Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt
-
Upload
ahmed-nadim-jilani -
Category
Business
-
view
4.339 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt
![Page 1: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Concrete in the 22nd Century
Ken DayInnovative Concrete Technologist
Hon. Member, and founding committee member, of CIA
![Page 2: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Is it Useful to Attempt Prediction?
An accurate prediction of the situation 100yrs from now may
seem unlikely
But some of my concepts from the early 1950s are only now beginning to spread widely
![Page 3: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Can We Influence the Future?
Can we afford such delay?
Why does it happen?
Some things introduced 100 years from now may already be available,
but struggling for acceptance
![Page 4: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Climate of Change
There are huge changes due to admixtures, resource shortages, pollution considerations, and the
computer revolution
Concrete can be made without cement and reinforced without steel
It can be a self-compacting fluid
![Page 5: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What will concrete be like?
Reactive Powder “concrete” essentially mortar, often with fibres,
with strength of several hundred MPa has been produced
Concrete of over 150MPa is now being used in precast bridges in USA
(and we thought their technology lags!)
![Page 6: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What will concrete be like?
There is a rapidly increasing trend to Self- Compacting Concrete (SCC)
This matches the reduced availability of skilled site personnel and the reduced
tolerance for visual defects and for excessive noise and industrial injuries
![Page 7: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Can We Cope with this?
These new concretes rely heavily on chemical admixtures, pozzolans and other finely divided materials
Concrete has become a high tech material and is becoming more so
What is the significance of this?
![Page 8: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Is Concrete Important?
The production of concrete is used by some economists as a measure of a
country’s economic strength
– even it’s degree of civilization
Population is increasing worldwide but in some countries there is already a tax on
carbon dioxide generation
![Page 9: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
How Much Concrete Can We Afford?
Concrete is not just another material it is surpassed only by water as the most used material on earth
So it has an enormous impact on the environment, on capital expenditure, on resource consumption, and on pollution
![Page 10: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How Durable should Concrete be?
Do we want our concrete to last 2000 years or 20 years?
The most expensive, most resource-consuming concrete is
that which has to be replaced
![Page 11: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What Resources will be available?
Is there a limit to the resources available for the production of
concrete?
– and will it all be Portland Cement concrete?
![Page 12: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Is Concrete Eco-Friendly?
Portland Cement production is already second only to the automobile as the major
generator of carbon dioxide -greenhouse gas!
What will the answer be?
![Page 13: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Available Resources
We cannot continue to throw away mountains of fly ash and
slag
But will there always be such mountains?
![Page 14: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
How Will We Use Them?
If so, will we use them alkali-activated in geopolymer concrete, with no Portland Cement at all?
Or will we use High Strength, High Durability concrete to make thinner,
lighter structural members?
![Page 15: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
An Interesting Long-Shot
Has basalt fibre reinforcement a future?
(similar to glass fibre but much higher melting point)
![Page 16: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Significance for Education in Concrete Technology
Need for flexibility – cannot teach ability to invent but must not stand
in way
New developments as likely to come from chemists, geologists, IT analysts etc, as from concrete technologists
![Page 17: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Significance for Education in Concrete Technology
Practitioners as well as students must learn how to keep up to date
Continued Professional Development certainly required
A qualification in structural design is an inadequate basis for
specification and control
![Page 18: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Significance for Education in Concrete Technology
ill-informed specifiers have held back progress for decades,
especially in USA
There will be a legal requirement for an appropriate qualification
before being allowed to specify or control concrete
![Page 19: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Significance for Education in Concrete Technology
Unfortunately neither CIA nor ACI ordinary
membership provides this
![Page 20: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Significance for Education in Concrete Technology
Will there be an appropriate grade in future?
A qualification such as that provided by the UK Institute of
Concrete Technology is required
![Page 21: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
How will Concrete be Produced and Controlled?
Still likely to be centrally mixed and delivered by truck
High-tech heavily computerised plants providing the ultimate in QC
![Page 22: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
How will Concrete be Produced and Controlled?
There will be well-proven, tightly controlled mixes with last minute
adjustment for all available factors (slump, temperature and QC data on materials and concrete) (JIT!)
![Page 23: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
How will Concrete be Produced and Controlled?
Trucks will have built-in devices to provide fine-tuned
workability control
(already available but rarely installed)
![Page 24: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
How will Concrete be Purchased?
Via Internet (except large projects)
Purchaser will nominate brief requirements
Computer will offer nearest standard mix and state properties
and price
![Page 25: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
How will Concrete be Purchased?
If stated properties not acceptable, purchaser will tighten specification and Computer will offer revised mix (and revised
price!)
Regular and large customers will have code number to give agreed discount
![Page 26: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Conclusions
The fundamental things to learn are principles on
which concrete technology is based
![Page 27: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Conclusions
Look for factors affecting actual durability,
impermeability, dimensional stability, strength,
environmental friendliness etc
![Page 28: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Conclusions
Rather than preconceived (and probably outdated)
ideas of maximum or minimum contents of
particular materials and of grading requirements.
![Page 29: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Conclusions
Critical knowledge is of:
•what is involved in the realistic evaluation of mix proposals
![Page 30: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Conclusions
Critical knowledge is of:
•what is possible in the way of testing accuracy
![Page 31: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Conclusions
Critical knowledge is of:
•how to detect change in the quality of a continued supply of material and problems in the operation of a production facility
![Page 32: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Conclusions
WE MUST AVOID ERRORS OF THE PAST IN WHICH STUDENTS WERE
TAUGHT ALREADY OUTDATED FACTUAL INFORMATION AND, SO
EQUIPPED, WENT FORTH TO INHIBIT FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
BEYOND THE NARROW CONFINES OF THE LITTLE THEY KNEW.
![Page 33: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Conclusions
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE FOR ANY INDIVIDUAL TO KNOW EVEN 10% OF THE TOTAL AVAILABLE KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT CONCRETE
![Page 34: Concrete in the 22nd century.ppt](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062617/54c755a44a795967638b45bf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Conclusions
BUT IT IS POSSIBLE TO LEARN HOW TO FUNCTION AS A
FORWARD-LOOKING, RECEPTIVE, DISCRIMINATING, AND CONTRIBUTING MEMBER
OF THE CONCRETE FRATERNITY