Concrete Fundamentals & Troubleshooting Guide
Transcript of Concrete Fundamentals & Troubleshooting Guide
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
HANSON CONCRETEHANSON CONCRETE
PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES
INCORPORATED INCORPORATED
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
MAGANDANG UMAGAMAGANDANG UMAGASA INYONG LAHAT SA INYONG LAHAT !!
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
CONCRETECONCRETEFUNDAMENTALS &FUNDAMENTALS &
TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDETROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
Presentation SuarPresentation Suar
FUNDAMENTALS OF CONCRETEFUNDAMENTALS OF CONCRETE
– CEMENT CEMENT
– AGGREGATESAGGREGATES
– "ATER"ATER
– MINERAL ADDITI#ESMINERAL ADDITI#ES
– ADMI$TURESADMI$TURES
COMMON CONCRETECOMMON CONCRETE
PROBLEMPROBLEM
–FRESH CONCRETEFRESH CONCRETE
– HARDENED CONCRETEHARDENED CONCRETE
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
CONCRETE IS A MI$ OF%CONCRETE IS A MI$ OF%
eenteent
a''re'atesa''re'ates
–CoarseCoarse
– FineFine
(ater(ater
inera) a**iti+esinera) a**iti+es
,eia) a*i-tures,eia) a*i-tures
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
. o/ Conrete Mi- 0 #o)ue. o/ Conrete Mi- 0 #o)ue
Cement
16%
Admixtures
1%
Water
20%
Aggregates
62%
Air
1%
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
. o/ Conrete Cost. o/ Conrete Cost
Cement
67%
Admixtures10%
Water
%
Aggregates
20% Air
0%
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
eenteent
is t,e 0in*er 1 ')ue t,at ,o)*s it a)) to'et,eris t,e 0in*er 1 ')ue t,at ,o)*s it a)) to'et,er
is t,e ost e-2ensi+e onrete in're*ientis t,e ost e-2ensi+e onrete in're*ient
'reat) in/)uene t,e 2ro2erties o/ onrete'reat) in/)uene t,e 2ro2erties o/ onrete
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
T2es o/ Port)an* CeentT2es o/ Port)an* Ceent
Typical compositionTypical composition
AST! T"#eAST! T"#e C$ara%teristi%C$ara%teristi% CACA C&A'C&A' CSCS C2SC2S
T"#e (T"#e ( N)rma* +OPC,N)rma* +OPC, 1111 -- .0.0 2&2&
T"#e ((T"#e (( !)derate!)derate .. 11 &2&2
T"#e (((T"#e ((( /ig$ Ear*" Strengt$/ig$ Ear*" Strengt$ -- 6060 11
T"#e (T"#e ( )3 /eat )4 /"drati)n.)3 /eat )4 /"drati)n. 1212 2626 .0.0
T"#e T"#e Su*#$ate ResistingSu*#$ate Resisting && &0&0 &0&0
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
CompoundCompound
C3A - TricalciumC3A - Tricalcium
AluminateAluminate
C4AF - Tetra CalciumC4AF - Tetra Calcium
AluminoerriteAluminoerrite
C3S - TricalciumC3S - Tricalcium
SilicateSilicate
C!S - "icalciumC!S - "icalcium
SilicateSilicate
Tie o/ ReationTie o/ Reation
ImmediatelyImmediately
! - 3 #ours! - 3 #ours
3 - 4 #ours3 - 4 #ours
$4 - $% days$4 - $% days
FuntionFuntion
-- Minor ontri0ution toMinor ontri0ution to stren't, an* initia) setstren't, an* initia) set 3 Contri0ute to ,eat )i0eration3 Contri0ute to ,eat )i0eration
3 Sae as a0o+e3 Sae as a0o+e
3 Ma4or ontri0ution to initia)53 Ma4or ontri0ution to initia)5
3 Contri0ute to ,eat )i0eration3 Contri0ute to ,eat )i0eration
3 Ma4or ontri0ution to stren't, 8 673 Ma4or ontri0ution to stren't, 8 67
*as*as
3 Contri0ute to stren't, a/ter 9: 33 Contri0ute to stren't, a/ter 9: 39; *as9; *as
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
a''re'atesa''re'ates
Har*nessHar*ness
S,a2e 3 roun*e* 1 an'u)arS,a2e 3 roun*e* 1 an'u)ar
Gra*in'Gra*in'
re*ues tota) +o)ue o/ +oi*sre*ues tota) +o)ue o/ +oi*s
Gra*in' a//ets%Gra*in' a//ets%
(or
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
Test o/ a''re'atesTest o/ a''re'ates
C,araterC,araterParti)es s,a2e & Sur/ae
te-ture
Gra*in'
C,eia) Sta0i)it
Or'ani I2urities
Resistane to A0rasion
A0sor2tion & Sur/ae Moisture
Re)ati+e *ensit =S>G?
Si'ni/iane"or
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
A''re'ate S,a2e & Te-tureA''re'ate S,a2e & Te-ture
a//et 2ro2erties o/ /res, onretea//et 2ro2erties o/ /res, onrete
– rou',3te-ture*5 an'u)ar5 e)on'ate* an* /)at 2arti)es ,a+e 'reaterrou',3te-ture*5 an'u)ar5 e)on'ate* an* /)at 2arti)es ,a+e 'reatersur/ae area an* reuire ore eent 2aste t,an *o soot, an*sur/ae area an* reuire ore eent 2aste t,an *o soot, an*roun* a''re'atesroun* a''re'ates
– an'u)ar an* 2oor) 'ra*e* a''re'ates an 0e ,ar*er to 2)ae an*an'u)ar an* 2oor) 'ra*e* a''re'ates an 0e ,ar*er to 2)ae an*/inis,/inis,
Genera))%Genera))% roun*e* 'ra+e) a
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
Potentia) Mi- Pro0)esPotentia) Mi- Pro0)es
(it, Fine A''re'ate(it, Fine A''re'ate Fine San* or o+ersan*e* i-%Fine San* or o+ersan*e* i-%
– inrease* (ater *ean*inrease* (ater *ean*
– sti
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
(ater(ater Pota0)e an* /ree /ro ,)ori*es an* su)2,atesPota0)e an* /ree /ro ,)ori*es an* su)2,ates
In)u*es a)) (ater /ro%In)u*es a)) (ater /ro%
0at, (ater 1 (ater a**e* at site0at, (ater 1 (ater a**e* at site
a''re'ates oisture ontenta''re'ates oisture ontent
a*i-tures =sa)) aounta*i-tures =sa)) aount??
Contro)s onrete stren't,Contro)s onrete stren't,
Contro)s onrete (or
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
Minera) A**iti+esMinera) A**iti+es
Poo)anPoo)an souresoure
/) as,/) as, oa) /ire* 2o(er 2)antsoa) /ire* 2o(er 2)ants
0)ast /urnae s)a'0)ast /urnae s)a' iron & stee) in*ustriesiron & stee) in*ustries
irosi)iairosi)ia si)ion eta) in*ustriessi)ion eta) in*ustries
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
Poo)ani ReationPoo)ani Reation
CeentCeent "ater"ater Ca)iu Si)iate H*rate =G)ue?Ca)iu Si)iate H*rate =G)ue?
Ca)iu H*ro-i*e =)ie?Ca)iu H*ro-i*e =)ie?
Ca)iu H*ro-i*e =)ie? Ca)iu H*ro-i*e =)ie? Poo)anPoo)an "ater"ater Ca)iuCa)iu
Si)iate H*rate =G)ue?Si)iate H*rate =G)ue?
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
",at is an A*i-ture",at is an A*i-ture
JJateria)s ot,er t,an (ater5 a''re'ates an* eent5ateria)s ot,er t,an (ater5 a''re'ates an* eent5
(,i, are a**e* to a 0at, o/ onrete *urin' i-in' to(,i, are a**e* to a 0at, o/ onrete *urin' i-in' too*i/ soe 2ro2ert o/ t,e onreteKo*i/ soe 2ro2ert o/ t,e onreteK
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
A*i-tures 'i+e%A*i-tures 'i+e%
EonoEono
Dura0i)itDura0i)it
Construta0i)itConstruta0i)it
A)) resu)tin' inA)) resu)tin' in #ALUE#ALUE /or t,e En'ineer5 Contrator an*/or t,e En'ineer5 Contrator an*
Rea* Mi- Su22)ierRea* Mi- Su22)ier
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
S2eia) attention to%S2eia) attention to%
onrete i- *esi'nonrete i- *esi'n
retar*ationretar*ation
(or
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
Coon 2ro0)es (it,Coon 2ro0)es (it,onreteonrete
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
FRESH CONCRETEFRESH CONCRETE
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
BLEEDINGBLEEDING
CAUSESCAUSES
– COARSE SANDCOARSE SAND
– POORLY GRADED SANDPOORLY GRADED SAND
PRE#ENTION1CORRECTIONPRE#ENTION1CORRECTION
– FINER SANDFINER SAND
– INCREASE . OF SANDINCREASE . OF SAND
– INTRODUCE AIRINTRODUCE AIR
ENTRAINMENT 1 FLY ASHENTRAINMENT 1 FLY ASH
TO SUPPLEMENT SANDTO SUPPLEMENT SAND
FINESFINES
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
SEGREGATIONSEGREGATION
CAUSESCAUSES
– E$CESSI#ELY "ET MI$E$CESSI#ELY "ET MI$
– O#ER #IBRATIONO#ER #IBRATION
– E$CESSI#E DROP INE$CESSI#E DROP IN
PLACINGPLACING
PRE#ENTION1CORRECTIONPRE#ENTION1CORRECTION
– LO"ER SLUMPLO"ER SLUMP
– MINIMIE #IBRATIONMINIMIE #IBRATION
– REDUCE FREE DROPREDUCE FREE DROP
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
LO" YIELDLO" YIELD
CAUSESCAUSES
– INCORRECT BATCHINCORRECT BATCH
"EIGHTS"EIGHTS
– LO" AIR CONTENT LO" AIR CONTENT
CORRECTION1PRE#ENTIONCORRECTION1PRE#ENTION
– SCALE ACCURACYSCALE ACCURACY
– ACCURACY OF S>G> OFACCURACY OF S>G> OFAGGREGATESAGGREGATES
– INCREASE AIR CONTENT INCREASE AIR CONTENT
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
HARDENED CONCRETEHARDENED CONCRETE
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
LO" CYLINDER STRENGTHLO" CYLINDER STRENGTH
CAUSESCAUSES
– POOR MOLDING ORPOOR MOLDING OR
HANDLING OF CYLINDERSHANDLING OF CYLINDERS
– E$POSURE OF CYLINDERSE$POSURE OF CYLINDERS
TO HIGH OR LO"TO HIGH OR LO"
TEMPERATURE IN FIELDTEMPERATURE IN FIELD
PRE#ENTION1CORRECTIONPRE#ENTION1CORRECTION
– MOLD CYLINDERS ACCORDINGMOLD CYLINDERS ACCORDING
TO ASTM STANDARDTO ASTM STANDARD
– STORE AT 73;7 DEGREE C ONSTORE AT 73;7 DEGREE C ON
OB SITE FOR 9 DAY5 THEN OB SITE FOR 9 DAY5 THEN
DAYS =OR UNTIL TEST? INDAYS =OR UNTIL TEST? IN
LABORATORYLABORATORY
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
DUSTINGDUSTING
CAUSESCAUSES
– "ET MI$"ET MI$
– O#ER TRO"ELLINGO#ER TRO"ELLING
– RAPID DRYINGRAPID DRYING
PRE#ENTIONPRE#ENTION
CORRECTIONCORRECTION
– REDUCE "ATER CONTENT REDUCE "ATER CONTENT
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
SURFACE CRAINGSURFACE CRAING
CAUSESCAUSES
– "ET MI$"ET MI$
– O#ER TRO"ELINGO#ER TRO"ELING
– RAPID DRYINGRAPID DRYING
PRE#ENTION ORPRE#ENTION OR
CORRECTIONCORRECTION
– REDUCE "ATER CONTENT REDUCE "ATER CONTENT
– LATER AND LESSLATER AND LESSTRO"ELINGTRO"ELING
– MOIST CURINGMOIST CURING
C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
P)asti S,rin
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
SHRINAGE CRACSSHRINAGE CRACS
CAUSESCAUSES
– ABSENCE OF OINTSABSENCE OF OINTS
– RAPID DRYINGRAPID DRYING
– "ET MI$"ET MI$
– LAC OF CURINGLAC OF CURING
PRE#ENTION ORPRE#ENTION OR
CORRECTIONCORRECTION
– OINTS AT 7 3 SPACINGOINTS AT 7 3 SPACING
– OINT AT CHANGES INOINT AT CHANGES INDIMENSION OF SLABDIMENSION OF SLAB
– OINTS AROUND EDGE OFOINTS AROUND EDGE OF
SLAB5COLUMNS5ETC>SLAB5COLUMNS5ETC>
– REINFORCING MESH =HOLDSREINFORCING MESH =HOLDS
CRACS TOGETHER?CRACS TOGETHER?
– 3 DAYS MOIST CURING 3 DAYS MOIST CURING
C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
Re/erene% En'ineerin' Bu))etin No> 9Re/erene% En'ineerin' Bu))etin No> 9
Restraine* s,rin
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
Fators T,at A//et Ear) Cra
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
Miniie P)asti S,rin
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT
CAUSESCAUSES
– POOR COMPACTION OFPOOR COMPACTION OF
SUBGRADESUBGRADE
– HIGH E$PENSI#EHIGH E$PENSI#E
SUBGRADESUBGRADE
PRE#ENTION ORPRE#ENTION OR
CORRECTIONCORRECTION
– COMPACT SUBGRADECOMPACT SUBGRADE
– COMPACTED : 3 KCOMPACTED : 3 K
GRANULAR SUB3BASEGRANULAR SUB3BASE
– PRE#ENT BOND BET"EENPRE#ENT BOND BET"EEN
FLOOR SLAB AND "ALLS5FLOOR SLAB AND "ALLS5
COLUMNS5FOOTINGS5ETC>COLUMNS5FOOTINGS5ETC>
C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
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C O N C R E T E P R O D U C T SC O N C R E T E P R O D U C T S
HONEYCOMBHONEYCOMB
CAUSESCAUSES
– INADE@UATE SPADINGINADE@UATE SPADING
– INADE@UATE #IBRATIONINADE@UATE #IBRATION
– SEGREGATIONSEGREGATION
– POORLY PROPORTIONEDPOORLY PROPORTIONED
MI$MI$
PRE#ENTION ORPRE#ENTION OR
CORRECTIONCORRECTION
– INCREASE SPADING ORINCREASE SPADING OR
#IBRATION#IBRATION
– INCREASE MORTAR CONTENT INCREASE MORTAR CONTENT
– DEPOSIT CONCRETE AT MOREDEPOSIT CONCRETE AT MORE
FRE@UENT INTER#ALSFRE@UENT INTER#ALS
– E$CESSI#E "ATER LOSSE$CESSI#E "ATER LOSS
THROUGH FORM OPENINGTHROUGH FORM OPENING
– USE AIR3ENTRAINEDUSE AIR3ENTRAINED
CONCRETECONCRETE
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