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Transcript of Concrete Masonry Housing
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Concrete and Masonry Housing
An overview of methods And benefits
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ContentsThe benets o
heavyweight construction 3
Energy-ecient housing 5
Heavyweight housing solutions 8
Summary 11
2 Concrete andMasonry Housing
Introduction
The UK shortage o housing underlines the need or ast and
ecient construction. However, this speed must not be at the
expense o quality and long-term perormance. The new homes
to be built must not only be structurally robust and aordable,
they also need to provide comortable living space that has the
fexibility to adapt to uture needs. A urther priority will be to
ensure that these homes work with rather than against the
environment and in so doing they should negate the need or air
conditioning and reduce the need or heating, thereby helping to
reduce energy consumption and uel bills.
The concrete industry can oer a range o construction methods
rom oundation methods to roo tiles, that are innovative and
ast whilst oering the high perormance and inherent benets
o heavyweight construction. These construction solutions oer
the ecient delivery o long-term perormance and best value
and meet the highest level o the Code or Sustainable Homes.This is a combination that is welcomed by both social housing
providers and their tenants, and by the private sector. O course
reurbishment and maintenance products are also available,
however, these are outside o the scope o this guide.
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3Concrete andMasonry Housing
The benets o
heavyweight constructionConcrete and masonry construction oers a wide range o perormance benets that are inherent to thematerials and are, consequently, available ree o charge.
Long-term sustainability
The environmental impact o heating, cooling and lighting our homes
is considerable. It accounts or some 27 per cent o total UK CO2
emissions. These operational emissions ar outweigh the embodied
CO2 o the construction materials which are used to build our homes.Using the inherent thermal mass o heavyweight construction together
with passive solar design eatures such as window size, orientation
and shading can provide a real, long-term sustainable solution by
signicantly reducing the heating and cooling energy demands o a
home over its lietime. Indeed, using concretes thermal mass can reduce
the energy consumption o buildings.
O the nine design categories in the Code or Sustainable Homes, energy
and CO2
accounts or 36 o the 100 available points. This refects the
importance placed on minimising operational CO2
emissions relative
to the other impacts included in the Code. Concrete and masonry
construction solutions are ully able to meet the requirements o the
Code or Sustainable Homes, including those or the highest code level
5/6 (or more inormation downloadAchieving Code Level 5 with Concrete
and Masonryrom www.concretecentre.com/publications).
Locally sourced
The UK can be sel-sucient in concrete. Unlike, timber and steel, the UK
is able to produce almost all the concrete it needs domestically. This sel-
suciency enhances concretes sustainability by allowing it to be locally
sourced rather than reliant on imports.
Some 90 per cent o timber used or construction is imported, oten
rom as ar away as Canada. Structural steel relies on the importation
o raw material notably rom Brazil. This has serious environmental
consequences. The aggregates or concrete are rom UK quarries and UK
manuactured reinorcement is made rom 100 per cent recycled UK scrap
metal. In addition, in the UK the average delivery distance rom a ready-
mixed concrete supplier is six miles and reinorcement abricators are
located throughout the UK making it easy to locally source all materials.
Responsibly sourced
Both ready-mixed and precast concrete can easily be sourced rom
suppliers operating in accordance with an environmental management
scheme (typically ISO 14001) and their products will score points or
responsible sourcing in the Code or Sustainable Homes. In addition
to this, urther points can now be sourced in BREEAM i the supplier
is accredited under the new BES 6001 standard or the responsible
sourcing o construction products.
Built-in sound insulation
Up to 4.7 million people suer as a result o noise rom trac, industry
or noisy neighbours according to statistics rom the 1996 English HouseCondition Survey. The mass, which is inherent in heavyweight materials
such as concrete and masonry, provides improved sound insulation
compared with lightweight construction techniques - without the need
or additional sound proong and nishes.
There is a wide range o heavyweight construction options available
and all are ully able to meet the new standards or reduction o
sound transmission as specied by the revised Part E o the Building
Regulations. New separating/party wall minimum values or airborne
sound insulation are 45dB or purpose-built dwellings and 40dB or
relevant internal partitions within all house types, including detached
properties. The robust standard details developed or concrete
blockwork separating walls are designed to exceed these levels and
so ensure compliance with Building Regulations and avoidance o thepre-completion testing o dwellings. A similar range o other concrete
products and systems have robust details or separating foors or both
airborne and impact sound requirements. Under Document E, over 60
per cent o the approved systems or robust details or separating walls
and foors use concrete and masonry.
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Inherent food resilience
Climate change could not only mean hotter summers but also moreextreme weather conditions. According to new research it could also
mean more fash foods and severe storms. This will test the food
resilience and robustness o our built environment. Research, carried
out by Newcastle University, ound that by 2070 some parts o the UK
could see up to 8cm o rain in a day some 3cm more than is currently
expected during a severe storm.
The increased incidence o fooding and severe storms means that
more homes will be at risk o fooding. Already in the UK some 570,000
homes are estimated to be at a high food risk. This compares to the
202,000 predicted to be at risk in 2002. The gure looks set to rise due to
the pressure to build on land liable to food and due to the impacts o
climate change.
For house construction, the choice o building materials and nishes
should maximise food resilience by minimising damage and the time
taken to reurbish. Masonry and concrete homes can be designed to be
food resilient to not absorb signicant amounts o water or require any
nishes, such as plasterboard, to be stripped o. In addition, concrete
and masonry homes will not warp or rot ollowing a food and the
damage caused by fooding is less likely to threaten the structural
integrity o a modern heavyweight constructed home.
Built-in re resistance
High-density housing raises concerns over the potential or the spreado re. Concrete is a non-combustible material and has a slow rate o
heat transer which makes it an eective barrier to the spread o re.
Heavyweight homes exceed regulatory requirements because, unlike
other construction materials, concrete has an inherent re resistance o
up to our hours and does not produce smoke or toxic umes. This means
that heavyweight homes can oer a greater degree o protection rom
res in neighbouring homes and longer times or people to escape. In
addition, concrete homes are ar more structurally sound ater a re and
so can be quickly repaired rather than having to be demolished thus
reducing the period required or alternative accommodation.
Inherent robustnessThe predicted increase in severe storms could have a signicant impact
on our homes. Concretes inherent robustness enables buildings to
better weather such high winds and rain.
In addition, the robustness o heavyweight construction makes it a more
secure and durable construction solution. For example, concrete and
masonry party walls cannot be simply cut into or unauthorized entry.
4 Concrete andMasonry Housing
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5Concrete andMasonry Housing
Energy-ecient housing
Housing accounts or 27 per cent o all UK CO2 emissions. Reducing this gure is a high priority and is beingaddressed with increased levels o insulation and airtightness in new build properties. The utilisation o thethermal mass in heavyweight construction can also help, and is provided in the orm o concrete and masonryblock walls and precast or in-situ concrete foors and wall panels.
Embodied and operational CO2
The use o concrete oten raises questions regarding its embodied CO2, which can be slightly higher
than that associated with some alternative materials, however, in reality the dierence is relatively
small when compared to lightweight systems. And, when you evaluate this in whole-lie terms, the
operational CO2
savings provided by the heavyweight solution are much more signicant.
Case Description
Lightweight External walls:
timber ramed wall with exterior brick and internal plasterboard nish
Internal partitions: timber stud and plasterboard
Ceilings: timber with plasterboard/chipboard nishGround foor: solid concrete/screed
Roo: timber/tile
Mediumweight As lightweight but with: External walls: mediumweight concrete block
cavity wall with exterior brick and internal plasterboard nish
Medium-
heavyweight
As mediumweight but with:
Ground foor ceiling: pre-cast concrete foor units
Ground foor partitions: mediumweight concrete block with
plasterboard nish
Heavyweight External walls: heavyweight concrete block cavity wall with exterior brick
and air-aced internal nishInternal partitions: heavyweight concrete block, air-aced
Ground and rst foor ceilings: pre-cast concrete foor units
Ground foor solid foor construction and roo construction: as above.
Figure 1: Cumulative CO2
Emissions (Air-conditioned mode)
To establish the acts o the embodied CO2
versus operational CO2
issue, The Concrete
Centre commissioned research to examine
perormance o a simple semi-detached house
built using a typical lightweight rame, with
that o several heavyweight solutions with
varying levels o thermal mass. The embodied
CO2
or each option was calculated and thermal
modelling was undertaken to see how each
perormed across the 21st century, taking
account o the likely impacts o climate change.
The results [1] showed that a typical concrete
and masonry house with a medium level o
thermal mass, has around our per cent more
embodied CO2
than an equivalent lightweight
rame construction, but that this could be oset
in as little as 11 years due to the energy savings
provided by its thermal mass. Increasing themass through additional concrete elements,
such as precast upper foors, resulted in a longer
oset period, but ultimately led to the lowest
whole lie CO2
emissions o all the options,
with a saving in CO2
over the 21st century
approximately six times greater than the
dierence in its embodied CO2
when compared
to the lightweight
rame solution.
Due to the predicted increase in summer
temperatures resulting rom climate change,
the lightweight home was ound to need air-
conditioning by 2021.This compared with 2041
or the medium-weight home and 2061 or the
medium-heavy and heavyweight homes. At
the point that air conditioning was required its
energy consumption was included in the overall
energy use o the homes.
The research highlights the inherent ability o
masonry and concrete construction to provide
a good long-term sustainable building option
through energy ecient passive design and
adaptability to the impacts o climate change.
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
140
120
100
60
40
20
0
Year
CO
2
Emissions(tonnes)
Heavyweight blockwork walls & concrete oors
Mediumweight blockwork walls & concrete oors
Mediumweight blockwork walls
Lightweight timber rame
80
Medium weight:
Carbon ofset achieved in 11 years
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6 Concrete andMasonry Housing
Thermal mass and passive
solar design
The ability o thermal mass to avoid or reduce overheating problems
is being increasingly recognised. Perhaps less appreciated is its ability
to save heating energy when used in passive solar design (PSD) which
includes consideration o the buildings orientation, glazing provision
and size plus appropriate shading.
Using PSD enables concrete and masonry constructed dwellings to
exploit their inherent thermal mass on a year-round basis. During the
summer, heat is absorbed on hot days, helping to lower the internal
temperature and prevent overheating problems. The stored heat is
then removed by night-time ventilation. During the winter, the thermal
mass will absorb solar gains through south acing windows, and slowly
releases the heat at night. This process is eectively the same as that
which occurs on summer nights, the only dierence being that during
the winter the stored heat is benecial, so windows and openings are
kept shut to minimise heat loss. Shutters and blinds can be used to
prevent overheating in the summer and can also help reduce heat loss
during the winter.
Part L o the Building Regulations and the Code or
Sustainable Homes
For dwellings the calculation methodology (known as SAP) used
to evaluate Part L compliance assumes a xed, comparatively low
level o thermal mass or all types o construction. This assumption is
currently being re-evaluated as part o the revision process that Part
L is undergoing during 2009. The current consultation document
suggests that thermal mass will be more accurately accounted or in the
methodology. The benets o optimisation o building orm, abric and
orientation as a low cost design measure or reducing CO2 emissionsmay thereore now be ormally refected in the revised edition o Part L1
or dwellings, which will be introduced in 2010.
Optimising the mass
in foors
Key concrete structural elements can be used to provide a medium
or high level o thermal mass, whilst also satisying other design
requirements such as acoustic perormance, re resistance and air
tightness.
Ground foors cast in situ slabs
Ground foors can provide a good source o thermal mass in all types
o dwelling providing the insulating layer is located below the slab. The
Nu- Trench Floor System oers an eective way o achieving this, and
uses expanded polystyrene or the insulating layer. To maximise heat
exchange to and rom the slab, the screed nish should be tiled rather
than carpeted.
An eective nish can be achieved by xing materials such as high
density concrete or terracotta tiles directly to the slab using a ull bed
mortar based adhesive. Alternatively, a vinyl foor covering will provide
an intermediate level o admittance.
Cast in situ foors work well with under foor heating, which are in
turn ideally suited to high thermal mass dwellings. The pipe work or
an under foor system is located within the screed, with the water
distribution maniold located at low level in a cabinet or other discreet
enclosure.
Ground foors beam and block/precast hollowcore units
To maximise the thermal mass, insulation must be located beneath thebeams/units, not the usual location or this type o fooring. However,
at least one proprietary hollowcore system is available where the
insulation is already bonded to the underside o the unit. As with in-situ
foors, the screed can be used to locate the pipe work or an under foor
heating system. As the insulation is non-load bearing, a greater range o
products can potentially be used. Recommendations or foor nishes
are the same as or in-situ foors.
Upper foors
The benet o installing a concrete upper foor was highlighted in a 2006
study by Arup (see page 5) looking at the impact o climate change on
comort, which included a comparison o the additional passive cooling/
heating eect provided by this approach as compared to a suspended
timber fooring system. There are a range o solutions available; precast
hollowcore units, solid precast units, precast sot units with in-situ
topping and in-situ fooring. The high quality air-aced nish that can be
specied or precast units makes them an ideal choice or high thermal
mass dwellings as the sot only requires painting, leaving the concrete
ully exposed or good thermal linking.
Installation o precast units can also be a ast and simple process. An
alternative is to use modern ormwork systems to provide shuttering
or in-situ concrete. This too can provide high quality nishes and rapid
construction.
Benefts o designing with
thermal mass
Exploiting thermal mass on a year-round basis is not dicult,
but does require consideration at the outset o the design
process when requirements or the building orm, abric
and orientation are being established. Providing this is donesympathetically, a more passive approach to design can realise
benets which include:
Enhanced energy eciency and carbon savings over the lie
o the building.
Improved daylighting, ventilation and air quality.
Optimal decrement delay (time lag) and decrement actor
(heat fow) or reducing heat gains in summer.
Good summertime comort and a reduced risk o
overheating.
A measure o uture proong against the eects o a
warming climate.
Reduction in the need or more expensive low and zero
carbon technologies to meet CO2
targets.
For more inormation on thermal mass download
Thermal Mass Explainedrom
www.concretecentre.com/publications
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7Concrete andMasonry Housing
Case study: Barratts Green House, BRE,Watord
The use o concrete in Barratts Green House prototype
demonstrates how design quality and sustainability may beachieved in mainstream volume housebuilding o the uture.
Barratts new prototype house at the BRE Innovation Park
in Watord is the rst home built by a major housebuilder
to achieve level 6, the highest level possible, using concrete
under the Code or Sustainable Homes. The Code or
Sustainable Homes sets out a grading system or new homes
against nine categories: energy and CO2
emissions; water;
materials; surace water run-o; waste; pollution; health and
wellbeing; management and ecology.
For the Barratt Green House, the architect, Gaunt Francis,
took the view that in-use energy over the lietime o a typical
UK house, 120 years, was much more signicant than the
initial embodied energy o the components which even or
a standard blockwork house is just our per cent more than
timber. Thereore, reducing uture cooling requirements
easily osets the small additional energy taken to produce
the material. To exploit the benets o concrete, including
thermal mass, extensive use was made o it in the orm o an
in-situ ground-foor slab, precast concrete upper foors and a
precast aerated concrete wall panel system.
For more inormation on this case study, download
Lessons Learned from the Barratt Green House rom
www.concretecentre.com/publications.
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8 Concrete andMasonry Housing
Heavyweight housing solutions
The concrete industry oers a range o construction methods that are innovative and ast whilst oeringtraditional high perormance and the inherent benets o heavyweight construction. These constructionsolutions include blocks, precast and in-situ concrete. All are designed to deliver aordable and astconstruction with long-term perormance, to the higher code levels in the Code or Sustainable Homes.
Masonry solutions
The ocus on eciency and innovation has also been embraced by what
is oten viewed as the traditional method o house building: masonry.
An example o the innovation in masonry construction is the use o
aircrete blocks. This product is well placed to answer the requirement to
reduce waste. Pulverised uel ash, a by-product o coal-burning power
stations, is used or their manuacture and the waste material generated
during the production process is recycled back into the manuacturing
process. The high compressive strength o aircrete means that only a
single blockwork lea or external walls is necessary. This enables ast
construction times.
Construction times are urther accelerated by the use o thin-joint
mortar. The 3mm mortar joints do not need to be trowel applied
and it reaches ull bond strength within two hours enabling more
than one traditional lit in a day. Aircrete blocks are widely used or
both load bearing and non-loading bearings walls and as inll units
in beam and block foor systems. The use o aircrete provides an
excellent combination o structural stability, acoustic insulation, energyconservation and re resistance.
Aircrete blocks
A complete insulation solution is achievable using aircrete blocks. The
inherent thermal qualities o these blocks provides a highly eective
barrier against the penetration o moisture and rost. They can be used
with ull or partial ll insulation without necessarily increasing cavity
widths, and i used below the ground can reduce heat loss by up to 25
per cent. Whilst aircrete has a relatively low density (460-730 kg/m3), it
still provides a useul amount o thermal mass.
Large ormat blocks
Large ormat blocks are produced rom the same material as aircrete,
and oer the same level o thermal perormance. They are also suitable
or the same applications as conventional sized aircrete blocks. Time and
labour costs can be reduced when using large ormat blocks due to the
speed o laying. They are suitable or use with conventional mortar or
thin joint mortars.
Full ll cavity wall: 100mm
block and 100mm block
with render
Full ll cavity wall: brick and
100mm block
Insulating concrete ormwork
with brick slips
Partial ll cavity wall: 100mm
block and 100mm block
with render
Partial ll cavity wall: brick and
100mm block
Partial ll cavity wall: brick and
100mm block
Precast concrete
sandwich panel
Solid masonry wall: 215mm
block, mineral bre insulation
and reinorced render
Solid masonry wall: 215mm
block, extruded
polystyrene and reinorced
external render
Figure 2: External wall examples in concrete and masonry. For more inormation on these solutions, and their resulting U-values, download Energy and CO2: Achieving targets with
concrete and masonryrom www.concretecentre.com/publications
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9Concrete andMasonry Housing
The Nightingale Estate in Hackney is the largest residential tunnel orm develop-
ment in the UK. Residents in the new estate are already repor ting how delighted
they are living with robust concrete construction, mentioning sound insulation
and reduced heating costs as major advantages.
ICF consists o twin-walled expended polystyrene (EPS) panels or blocks that are
built up to create walls.
Insulating concrete
ormwork
Fast construction is also a major benet with insulating concrete
ormwork (ICF). The ICF provides permanent ormwork or in-situ
concrete structures and is let in place or the lie o the building as
thermal insulation. Used on the Continent and in North America or
many years, in the UK ICF is increasingly being used by the sel-buildmarket and is attracting the attention o social housing providers and
volume housebuilders.
In essence, ICF consists o twin-walled expanded polystyrene (EPS)
panels or blocks that are built up to create walls. This ormwork is then
lled with ready-mixed concrete to build a structure ready or the next
foor or roo construction. The EPS remains in place to provide complete
thermal insulation or the walls o the nished building and to provide a
uniorm surace ready or the direct application o most internal nishes
and external cladding systems.
For more inormation on ICF, download Insulating Concrete Formwork
rom www.concretecentre.com/publications.
Tunnel orm
Tunnel orm is a ormwork system that allows the on-site casting o
walls and slabs in one operation on a daily cycle. During the tunnel orm
process, a structural tunnel is created by pouring concrete into high
quality ormwork to make the foor and walls. The space ormed can
span rom 2.4m to 6.6m and can be easily sub-divided to create smaller
rooms. Where longer spans o up to 11m are required, the tunnel orm is
extended using a mid-span section. Ater 24 hours, the ormwork is moved
horizontally so that another identical tunnel can be ormed. When the
storey has been completed, the process is repeated on the next foor.
The system creates an ecient load-bearing structure that is particularly
well suited or repetitive cellular construction such as residential
apartment blocks. The solid monolithic structure can be used or
small blocks o six apartments or or residential towers o 40 or more
storeys high and the accuracy o the system suits the installation o
preabricated elements such as cladding panels and bathroom pods.
Tunnel orm combines the speed, quality and accuracy o o-site
production with the fexibility o on-site cast construction.
For more inormation on tunnel orm, download High Performance
Buildings using Tunnel Form Concrete Construction rom
www.concretecentre.com/publications.
Aggregate blocks
A wide range o aggregate blocks are available, with densities varying
rom around 1400kg/m3 or a lightweight block to around 2000kg/m3
or a heavyweight block, which can provide a very high admittance o
around 6W/m2K when used with a wet plaster nish. To ensure goodthermal linking between the walls and internal space, a air-aced or a
wet plaster nish is the most eective option. Although wet plaster is
normally slower to apply than plasterboard, the introduction o sprayed
or projection plaster has changed this. It is ast to apply and better than
plasterboard at sealing walls, improving both air tightness and sound
insulation (although allowance has to be made or drying out time).
Thin-joint blockwork
More commonly associated with aircrete/aerated concrete blockwork, the
thin joint system permits a aster build time than standard 10mm joints.
The recommended height o build per day or standard 100mm blocks
with 10mm joints would be no more than seven courses (1.5metres). With
the thin joint system special mortars are used which typically enable three
metres (or one storey height) per day to be achieved.
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10 Concrete andMasonry Housing
In addition, basements can reduce the energy consumption o houses.
Heat losses through basements foors and walls are less than those at
ground and upper foor levels. Research carried out by the BRE ound
that given two houses o the same foor area and construction, the one
with a basement would be 10 per cent more energy ecient. Basementliving space also oers better sound insulation. This makes the lower
ground foor an ideal location or a study, play or work room.
For more inormation on concrete basements visit
www.basements.org.uk
Flood prevention
using SUDS
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) is a design philosophy
which uses a range o techniques to manage surace water by
attenuation and ltration with the aim o replicating, as closely as
possible, the natural drainage prior to a site being developed.
A useul and versatile SUDS technique is Concrete Block Permeable
Paving (CBPP). This provides important attenuation and pollution
source control and in addition CBPP does not need additional land take
unlike sot SUDS landscaping techniques which may require wetlands
and ponds. CBPP works by allowing water to pass through the surace
between each block and into the underlying permeable sub-base. Here,
it is stored and released slowly either into the ground, to the next SUDS
management stage or to a drainage system.
An alternative concrete-based SUDS system is pervious concrete. This isa special ready-mixed concrete that has a single-sized coarse aggregate,
a low nes content, and typically a 20 per cent voids content. A SUDS
system using pervious concrete in the surace layer is designed in the
same manner as a concrete block permeable pavement.
For urther inormation on SUDS visit www.paving.org.uk
Crosswall
A precast concrete cellular system is crosswall, which provides the
benets o speed and on-site productivity.
The components - foors and load-bearing walls, with preormed
window apertures - combine switly to orm room shells. Concrete
nishes to walls and sots are o good quality as a result o their
production in steel moulds and enable minimum plastering or nishing
with directly applied coatings.
Crosswall construction delivers buildings that are ast to erect, durable,
have excellent inherent re resistance and acoustic perormance and are
virtually maintenance ree.
For more inormation on crosswall, download Crosswall Construction
rom www.concretecentre.com/publications.
Twinwall
Twinwall construction is a hybrid combination o precast and in-situ
concrete. It provides ast and ecient construction that capitalises on
the benets o both actory and on-site production.
Each wall panel consists o two skins o precast reinorced concrete
which are temporarily held in position by lattice girder reinorcement.
The concrete skins are eectively permanent ormwork, with the benet
that they are used structurally in the nished building. The weight o a
twinwall panel the same size as a ully precast panel is reduced, which
permits the use o larger panels or smaller cranes. The wall panels are
placed into position using similar methods to the crosswall elements,
For the foors, lattice girder slabs are used. These have a thin precast
concrete sot oten called the biscuit, which includes the bottom
reinorcement and acts as permanent ormwork. Once the walls and
foor units are positioned, reinorcement or the slab and to tie the walls
and slabs together is xed. In-situ concrete is then poured into the void
in the twinwall panels and on top o the biscuit o the lattice girder slabs.
Basements
Limited land availability means that new homes will have to use spacemore eciently.
The provision o a basement can provide 50 per cent more living space
or a two-storey house. This means more living space or a smaller oot
print. In mainland Europe and throughout America, basements are
seen as a way orward to maximise land-use or a small cost increase.
Sloping sites are ideally suited to provision o semi-basements with
one side below ground and the other at ground level. On browneld
sites, the poor ground conditions encountered can oten require deep
excavations and oundations and basements can easily be provided in
this economically excavated space.
Adding a basement could provide as much as 50 per cent more foor area or a
typical two-storey dwelling and 100 per cent or a bungalow.
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11Concrete andMasonry Housing
Summary
Concrete and masonry oer a wide range o aordable, sustainable and ecient construction solutions orsocial housing to the highest levels o the Code or Sustainable Homes, each o which come with the ullrange o inherent long-term perormance benets including energy eciency, robustness, low maintenance,enhanced sound insulation and security, re resistance and food resilience.
The whole lie perormance and wide range o benets o heavyweight construction makes it particularly wellsuited or housing solutions. These solutions are long term and holistic due to their ability to meet economic,environmental, social and aspirational requirements.
Reerences and urther reading
1. Hacker J et al, Embodied and Operational Carbon dioxide Emissions from Housing: A Case Study on the Effects of Thermal Mass and Climate Change,Energy
and Buildings 40 (2008) 375-384. For urther inormation see www.concretecentre.com/greenhomes
The Concrete Centre has published a number o titles that are relevant to social housing. These include:
Concrete and the Code for Sustainable Homes,The Concrete Centre, 2009
Energy and CO2: Achieving Targets with Concrete and Masonry, The Concrete Cent\re, 2008
How to Build Flood Resilient Homes using Concrete and Masonry, The Concrete Centre, 2009
Thermal Mass for Housing,The Concrete Centre, 2006
Concrete and Fire Safety,The Concrete Centre, 2008
Residential Cellular Buildings,The Concrete Centre, 2008
Design and Construction using Insulating Concrete Formwork,The Concrete Centre, 2007
Thermal Mass Explained,The Concrete Centre, 2009
Concrete and the Green Guide, The Concrete Centre, 2009
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ISBN 978-1-904818-77-9
First published 2009
MPA - The Concrete Centre 2009
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