInsects
•• present or absentpresent or absent•• population growth population growth •• pest control (fumigation)pest control (fumigation)
•• RodentsRodents
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Use of handheld CO2 sensor (Outdoor pile)
Handheld CO2 sensor Telaire 7001 ~$400
www.telaire.com
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Post-Harvest Education and Research Center, Purdue University
The Andersons, Delphi - Tank 54 (Semi-wet 17.5% MC)Total CO2 (kg)
Tota
l CO
2 (k
g)
53.7 kg (May 28)
178.2 kg (June 09)
283.5 kg (June 24)
Early Detection!April 17
April 24
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Post-Harvest Education and Research Center, Purdue University
Spoilage in Tank 54
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Detection of increased CO2 concentrations from self-heating corn by a CO2 sensor installed in the headspace of a bin (150,000 BU) located
near St. Mary, Kansas during Fall 2009 and Winter 2010
Near Commercial CO2 Monitor – Bintech – Purdue – KSU Project
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Pitfall Probe TrapsPitfall Probe Traps
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GranaryGranaryWeevilWeevil
RiceRiceWeevilWeevil
Lesser GrainLesser GrainBorerBorer
AngoumoisAngoumoisGrain MothGrain Moth
Internal Internal FeedersFeeders
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Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain Beetle
Mold Mold FeedersFeeders
Hairy Fungus BeetleHairy Fungus Beetle
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Stored Grain Management Stored Grain Management ImplicationsImplications
•• Store grain at safe moisture contentStore grain at safe moisture content•• Core & level grain after loading binsCore & level grain after loading bins•• Cool grain then seal fansCool grain then seal fans•• Manage headspace conditions with Manage headspace conditions with
intermittent ventilationintermittent ventilation•• Monitor grain regularly for insect Monitor grain regularly for insect
activity and mold developmentactivity and mold development
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“Leaders & Knowledge for the Global Grain Industry”
Dr. Dirk E. Maier, Ph.D., P.E.Professor and HeadDept. of Grain Science & IndustryKansas State UniversityManhattan, Kansas, U.S.A.www.grains.k-state.edu