Condi&ons(of(the(labour(market(( par&cipaonof(migrants ......

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Condi&ons of the labour market par&cipa&on of migrants and migrants’ descendants Ingrid Tucci Winterschool MIGREVAL - Évaluation des politiques de langue par les migrants 21-26.11.2016 – Laboratoire DYNAME – Université de Strasbourg

Transcript of Condi&ons(of(the(labour(market(( par&cipaonof(migrants ......

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Condi&ons  of  the  labour  market    

par&cipa&on  of  migrants    and  migrants’  descendants  

 

Ingrid Tucci

Winterschool MIGREVAL - Évaluation des politiques de langue par les migrants 21-26.11.2016 – Laboratoire DYNAME – Université de Strasbourg

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Unemployment rates - France in 2014

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0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

Français  nés  en  France  

Immigrés   -­‐  Dont  ressor7ssants  de  l'Union  européenne  

-­‐  Dont  non  ressor7ssants  de  l'Union  européenne  

Ensemble  

9  

18  

21  

10  9  

17  

20  

10  9  

17  

9  

21  

10   Hommes    

Femmes    

Ensemble  

Source : Insee - Enquête emploi- Données 2014 - Observatoire des inégalités

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Conditions for the labour market participation of migrants

•  Legal  status  and  laws  regula7ng  the  access  to  the  labour  market  

•  Educa7onal  level  and  qualifica7ons  •  Structure  of  the  na&onal  (and  regional)  labour  market  •  Integra&on  policy  •  Recogni&on  of  qualifica&ons  •  Language  proficiency    •  Networks  •  An7-­‐discrimina7on  policy  •  Openness  of  the  majority  popula7on  

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Outline  

1.  Some  structural  indicators  2.  Integra7on  policies  and  programmes  3.  The  recogni7on  of  foreign  qualifica7ons  4.  The  situa7on  of  immigrants’  descendants  

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1  Structural  indicators  

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France   Germany  Unemployment  rate:    7,4%  in  2008    10,4  %  in  2015  Youth  :  24  %    in  2016      Decline  of  the  manufacturing  sector  since  the  80s      Deprecia7on  of  voca7onal  training,  low  share  of  dual  appren7ceship  

Unemployment  rate  :    7,4  %  in  2008    4,6  %  in  2015  Youth  :  7  %  in  2016          Deficit  of  qualified  workers  and  demographic  change  S7ll  rela7vely  strong  manufacturing  sector      Valuing  voca7onal  training,  dual  appren7ceship  Unfilled  posts  for  trainees  

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2  Short  comparison  of  integra&on  policies    and  programmes    

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What about the French integration policy?

               

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The integration pathway in France

•  2016:  The  Contract  of  Republican  Integra&on  (CIR)  replaces  the  Contract  of  recep7on  and  integra7on  (CAI)        

•  Language  training  Ø  3  paths  of  training  of  50  h,  100  h  or  200  h  

 •  Compulsory  civic  training  (2  days)  

Ø  Intermediary  and  final  tests,  cer7ficate  of  a`endance  “seriousness  and  regular  a`endance”  

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Germany  •  Since  the  mid  2000:    ”Pragma7c  and  structured”  

integra7on  policy  

•  Addressing  specific  groups    

•  Spirit:  “Promote  and  support”  -­‐  Fördern  und  fordern  

   

             

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The integration pathway in Germany

•  Language  course  Ø Basic  course    (300  hours)  Ø Extended  course  (300  hours)  

•  Course  of  orienta7on  (100  hours)    

•  Test  of  German  proficiency  (Deutsch-­‐Test  für  Zuwanderer)          

•  Test  sur  le  cours  d’orienta7on    (Test  zum  OrienBerungskurs).    

Integra(on  course  

Cer(ficates  

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Relationship between different integration programmes in Germany and labour market participation

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Relationship between different integration programmes in Germany and labour market participation

IAB Forschungsbericht n° 4, 2016 IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten: Ü ̈berblick und erste Ergebnisse

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Germany: towards a « welcome and recognition culture »?

 •  Shortage  of  skilled  workers  and  demographic  change  •  Limi7ng  the  immigra7on  of  low  skilled  through  strengthening  family  reunifica7on    

•  Making  Germany  a`rac7ve  for  skilled  workers  

             

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Germany: towards a « welcome and recognition culture »?

Ø  For  the  public  administra7on  (BMAF):  Recogni7on  of  qualifica7ons  as  a  central  pa`ern    of  the  recogni7on  culture    >>  Federal  Recogni7on  act  >>  Ar7cle  1:  Voca7onal  Qualifica7ons  Assessment  Law  (BQFG)  

           

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3  Recogni&on  of  foreign  qualifica&ons    

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Recognitions of qualifications in Germany • Between  2012  and  2014,  more  than  44,000  applica7ons  for  recogni7on  in  a  profession  or  occupa7on  covered  by  the  Federal  Recogni7on  Act  were  submi`ed.    

•  The  most  common  states  of  training  of  new  applicants  were  Poland,  Romania  and  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina.  

 • More  than  60  percent  of  applica7ons  made  in  2014  related  to  recogni7on  as  a  doctor  or  registered  general  nurse,  professions  in  which  there  is  a  high  shortage  of  skilled  workers.    

   

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Getting qualifications recognized … or not? Asked  for  a  formal  recogni&on:    • in  Germany  :  circa  1  migrant  out  of  3    and  45  %  of  those  with  university  diploma  

• in  France:  circa  1  migrant  out  of  10    and  33  %  of  those  with  university  diploma  

 Sources : Allemagne >> Liebau & Salikutluk 2016 données de l’échantillon Migration IAB-SOEP 2013 France >> Monzo & Gleizes 2009, données de l’enquête emploi 2008

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Recognition of qualifications and obstacles

Source: Monzo & Gleizes 2009, p. 2, données de l’enquête emploi 2008

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Recognition of qualifications and obstacles

Germany   Refugees   Other  migrants  Persons  with  a  foreign  qualifica7on  Share  in  %   87   89  

Tried  to  get  their  qualifica7on  recognized   32   34  

Among  those  who  did  dot  try  (in  %)  •  Not  important  for  me   20   38  •  Administra7ve  obstacles   33   17  •  Low  success  rate   12   17  •  Other  reasons   35   28  

Share  of  those  whose  qualifica7on  was  not  recognized   35   16  

Source: Liebau & Salikutluk 2016, p. 738, données de l’échantillon Migration IAB-SOEP 2013

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Effect of the recognition of qualifications on employment Compared  to  those  who  did  not  ask  for  recogni7on,  the  risk  of  being  over  qualified  decreases  of  :    -­‐ 32  %  for  those  whose  qualifica7on  was  fully  recognized  

-­‐ 14  %  for  those  whose  recogni7on  is  only  par7al Source : BRÜCKER, LIEBAU et ROMITI : Anerkannte Abschlüsse und Deutschkenntnisse lohnen sich. DIW Wochenbericht, n° 43, 2014, pp. 1144-1151 .

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4  The  situa&on  of  immigrants’  descendants  

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Initial constraints for the labour market participation of immigrant’s descendants  • Lower  educa7on  on  average    

• Selec7on  processes  within  the  educa7on  system  • ins7tu7onal  discrimina7on  

• Lower  social  background  • parents  have  experienced  more  omen  unemployment,  instability  of  jobs,  difficult  living  condi7ons  for  some  of  them…  

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28 Source: Tucci et al. 2011, “Starting out of disadvantage”, Economic Bulletin n°5

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Source: Tucci et al. 2011, “Starting out of disadvantage”, Economic Bulletin n°5

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Closing remarks and open questions • The  recogni7on  of  qualifica7ons  improves  the  labour  market  trajectory  but  s7ll:  na7ves  do  be`er  

• How  is  the  experience  of  unequal  treatment  and  declassing  perceived?  

• What  role  play  “horizons  of  comparisons”  for  the  evalua7on    of  the  own  social  posi7on,  of  the  social  trajectory?  

 

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Closing remarks and open questions • The  recogni7on  of  qualifica7ons  improves  the  labour  market  trajectory  but  s7ll:  na7ves  do  be`er  

• How  is  the  experience  of  unequal  treatment  and  declassing  perceived?  

• What  role  play  “horizons  of  comparisons”  for  the  evalua7on    of  the  own  social  posi7on,  of  the  social  trajectory?  

• Discrimina7on:  an  experience  common  to  migrants    and  descendants  of  migrants  

•  Ethno-­‐racial  boundaries  are  clearly  barriers:  stronger  in  France?  •  An7-­‐discrimina7on  policy,  how  is  it  evaluated  by  minori7es?  •  Policy  level:  What  about  more  ini7a7ves  addressed  to  the  majority?  

 

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Closing remarks and open questions • The  recogni7on  of  qualifica7ons  improves  the  labour  market  trajectory  but  s7ll:  na7ves  do  be`er  

• How  is  the  experience  of  unequal  treatment  and  declassing  perceived?  

• What  role  play  “horizons  of  comparisons”  for  the  evalua7on    of  the  own  social  posi7on,  of  the  social  trajectory?  

• Discrimina7on:  an  experience  common  to  migrants    and  descendants  of  migrants  

•  Ethno-­‐racial  boundaries  are  clearly  barriers:  stronger  in  France?  •  An7-­‐discrimina7on  policy,  how  is  it  evaluated  by  minori7es?  •  Policy  level:  What  about  more  ini7a7ves  addressed  to  the  majority?  

• Integra7on  policies  converge  towards  a  models  od  cultural  assimila7on?  

•  This  model  assume  that  migrants  have  different  values,  etc.:  ethnic  boundary  making  at  the  ins7tu7onal  level  

• What  is  the  subjec7ve  percep7on  of  integra7on  pathways?  

 

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Merci  !    Danke!    Thank  you!        Contact:  ingrid.tucci@univ-­‐amu.fr  

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Part des immigrés et des descendants d’immigrés en 2005 et 2013, selon la tranche d’âge

Source: Bildungsbericht 2016, p. 206

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Nombre de premières demandes d’asile 2013 - 2016 selon la tranche d’âge

37 Source: Bildungsbericht 2016, p. 194

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Without  qualifica&on  

With  voca&onal  training  

With  university  diploma  

Women  Unemployment  rate  among  German  na&ves  in  %   12,2  %   4  %   1,6  %  

Change  in  percentage  point  compared  with  German  na7ves  with  the  same  characteris7cs  

Turkey   +11,8   +5,5   ns  Former  Yugoslavia   -­‐8,6   ns   ns  Southern  Europe   ns   ns   ns  

Men  Unemployment  rate  among  German  na&ves  in  %   14,3  %   4,1  %   1,8  %  

Change  in  percentage  point  compared  with  German  na7ves  with  the  same  characteris7cs  

Turkey   +13,8   +5,6   +5,8  Former  Yugoslavia   +11,9   ns   ns  Southern  Europe   ns   +1,9   ns  

Source: Höhne & Schulze Buschoff 2015, WSI-Mitteilungen Datenbasis: Mikrozensus 2012, eigene Darstellung.

Unemployment among immigrants’ descendants in Germany – Estimated probabilities

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4  The  role  of  networks  

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Mode of access to the first job in Germany by level of qualification

Source: Brücker et al. 2014, données de l’échantillon Migration IAB-SOEP 2013

20  

28  

18  

25  

16  

20  

32  

15  

18  

31  

55  

40  

66  

54  

43  

2  

1  

1  

2  

6  

2  

0  

1  

2  

4  

0%   10%   20%   30%   40%   50%   60%   70%   80%   90%   100%  

All  migrants  

In  training  

Without  qualifica7on  

With  qualifica7on  

University  diploma  

Independant   Business  rela7ons   Family  and  friends  

Newspapers  ,  internet   Public  or  private  agency  

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Mode of access to the current job in France by country of birth