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Roadmap ReportConcerning the Use of

Nanomaterials in theAeronautics Sector

funded by the European Commission

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TABLE OF CONTENT

I. Introduction............................................................................................ 3 I.1. Objectives of the Roadmap ..............................................................................3 I.2. Guidelines for the use of the roadmap report ................................................3

II. Report Overview on the aeronautics sector........................................ 8 II.1. Fall in travel charges.........................................................................................8 II.2. Improved or new engine designs.....................................................................9 II.3. Barriers...............................................................................................................9 II.4. European SMEs – a potential for nanomaterials ..........................................10 II.5. Across the Atlantic – Nano materials for the next generation of Aerospace

vehicles.... ........................................................................................................11 III. Nanomaterial Roadmap analysis in specific aeronautic categories 12

III.1. Airframe and Components .............................................................................12 III.2. Coatings ...........................................................................................................35 III.3. Engines & Engine Components .....................................................................47 III.4. Electrical / Electronic Components & Hardware ..........................................61 III.5. Others...............................................................................................................78

IV. Sources and references...................................................................... 94

V. Impressum ........................................................................................... 97

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I. Introduction

I.1. Objectives of the Roadmap This report has the objective to give an overview on the use of nanomaterials in the aeronautics sector and has not the goal to be exhaustive. It will give to small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) the possibility to have a concise description of the development in this sector. For this reason only some scientific details and technological explanations are presented. This roadmap report has the main purpose to help SMEs which are in the process of looking for new materials with improved properties to be integrated in their new products and to give them a first list of relevant nanomaterials they should consider depending on the industrial applications foreseen, the time to market and the R&D capacity of the company. The target group of users are SMEs, which are starting a strategic decision-making phase for new product development. The main purposes are:

To give an overview on relevant nanomaterials for industrial applications in the automotive sector at short, middle and long term.

To give the actual level of development of the nanomaterials and an approximate evolution of it at short, middle and long term.

To be adapted to SMEs. The results are based on a database with information about more than 100 nanomaterials, which was developed in the frame of the EC-funded project NanoRoadSME. The database and the linked roadmapping tool were structured taking into account the results of a European Survey on more than 300 European SMEs, the results of several R&D surveys and industrial SWOT analysis as well as workshops and experts’ interviews. Technology and market driven approaches were used to gather useful data into the database. It therefore contains relevant technical and economical information on nanomaterials which have future potential use in the automotive industry. This database is a new kind of instrument for dynamic technology roadmapping.

I.2. Guidelines for the use of the roadmap report The report is structured in 4 different domains of applications in the airplane in which nanomaterials can play an important role in the future:

Airframe and components Paints and coatings Engines and engine components Electrical and electronic equipment

For each domain, the report will give an overview of the following aspects:

• Information about relevant barriers in each specific domain which have to be overcome.

• Possible solutions to overcome the barriers through nanomaterials.

• Presentation of relevant nanomaterials to overcome these barriers by drawing 3 figures and 1 table, which represent the nanomaterial roadmap for the specific domain of application and which give the following information:

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Figure 1 - the level of development of the nanomaterials and a prognosis of its evolution in the next 15 years

In order to have a quick overview of the development stage of the different nanomaterials and its evolution, five different levels of development were defined, each one corresponding to a specific color:

1. Scientific result / technology invention (TI - red) – the very first steps in the development process. This is considered as true research and is often still in theory or in a test status.

2. Laboratory prototype (LP - orange) – still within the research status, but moving from theoretical calculations and evidence towards a proof in reality as tests are verified and results can be seen in a laboratory.

3. Industrial demonstrator (ID - yellow) – now results can be brought forward towards the industry. The purely scientific results are being applied with first applications and can be introduced to interested companies.

4. Industrialization (I – green) – the development is starting to prove itself, the movement and transition towards real-life applications is moving forward and there demand through the industry is beginning to increase.

5. Market entry (ME – blue) – the final stage in the development process. The material is now ready available for the end consumer, probably still not everywhere and at a rather higher price.

These stages of development have different order of importance for SMEs depending to their position in the supply chain of nanomaterials. Three main categories can be defined:

Developer of nanomaterials Producer of nanomaterials User of nanomaterials

These SME types have special interests in specific nanomaterials according to their R&D budget, resources, position in the supply chain (Figure 1):

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Figure 1: Relevant product development phase for the different SME-types

Nanomaterial developers have special interests in materials which are at the

development level of “scientific result / technology invention” or “laboratory prototype”. As these companies have their own research and development laboratories they are interested in further developing and finding solutions. They are technology driven and used to finding technological solutions. At the same time they have the brain power, equipment and potential for this type of work.

Producer of nanomaterials focus on materials which are at the “laboratory prototype”, “industrial demonstrator” or “industrialisation” level. These companies are not interested in further developing nanomaterials but rather have competencies in the production and manufacturing. The focus moves away from development technologies towards manufacturing technologies. Process knowledge and facilities are most important. On top of that these SMEs have a network of recipients and the focus is moving towards customers.

User companies of the nanomaterials may only be interested in nanomaterials which are at the “industrialisation” or “market entry” level. They do not have the interest or the potential to develop or produce nanomaterials. These SMEs are customer focused and provide the end consumer with solutions to their problems. They do this with the support of nanomaterials that can be purchased and integrated into their value adding processes.

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Table 1 - the timeframe of possible industrial applications in this domain at short (0-2 years), middle (3-5 years) and long term (6-10 years)

Figure 2 - the nanomaterial costs and its possible evolution at short, middle and long term (when available)

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Figure 3 - the market size of the nanomaterials (when available)

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II. Report Overview on the aeronautics sector In 2002 the Advisory Council for Aeronautical Research in Europe (ACARE, www.acare4europe.com) released a Strategic Research Agenda for the next 20 years. Furthermore the Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe (ASD, www.asd-europe.org) published the ARTE21 paper. Looking at the 26 goals put forward by ACARE and the 23 integration/validation projects proposed in the ARTE21 Part III paper, the following objectives related to nanotechnologies in materials can be identified:

Fall in travel charges through the reduction of:

a) Aircraft procurement cost by 35% b) Maintenance costs by 25% c) Fuel consumption by 20%

Improved or new engine designs to reduce:

a) CO2 emissions by 50% and NOx emissions by 80% b) External and cabin noise reduction to one half of current average levels

II.1. Fall in travel charges For the European aeronautics industry to remain competitive, the purchase, operation and maintenance costs of aircraft must progressively be reduced.

a) Aircraft procurement Next to the automation of manufacturing systems, lower production costs will be made possible through the reduction of the number of components through multifunctional materials that integrate isolative, acoustic, dampening and ducting properties into one structural component. Through the use of composite materials new structural designs of wings and fuselages will be possible. The number of separate parts and as a result the production time will also be reduced.

b) Maintenance Maintenance and mandatory inspections of aircraft mean regular down times. Through stronger, more durable or self healing materials, less maintenance will be needed. Development of sensors (Mems/MST) to monitor the structure and component elements will also translate into less downtime.

c) Fuel consumption In light of rising fuel prices and pending environmental taxes, an overall reduction in weight by 20% is sought through the implementation of lightweight alloys (made possible through new coatings), metal matrix composites and polymer composites. Weight reduction, in combination with more efficient engines and air traffic flow, will mean lower fuel consumption.

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II.2. Improved or new engine designs

a) Reduced CO2, NOx and noise emissions Current engine designs are meeting the theoretical limits in terms of efficiency but new materials with greater thermal capacities would help to reduce the amount of cooling air needed to protect combustor walls, thereby reducing NOx emissions. New engine designs are being considered such as the InterCooled Recuperated Cycle which is a promising alternative but currently too bulky and heavy for aerospace applications. Lightweight materials will have to be developed before this alternative is viable. The following two key requirements for advanced materials for engine designs were noted by ACARE in their Strategic Research Agenda (http://www.acare4europe.com/docs/es-volume1-2/volume2-03-environment.pdf, p. 79)

– High specific strength and stiffness materials for the large structures associated with the low pressure systems and nacelles of low specific thrust engines. Reducing the weight penalty associated with high bypass ratio engines would allow the propulsive efficiency and noise advantages to be exploited. In parallel the design tools and production technology to support rapid design realisation and low cost manufacture should be developed. – High temperature materials for combustors and turbine airfoils. A significant increase in temperature capability (100 to 200°C) would lead to reduced cooling requirements, improved efficiency and would also benefit NOx emissions.

b) External and cabin noise reduction In the domain of noise reduction, the investigation of new absorbing materials is one important enabling factor to achieve the future challenge of a “quiet aircraft”. (ACARE Strategic Research Agenda, p. 88)

II.3. Barriers In a recent French study carried out for DIGITIP (Directorate General for Industry, Information Technologies, and Occupations), one of the principal obstacles to the application of new materials noted by the aerospace industry is the long delays needed to test and validate its reliability. Also noted is the lack of availability of nanomaterials for mass industrialisation. Industrialisation production processes need to be developed thereby reducing overall costs through the increase of volume produced. Another barrier identified concerns the still unknown effects of many nanomaterials on the environment. This covers workers health and safety, environmental impacts resulting from accidental damage, and recycling of materials containing nanomaterials.

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II.4. European SMEs – a potential for nanomaterials There are two European programmes that have gathered extensive information on European SMEs working in the Aeronautics industry. They are:

1. The European Communities Aeronautics REsearch project (ECARE), coordinated by the European Federation of High Tech SMEs

2. AeroSME project, coordinated by the Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe

In order to detect the technological needs in terms of materials of European aerospace SMEs 245 audits have been made. It can be seen that there is a high potential for lightweight and advanced materials being used by European SMEs. Looking at the main topics of research performed by European aerospace SMEs , the need for enhanced material properties is demonstrated again.

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II.5. Across the Atlantic – Nano materials for the next generation of Aerospace vehicles

In the USA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has launched a programme (Texas Institute of Intelligent Bio-Nano Materials and Structures for Aerospace Vehicles, http://tiims.tamu.edu/index.php) which brings together industry and universities to perform research on nanocomposites for aerospace applications. The research goals are:

• Purifying, functionalising, separating and polarizing nanotubes. • Synthesizing electrically conductive and switchable molecules for self-healing. • Developing high strength-to-weight ratio and high impact nanocomposites. • Developing polymeric nanocomposites for multifunctional use with tuneable

electrical properties. • Developing a polyethylene-nanotube hybrid for structures, radiation protection

and fuel storage. • Development of thermal and structural ceramics. • Developing smart materials for stress sensing and self-healing. • Radiation testing and characterization of multifunctional use. • Rheology and hypervelocity impact testing. • Theoretical and computational modelling of rheology, nanotube-polymeric

molecular architectures

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III. Nanomaterial Roadmap analysis in specific aeronautic categories

In the following for each specific category of the aeronautic domain information on the level of development of nanomaterials as well as their specific applications, market size and costs is presented. This information is based on the NanoRoadSME database which was developed in prior stages of the project. Also each nanomaterial is described by its properties, advantages and disadvantages as well as the barriers of their development.

III.1. Airframe and Components In this report the domain named “Airframe and Components” is covering the following aspects:

• Structural parts of the airframe • Thermal insulators • Tires • Greases • EMI/FRI shielding parts • Air craft breaking

The most important nanomaterials in this category are nano-composites like polymers with fillers, nanoclays, ceramic matrix nanocarbon or metal matrix composites. But also carbon nanotubes or nanofoam, nanopowders as well as nanocrystalline bulk materials with improved properties will play a vital role in the future.

a) Barriers to be overcome • Structural fatigue • Weight • Production costs to achieve / Low cost airframe • Improved material properties of currently used materials like melting point, higher

temperature resistance, hardness, thermal conductivity, thermal isolation, controllable thermal expansion, low density, etc.

• Noise reduction

b) Possible solutions through nanomaterials • For structural parts the following nanomaterials are relevent:

- Nano composites materials play an essential role. Polymer matrix composites like carbon nanofoams, POSS, composites with nanoclays and carbon nanoparticles combine good mechanical properties and light weight. Metal matrix and ceramic matrix nanocomposites are also relevant.

- Metal parts with nanograins based on aluminium, magnesium, stainless steel and titanium as well as metal alloys like Aluminium-Magnesium alloys with nano-grains have improved mechanical properties compared to classical metal parts.

• For thermal insulation and fire retardance nano-composites with cermanic and polymer matrix as well as coatings are relevant.

• For tires carbon black nanoparticles are relevant. • For greases, hydrophobic silica nanoparticles can be used. • For EMI/FRI shielding and the braking system, polymers with carbon nanoparticles

are relevant.

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c) Level of development of the nanomaterials in the airframe & components sector

Figure 2: Expeted time frame for the development of nanomaterials in the Airframes & Components segment.

Nanomaterials from 5 different material categories are listed in the table above. Except of carbon nanotubes all other materials will enter the market in the future. Most of the nanomaterials will enter into the market around 2010. Carbon nanofoam as well as polymer with carbon nanoparticles are predicted to have the longest time to market.

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d) Time frame of possible industrial applications in the airframe & components sector

Table 1: Possible application of nanomaterials in the Airframes & Components segment, with a time perspective of short (0-2 years), mid (3-5 years) and long term (5-10 years).

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e) Cost comparison of the nanomaterials in the airframe & components sector • Material costs

Figure 3: Expected costs of nanomaterials within the Airframes & Components category (2006-2015).

Polymer with carbon nanoparticles and silicon carbide nanofibers are the most expensive nanomaterials in a short term view. In a long term view the price for the polymers with carbon nanoparticles will drastically decrease whereas the silicon carbide nanofibers will stay at a high price level. The price for all other materials will also decrease in a long term view to 5-550 € per kg.

• Market size

Figure 4: Expected market size of nanomaterials belonging to the Airframes & Components category (2006-2015).

According to experts the biggest market around 2010 with a volume of $3.6 billion will be the carbon nanotubes market which includes also the nanoelectronics area.

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f) Companies and institutes

Source: · The ECARE (European Communities Aeronautics REsearch) SME database

Structure and Material ApplicationEuropean Aeronautical SMEs and Institutions Having Expressed the Following Technological

Requirements

Smart m

aterials for surface & wing components & structures

Advanced materials

Lightweight, cost effective materials

Machining/processing of m

aterials

Advanced joining (welding, brazing)

Repair technology (for metal)

Aluminium

-Lithium

Damage tolerant CFKP-structures

CFKP primary structures

Fire & crash risk control

Crashworthiness of structure

Titanium structures (landing gear)

1 Accles & Pollock (A division of Tyco Tube Components Ltd) X X2 ACEAIR SA X3 ADHETEC X4 Aerospace Forgings Ltd X X5 Air Systems S.R.L. X6 Aluminium Extrusions Ltd "CAPALEX" X X X7 AMST Systemtechnik X8 AOA Apparatebau Gauting X X9 Aries Complex SA X X X X X X

10 BDE SA X11 BEHR Industrietechnik GmbH & Co. X X12 Boreas X13 BOSA SA X X X14 Bridport Aviation X X15 Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.P.A X X X X X X16 Claverham Limited X X X X17 College of Engineering - University of Limerick X X X18 Compact Compositi s.r.l. X19 Composites Testing Laboratory Ltd X20 CRITT-MATERIAUX X X21 Czerny Consulting X22 Dipl. Ing. HITZINGER GESELLSCHAFT MBH X23 Eb Rim Euroblocks X24 ECAS X25 Electrovac GmbH X X26 Elimag Radarmekan X

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78 Sielman SA X X79 SIFCO X X X80 SIRA Group X81 Space Composite 57°N X X82 St. Bernard Composites Ltd X83 Steyr Daimler Puch Fahrzeugtechnik AG & Co KG X X84 TAM - Tecnicas Aeronauticas Madrid AIE X85 TEandM SA X X86 Telair International GmbH X X X X87 TERMIKAS Ltd X X X88 Tratanientos superficianes Iontech SA X X X X89 Tritech Precision Products Ltd X X X90 TWT GmbH X91 University of Stuttgart X X X92 WFL X93 Zaklad Remontow i Produkcji Sprzetu Lotniczego X X X94 Zeppelin Luftschifftechnik GmbH X X

Total 11 34 40 41 16 14 10 6 9 5 4 7Smart materials for surface & wing components & structuresAdvanced materialsLightweight, cost effective materialsMachining/processing of materialsAdvanced joining (welding, brazing)Repair technology (for metal)Aluminium-LithiumDamage tolerant CFKP-structuresCFKP primary structuresFire & crash risk controlCrashworthiness of structureTitanium structures (landing gear)

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The need for lightweight materials, as expressed by the Advisory Council for Aeronautical Research and the European Association of Aerospace Industries, is echoed again by European aeronautic SMEs.

27 Engiconcept X28 Etchform Precision Etching & Electroforming bv X29 Eurair X X30 Euro-composites SA X X31 EVEKTOR s.r.o. X32 Exciting R/C Models Ltd X33 FEMCOS X34 FormTech GmbH X X35 G.S.E (Ground Support Equipment) X X X X36 General Engineering Co (Ilford) Ltd. X X37 Glasfaser Italiana SpA X38 Gould Alloys Ltd X X39 GPE X40 Gummiwerk Caputh X41 Habia Cable AB X42 Hantke Ingenieurbüro Messtechnik X43 HDA Forgings Ltd X X X44 Hexcel Composites Ltd X X X45 Hitol Ltd X46 Iberespacio X X X X X47 IFA X X48 Illbruck Special Insulation X X49 Ilmas s.p.a. X X50 Impervia X X X51 INTRAMET X X52 INVEMA X53 KRAUSS GmbH X54 LA composite Ltd. X X55 Leichtmetall-Kompetenzzentrum Ranshofen X X X X56 Lesjofors Stockholms Fjader AB X57 Lufthansa Shannon Turbine Technologies X X58 MAGNAGHI AERONAUTICA SpA X X X59 Magnum Mettallbearbeitung GmbH X X60 Materials Ireland, University College Dublin X X X X X61 Megatyosto Oy X X X62 MicroTurbo Ltd X63 Mifa Aluminium B.V. X X X X64 MK Helicopter GmbH X X X X X X X65 MOOG CONTROLS Ltd X66 Moreggia S.p.A. X X67 NCA X68 Nehlsen Flugzeug-Galvanik Dresden GmbH & Co. KG X X X69 NOVALTI, S.A. X X X70 Piezomechanik GmbH X X71 Plansee AG X X X X72 Quintas & Quintas Cordoarias e Redes SA X73 Rile Spezialmaschine Lesser GmbH & Co. KG X X74 Rose Bearings Ltd X X75 RST Rostock X76 Rudolf Brugger SA X77 SEDEMECA X

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g) List of nanomaterials in the airframe & components sector

1. Aluminium (Al) - transition metal alloys (Fe, Ni, Ti, Zr) - Nanocrystalline powders Powders of conventional size, but with nanocrystalline or amorphous structure and usually made my spray atomisation. These powders can be consolidated to obtain bulk nanostructured shapes which are used to produce structural materials of high specific strength. Description of material properties which have been improved: The powders themselves are suitable for consolidation using various techniques: sintering, forging etc. Powder metallurgy methods can be used to make any shape. They can be also used as starting material for various flame spray methods to produce coatings. The products made with the powders have good mechanical properties, low density, elevated temperature strength and oxidation and corrosion resistance. Advantages:

• Lower sintering temperatures than conventional material. • Uniform and fine structure of end products can be obtained. • The final products combine lightweight and strength as well as oxidation resistance.

Disadvantages: The sintered material can be brittle because during sintering impurities are absorbed. Application: Starting material to sinter near net shapes of light and structural materials Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: The powders can be used as starting material to produce near net shapes structural parts of engines or other contructions by various powder metallurgy methods. The final products are lighter and stronger materials with a good oxidation resistance. Al-Ti alloys are attractive candidate materials for automotive and aerospace structural and engine applications. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Expensive equipment for production of nanopowders and compaction. Scale up of production: costs of equipment. As far as final products after compaction of powders: not enough research in questions of fatigue, machinability, etc. 2 - Market Cost/price level must be accepted by the market. It is likely that such technology can be afforded in the first stage only by big companies working for aerospace or large automotive industry. Or by small companies working on contracts for such industry. 3 - Regulatory As for application of new materials in transport industry – obtaining certificates, fatigue tests etc. 4 - Environmental impacts Not different than in standard powder metallurgy industry

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2. Aluminium (Al), Magnesium (Mg) and Al-Mg alloys - Bulk materials with nano-grains

These materials show a specific texture at nanoscale and are characterised by high strength comparing to the traditional counterpart. They may display high superplasticity and their main fields are: lightweight structural applications. Description of material properties which have been improved:

• High specific strength: light weight and high strength. • High wear resistance.

Advantages: The known advantages of Aluminium and Magnesia alloys are further strengthened: high strength at low weight. Disadvantages: It is difficult to combine the nano- structure with ductility. This requires very well controlled processes. Applications: Structural material Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Light weight structural applications for aerospace, and automotive industry - commercial

and military. High specific strenght Complex form can be obtained with superplastic forming

Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology

• High cost of powders and of method to induce the nanostructure by means of heavy plastic deformation.

• The nanostructure of the material is sensitive dependent on processing conditions. The uniformity and thermal stability of the structure is an issue. Ability to supply materials in a form or shape suitable for production of the final product. Thermal stability of the nanostructured Al and Al alloys may be an issue, what may limit the application temperature to about 200°C. Corrosion resistance of Mg alloys is a relevant issue.

2 - Market Cost/performance relationship must be accepted by market. Science orientation of researchers instead of customer and production orientation. New product/new market barrier. Appropriate choice of new applications. 3 - Regulatory As for application of new materials in structures – obtaining certificates. 4 - Environmental impacts Not different than all other aluminium and magnesium industry.

3. Carbon Black Carbon Blacks refers to carbon nanoparticles but the vast majority of particles which are called Carbon Black are much grater than 100 nm. Carbon Blacks is actually a generic term

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for a family of products, which are usually referred according to the methods (or raw materials) used in their manufacture. Description of material properties which have been improved: Plasticity/Viscosity/Tribological Carbon black enhances mechanical properties of rubber: It improves tear strength, wear resistance, abrasion, cutting and rupture resistance, stiffness and hardness, modulus and fatigue characteristics of vulcanized compounds. Absorption High absorption coefficient over a wide range of wavelength up to UV. Conductivity Carbon black serves as conductive filler for organic composites. Advantages: Carbon black is cheap and can be (and is already) produced with low tech production facilities in high amounts. Disadvantages: Carbon black is already widely used. The potential for new applications is rather small. A problem is the fast aggregation of the particles during and after their production. The mostly used synthesis process, the partial combustion (99% of all carbon black is produced with that process) needs high temperatures and there for a lot of energy and achieves poor yields with high level of atmospheric emission. At 1450°C the yield is 70% at 1680 °C the is reduced to 50% and drop dramatically at higher temperatures [Fulcheri2002]. Possible applications: Tires: Additive for rubber Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Carbon black enhances mechanical properties of rubber: It improves tear strength, wear resistance, abrasion, cutting and rupture resistance, stiffness and hardness, modulus and fatigue characteristics of vulcanized compounds. Main properties used in this application are the rubber-filler interaction and their effects on rehological properties in filled compounds. [Leblanc 2002]

4. Carbon Nanofoam Carbon nanotubes and polymer composites can form foams. These materials are just beginning to be investigated and are hoped to produce lightweight foams with improved electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. These materials are available in the form of monoliths, granules, powders and papers. They are synthetic, lightweight foams in which the solid matrix and pore spaces have nanometer-scale dimensions. Prepared by sol-gel methods, nanofoams typically have low density, continuous porosity, high surface area, and fine cell/pore sizes. Carbon nanofoams are being used as lightweight, high temperature insulation, absorbents and coatings, specialty optics, and electrodes for water deionization cells, fuel cells, and other devices. Standard densities of carbon nanofoams range from 0.25 to 1.00 g/cm3. Description of material properties which have been improved: Nanocomposite foams will have usefully improved mechanical, electrical and thermal properties through the formation of nanofibre-reinforced struts, electrically conductive networks, and the modification of optical absorption properties.

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Application: Light weight components Time scale: Long term (6-10 years) Description: Such modified foams are likely to be used in lightweight components for transport applications, leading fuel savings, as well as in electronics packaging

5. Carbon Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are tubes consisting of a rolled up mesh like configuration of carbon atoms. The geometry of the rolled graphite sheets affects their properties. They can have an “armchair” configuration with metallic properties. The alternative “zig-zag” chiral configuration has semi-conducting properties. The tubes have diameters of 1-2 nm and lengths of up to several micrometers. Single walled carbon nanotubes consist of a single rolled graphite sheet. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes consist of several nanotubes rolled around each other. Description of material properties which have been improved: Hardness Nanotubes shows a strengthness up to 45 billion pascals [Collins 2000] and a hight resilience. Density Nanotubes have a low density of 1,3 to 1,4 g/cm3 [Collins 2000] Other mechanical properties Nanotubes have an extraordinary high aspect ratio. The tubes have diameters of 1-2 nm and lengths of up to several micrometers. Thermal stability Nanotubes resist temperatures up to 2800 °C in vacuum and 750 °C in air [Collins 2000] Inertness The surfaces of nanotubes are inert. Chemical reactions for example for functionalisation could perform at the edges. Advantages: Their hardness in combination with their resilience they could enhance the strength of compound materials. Disadvantages: The main obstacle for a broader use of CNT is the extremely high cost. It is about 150 Euro per gram for SWCNT. [Luther 2004] It is difficult to produce pure Nanotubs of a specific constitution (length, metal-like, semiconducting, isolating, SWNT, MWNT), or to separate them from each other. [Krupke 2004, Haddon 2004] There is an ongoing need for a more thorough understanding of growth mechanisms for a selective and uniform production of carbon nanotubes with specific dimensions and physical properties. The toxicity in combination with their chemical inertness could be a problem [Lam 2004] Their strong fibrous nature may result in similar health risk to asbestos fibres. If elements such as iron from catalysts in the production process are present there is the possibility that

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the nanotubes may have free-radical releasing, pro-inflamatory properties. [Royal Academy 2004]. The extraordinary properties belong to the single nanotubes. Not solved until now is the question how to transform these properties like thermal conductivity, or strength to bulk material. Applications: Formation of foams with carbon nanotubes Time scale: Long term (6-10 years) Description: The formation of foams with carbon nanotubes in polymer composite materials for use in a range of polymer foam materials is being investigated. Such foams are expected to have improved mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. Expected applications are as lightweight components in automotive systems and in packaging materials, leading to lower transport costs.

6. Ceramic matrix nanocarbon (bulk) Ceramic matrix nanocarbon is a ceramic matrix material filled with carbon nanotubes, fullerenes (football shaped cage of 60 carbon atoms) or carbon nanofibers. The material is more thermally insulating, electrically conducting and mechanically robust. The structural and thermal barrier properties are enhanced and fracture toughness increased. Description of material properties which have been improved:

• Thermally insulating, mechanically robust. • Structural and thermal barrier enhancements. • Fracture toughness.

Advantages: This material is very strong, and the heat conductivity is easy to influence. The material is cheap and there is enough of it available. Since the fabrication is under control the material is made in large quantities. It is easy to produce. Disadvantages: Electrical conductivity, resistance and bandgap are still in a very early phase of development. Applications:

• Structural materials Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: The fracture toughness and wear resistance make it suitable as an improved material for aeronautics airframes and components.

• Thermal insulators Time scale: Long term (6-10 years) Description: The thermal insulating property of the material makes it useful for thermal insulators.

Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology There are no real technological barriers to development. The advantage of nanocarbon is that clustering of the particles does not occur. The particles are better dispersed inside the material. The development can continue normally.

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2 - Market No problems foreseen. The material has known properties and is well described. It will be less suspicious for the public.

7. Hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticles The material consists of silica particles which are treated to be water repellent (hydrophobic) in stead of water attracting (hydrophilic). The material's fluidic properties are improved. It can be applied in paints and coatings, lubricants and other materials for aeronautics, automotive, cosmetics, medical implants, dentistry, furniture, machine tools, filtration, textiles, foams and toner.

Description of material properties which have been improved:

• This material gives the same thixotropic and shear thinning behaviour to liquids as does the untreated fumed silica. However, the time required to reform adequate structure to generate the same viscosity or amount of sag resistance after shearing is longer.

• This material does not thicken liquid systems by hydrogen bonding, as do the untreated fumed silica. Rather, it relies on the interaction of its modified surface chemistry with the liquid system.

• The material is extremely hydrophobic: It does not effectively thicken by hydrogen bonding like hydrophilic silica (untreated fumed silica)

• Low moisture content; Low viscosity Advantages: The material is reinforcing filler for elastomers. Its full surface treatment gives a low viscosity and its high surface area provides reinforcement properties such as tear strength. The material can function as an anti-settling agent in coatings. As a free flow agent, the material can be combined with the potential to enhance the charging properties of a power. With its reduced thickening potential, it will not raise the viscosity of the system. Its reduced thickening potential is attractive in high solids systems. It reduces the water permeability of a coating. Disadvantages: The material is not an effective thickening agent in most systems; however, it is very efficient as anti-settling agent Possible Application: Greases Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: The nanoparticles are included as thickening agent. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology The material is not an effective thickening agent in most systems.

8. Metal ceramic nano nanocomposite (coating) This type of nanocomposite coating consists of highly dispersed metal and ceramic nanoparticles. Metal and Ceramic both make up a considerable share of the material volume. Dielectric properties are mainly improved at the moment. Biocompatibility, Piezoelectricity, Fracture Toughness, thermal conductivity and wear resistance can also be improved in the

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future. Applications include coatings for aeronautics, automotive, energy, medical implants, construction, machine tools, catalysts and foams. Description of material properties which have been improved: Dielectrical, wear, is resistant to heat treatment. Mainly Dielectric properties at the moment; Thermal expansion coefficient changes. Conducting piezomaterials have a great promise in the future Metal ceramic coating for metallic hip implants of a nanocrystalline Cr-Ti-N coating. The composition gradually shifts from more metallic (Cr/CrTi) to more covalent (CrTiN)." Advantages: "A metal ceramic coating sticks better to metal than normal ceramics. Incorporating nanoparticles as lubricants in implants give lower wear. The abovementioned properties are improved “Fracture toughness is expected to be improved” (Peter Hatto, 20-4-05)" Disadvantages: It is difficult to distribute the nanoparticles properly over the surface. The material is still hard to handle, the particles tend to cluster together. Possible application: Thermal insulation Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Cermet (ceramic metal) coatings with metal nanoparticles can be applied as solar absorbing material in solar cells. The material also has thermal insulating properties. (Shuxi Zhao et al, 2005) Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology How to control the dispersion of the nanoparticles in the material. Now the composite is mainly used in bulk. We need to find a technique that keeps the nanoparticles in the cluster form in thin layers. This is a topic we are working on now. One solution may be spin coating to deposit the thin layer. We are looking for other techniques. These other techniques are in the technology invention phase. 2 - Market Societal response to nanoparticles. People may be afraid of what they don’t understand. 3 - Regulatory No problems expected. 4 - Environmental impacts No problems foreseen.

9. Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) This type of materials consists of metals reinforced with ceramic fibres, including Silicon Carbide (SiC) or Aluminum Nitride (AlN) fibres. The thermal, mechanical and tribological properties can be improved. Applications may include aeronautics, automotive, energy saving and environmental technology. Description of material properties which have been improved: High heat resistance, firmness, thermal conductivity, controllable thermal expansion, low density. Strength increase up to 25%

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Advantages: High potential for aerospace applications. Disadvantages: Not clear. Application: Light and strong material Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: The material’s low density and increased strength (up to 25%) make it light and strong. Therefore, they could be installed as applications inthe automotive, aerospace, energy saving and environmental technology industries. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Production must be scaled up. (kg/day in 2003) 2 - Market Cost saving in aerospace possible. 3 - Regulatory Not clear. 4 - Environmental impacts Not clear.

10. Montmorillonite nanoclays (platelet) The montmorillonite is a smectite clay which has a sheet-like structure of nanometre dimensions. The structure is called platelet. Montmorillonite nanoclay is included in a polymer matrix to improve the mechanical and barrier to gas and liquid properties of such a matrix material. It can be applied in aeronautics, automotive, food packaging and other domains. Description of material properties which have been improved:

• Barrier to gas and water in composites. • The mechanical properties of the polymers. Increase of the modulus of a polymer.The

improvement in moduls tends to be higher above the glass transition temperature than below it.

• Failure stress and strain toughness. • An increase of montmorillonite content (wt%) decreases the thermal expansion

coefficient of a polymer. This is observed mainly in polyimide filled with exfoliated montmorillonites.

• The thermal stability of polymers. • The flammability of montmorillonite/polymer nanocomposites.

Advantages: The nanoclay-modified polymers can have weight reductions, strength of their structural dimensions and increase barrier performance for material thickness. Disadvantages: The production cost of these nanofillers is high compared to the plastic materials in use: 5 – 10 € / Kg.

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Application:

• Structural parts. Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Montmorrilonite is incorporated as a filler in high performance plastic composites which become light and strong materials.

• Thermal insulators Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: The thermal properties which are improved contribute to this application. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology The industrial realisation of these nanocomposites is limited due to lack of production process. But there is scientific activity to reduce this limitation. For example, there is development of compatibilizer chemistry to ensure effective penetration of the polymer into the interlayer spacing of the montmorillonite clay. Future goals include production of PVC-based systems is still some way off and challenges remain to be solved in PET nanocomposites. Additional reinforcement of clay nanocomposites by glass fibre is currently being investigated. There is also interest in the development of electrically conducting clay nanocomposites. The processing temperatures of polymers are 170-400 °C and of commercial nano-clays below 170 °C. (Faraday roadmap 2005) 2 - Market High production costs. Public perception of nanotechnology may become negative. This may not be a big problem if individual materials are not sold under a nano-label. User companies may not have enough trained personnel to work with the nanocomposites. User companies lack awareness of the potential of polymer matrix nanocomposites. (Faraday roadmap 2005) 3 - Regulatory IPR protection may inhibit knowledge transfer and take up of nano-composites. Legislation on toxicity testing will become more important, possibly leading to higher costs for toxicity testing of nanoparticles and the development of new handling and processing practices. Nanocomposite standards and innovative design concepts need to be developed. (Faraday roadmap 2005) 4 - Environmental impacts The long term service life behavior of nanocomposites is not clear. The risks of using nanoparticles in plastics have not been addressed, especially for medical applications. Nanocomposites can help to overcome problems related to recycling of materials and lead to reduced energy consumption especially in automotive and aerospace applications. (Faraday roadmap 2005)

11. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) in polymers (bulk) This nanocomposite is a material in which POSS (Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes) structures are linked to polymer chains. The material can take the form of liquids, waxes and crystalline solids. POSS is the smallest form of silica. The fillers behave like modified clays. Improved properties include: reduced flammability, lower density, oxygen throughput,

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mechanical and thermal properties. Applications include fire retardant materials, aeronautics and medical applications. Description of material properties which have been improved: Property Enhancements via POSS observed in POSS-copolymers and blends reduced flammability, reduced heat evolution, lower density, disposal as silica, extended temperature range, lower thermal conductivity, thermoplastic or curable feature, enhanced blend miscibility, oxidation resistance, altered mechanicals and reduced viscosity. For example, a major effect of POSS incorporation, in polypropylene, is retention of modulus above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the unreinforced polymer. Increasing the concentration of the POSS structures in copolymers can have a dramatic effect in increasing the Tg of the polymer. Advantages: POSS segments in plastics enhance the physical properties of the compositions. Polymers containing POSS show delayed combustion and reductions in heat evolution. Usage temperature enhancement of nearly all types of thermoplastics and thermoset polymers. The glass transition can be increased by 100-200°C or up to the decomposition temperature of the polymer. POSS additives can replace existing fillers. Bulk density reductions of up to 10% with viscosity reductions of up to 24% relative to silica may occur. POSS incorporation increases modulus and hardness while maintaining the stress and strain characteristics of the base resin. Additionally since POSS is a chemical nanotechnology, processing and moldability is maintained. Because of its chemical nature POSS technology can be tailored to meet resin and consumer compatibility needs. POSS can be used to upgrade the properties of existing patented compositions while enabling the patentability of the new material composition. Disadvantages: The POSS fillers and compounds made with them are expensive compared to materials without nanofillers. Applications:

• Stronger lighter materials Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: The reduced density of the material compared to other composites makes it suitable for stronger and lighter materials in aeronautics airframes and components.

• Thermal insulators Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: aeronautics. The thermal and thermodynamic properties make it suitable for thermal insulators. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology It is not clear how polymers filled with nanoparticles behave during processing in conventional processing equipment. The processing temperatures of polymers are 170-400 °C and of commercial nano-clays below 170 °C. The predictive models are inadequate to predict the thermal, mechanical and processing properties of nanocomposites. The structure-property relations of nanocomposites are not completely clear. (Faraday, 2005)

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2 - Market Public perception of nanotechnology may become negative. This may not be a big problem if individual materials are not sold under a nano-label. User companies may not have enough trained personnel to work with the nanocomposites. User companies lack awareness of the potential of polymer matrix nanocomposites. (Faraday, 2005) 3 - Regulatory IPR protection may inhibit knowledge transfer and take up of nano-composites. Legislation on toxicity testing will become more important, possibly leading to higher costs for toxicity testing of nanoparticles and the development of new handling and processing practices. Nanocomposite standards and innovative design concepts need to be developed. (Faraday, 2005) 4 - Environmental impacts The long term service life behavior of nanocomposites is not clear. The risks of using nanoparticles in plastics have not been addressed, especially for medical applications. Nanocomposites can help to overcome problems related to recycling of materials and lead to reduced energy consumption especially in automotive and aerospace applications. (Faraday, 2005)

12. Polymer with carbon nanoparticles/fillers (bulk) This nanocomposite consists of carbon fillers into a polymer matrix. The fillers can be carbon, carbon nanotubes or nanofibres. Electrical conductivity and mechanical properties are the main improved properties. Applications include aeronautics and automotive. Description of material properties which have been improved: Mechanical properties Advantages: Advantages of carbon nanofillers in polymer matrix include: growing of carbon fiber without any post production thermal processing, removal of polyaromatic hydrocarbons from surface (pyrolytically stripped carbon fiber), heating of carbon fiber to temperatures up to 3,000°C, graphitizing chemically vapor deposited carbon present on the surface of carbon nanofibres and creating a highly electrically conductive carbon nanofiber. Disadvantages: Although the modulus of carbon nanotubes is very high, this has not yet been translated into big improvements in composite modulus. Possible applications:

• Strong light weight material Time scale: Long term (6-10 years) Description: The mechanical properties make it suitable for applications in aircraft components and frames in aeronautics.

• EMI/FRI shielding Time scale: Long term (6-10 years) Description: The electrical conductivity make it suitable for EMI/FRI shielding in aeronautics.

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• Aircraft braking Time scale: Long term (6-10 years) Description: The mechanical properties make it suitable for aircraft braking in aeronautics.

• Thermal insulators Time scale: Long term (6-10 years) Description: The thermal properties make it sutable for thermal management systems in aeronautics. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Problems that have to be solved are: improved dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes within the polymer matrix and improved interfacial coating. Understanding and optimisation of electrical charge movement in the nanotube composites to avoid strong localisation of charges which can lead to breaking. (Vasileos Koutsos, personal communication, August 2005) It is not clear how polymers filled with nanoparticles behave during processing in conventional processing equipment. The predictive models are inadequate to predict the thermal, mechanical and processing properties of nanocomposites. (Faraday roadmap 2005) 2 - Market Public perception of nanotechnology may become negative. This may not be a big problem if individual materials are not sold under a nano-label. User companies may not have enough trained personnel to work with the nanocomposites. User companies lack awareness of the potential of polymer matrix nanocomposites. (Faraday roadmap 2005) 3 - Regulatory IPR protection may inhibit knowledge transfer and take up of nano-composites. Legislation on toxicity testing will become more important, possibly leading to higher costs for toxicity testing of nanoparticles and the development of new handling and processing practices. Nanocomposite standards and innovative design concepts need to be developed. (Faraday roadmap 2005) 4 - Environmental impacts The long term service life behavior of nanocomposites is not clear. The risks of using nanoparticles in plastics have not been addressed, especially for medical applications. Nanocomposites can help to overcome problems related to recycling of materials and lead to reduced energy consumption especially in automotive and aerospace applications. (Faraday roadmap 2005)

13. Polystyrene-polyethylene oxide (PS-PEO) nanostructured films Nanostructured polymer with good biocompatibility, high ionic conductivity and mechanical stregth. Can be used for biomedical surfaces, electronic devices and energy storage. Description of material properties which have been improved: Polymer that increases the ionic conductivity. It is a solution for the dendrite growth in Li Ion batteries and provides a good solution to combining high energy density with good cyclability. Advantages: -Stability, fluidity and intermembrane dynamics.

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-Good corrosion behaviour. -Enhanced conductivity. -Combine high ionic conductivity with a high elastic modulus. -Biocompatibility. Disadvantages: High cost and difficult synthesis. Possible application: Thermal and chemicaql insulation. Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Coatings for thermal and chemical insulation for various uses: automotive and aeronautic industry, construction and textile. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology High cost of the material and synthetization. 2 - Market No competitive price. 3 - Regulatory Many biocompatibility and toxicity studies necessary before using PS-PEO as cell culture material in humans. 4 - Environmental impacts Potentially toxic.

14. Silicon Carbide [SiC] nanofibers Amorphous silicon carbide nanofibers with good tribological and mechanical resistances, and thermal shock resistance. It can be used as high temperature structural material, for coatings and mirrors in extreme environments, and as metal reinforcer. Description of material properties which have been improved: Improvement of thermomechanical properties, fracture toughness and formability ("superplasticity") of this brittle material class. Potential as a high-temperature structural material, due to excellent high-temperature strength, thermal shock resistance and oxidation resistance. Advantages: The sintering temperatures and the consolidation time can be reduced by applying nanopowders, which saves not only money but also allows new manufacturing techniques. Disadvantages: Synthesis of SiC through carbothermal reduction of silica xerogels or halides is expensive and not easy to be carried out. Therefore, thermolysis method is now being adopted. Applications: Metal reinforcer Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: By reinforcement of metals with silicon carbide fibers, their thermomechanical properties can be improved. Such metal matrix composites (MMC), possess, due to their high heat resistance, firmness, thermal conductivity, controllable thermal expansion and low density,

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offer a high potential for aerospace applications and are examined, at present, regarding the replacement of magnesium and aluminum in various structures of spacecrafts and aeroplanes. The strength of MMC could be increased up to 25% through nanostructuring and, beyond that, superplasticity and a better resistance against material fatigue can be obtained in comparison to conventional MMC. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Expensive synthesis process 2 - Market Not found 3 - Regulatory Drug delivery products already secured regulatory authority approval and, in turn, are supported by a healthy clinical development pipeline. 4 - Environmental impacts Non-toxic material.

15. Stainless Steel - Bulk material with nano-grains Due to heavy plastic deformation nano-grains are formed in this material and so the strength of austenitic steel can be increased compared to conventional material. Possible applications are, for instance: medical implants and screws. Description of material properties which have been improved: Stainless steel is a material of widespread use, but it is for some applications too soft. For instance in orthopedics. Stainless steel with a nanocrystalline structure is up to 3 times stronger than conventional steel. Advantages: Strenght, corosion resistance Application: Strong mechanical parts Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: airplane/car body part small parts with ultra high strength Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology For materials produced by severe plastic deformation: high cost of the equipment for high volume production. Ability to reproduce the same high quality product on large scale – consistency and reliability in volume production. Ability to supply materials in a form or shape suitable for production of the final product. 2 - Market New product/new market barrier, appropriate choice of new applications. This is rather a special market of very demanding applications. Not well known product yet. High cost

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16. Titanium (Ti) - Bulk material with nano-grains Bulk material made by heavy plastic deformation where nanograins are formed. Thermally stable at temperatures up to 300°C. Properties: Light specific weight, good high temperature strength, good corrosion resistance, and biological compatibility with application in construction of implants. Description of material properties which have been improved:

• Fine grained Ti reveals considerable increase in strenght. • Commercially pure titanium is chemically inert and biologically more compatible than

the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which is currently the material of choice for most medical implants.

• High strength/ specific weight ratio, good corrosion resistance, improved strength and fatigue

Advantages:

• Titanium is biocompatible • Light specific weight, yield strength >900MPa. • Improved fatigue-limit. • Good corrosion resistance.

Disadvantages:

• Titanium: need for high purity material, low technological plasticity at room temperature, difficult machinability.

• Reduced creep resistance: is thermally stable at temperatures up to 300°C. • High production costs

Application: Strong lightweight structure elements Time scale: Unspecified Description: Parts/components (structure elements) of airplanes, vehicles, spacecrafts. Springs for automotive applications -due to its improved properties-, Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology For materials produced by severe plastic deformation: high cost of the equipment for high volume production. Technology for large scale production – consistency and reliability in volume production. Ability to supply materials in a form or shape suitable for production of the final product. Not much work has been done in the field of fatigue properties of nanostructured materials produced by plastic deformation or mechanical alloying. 2 - Market Production cost/price level must fit into existing commercially prices. Scientific results orientation of research instead of customer orientation. New product/new market barrier, appropriate choice of new applications. This is rather a special market of very demanding applications. 3 - Regulatory As for application of new materials in structures – obtaining certificates, fatigue tests etc.

17. Titanium [Ti] nanoparticles (amorphous) Titanium nanoparticles with a great strength to weight ratio, resistance to radiation, high temperature and wear, and good biocompatibility. Can be used in the aerospace industry, for implants and for hydrogen storage.

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Description of material properties which have been improved: Amorphous titanium is a light material with high resistance to temperature and refractive index. Advantages:

• Exceptionally high strength to weight ratio. • Very good resistance to corrosion and oxidation. • Advantage of the material for exposed applications is its resistance to discoloration

under UV light. • It is easily fabricated

Disadvantages: Not found Applications: Strong lightweight materials Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Typically used in aerospace applications, Titanium is starting to be produced as nanopowder. Barriers for the development: - Market The market for titanium nanoparticles is not yet significant in size; therefore, major companies do not invest in larger scale production, and the cost is yet elevated. - Environmental impacts Low order of toxicity. No environmental effects have been reported.

18. Titanium-Aluminium (Ti-Al) alloys – Bulk material with nano-grains Titanium-Aluminium alloys with a nanostructure produced by heavy plastic deformation. This material shows superplasticity and an ultimate strength up to 1500 MPa. Description of material properties which have been improved: • Ultimate tensile strength 1500 MPa • High hardness (6 GPa) • Superplasticity at elevated temperature • Good corrosion resistance • Relatively good ductility despite high strenght • Strenght reamins even at elevated temperatures Advantages: High specific strength. For proper production conditions may have relatively good ductility. Disadvantages:

• High superplastic deformation temperature • Thermal instability at high temperatures • Low room temperature ductility • Needs very well controlled processing.

Application: Strong lightweight body parts

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Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description:

• Body parts • Light weight plates • Motor parts

Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology For materials produced by severe plastic deformation: high cost of the equipment for high volume production. Ability to reproduce the same high quality product on large scale – consistency and reliability in volume production. In the case of mechanical alloying, the problem is contamination of the powders with oxides, and then consolidation of the powders into bulk materials. The oxides may cause brittleness and also porosity of the product. Ability to supply materials in a form or shape suitable for production of the final product. Not much work has been done in the filed of fatigue properties of nanostructured materials produced by plastic deformation or mechanical alloying. 2 - Market Production cost/price level must fit into existing commercially prices. Science orientation instead of customer orientation. New product/new market barrier, appropriate choice of new applications. This is rather a special market of very demanding applications. 3 - Regulatory As for application of new materials in structures – obtaining certificates, fatigue tests etc.

III.2. Coatings Most of the materials found by the NR database search engine within this category are nanoparticles or nanopowders and have entered the market. These materials, therefore, are already available. Only three polymer nanomaterials will be in the market in the next year.

a) Barriers. • Improvement of corrosion resistance: Mg alloys are lighter than steel and aluminium

are prone to corrosion which limits their use. Current chromate-based conversion coatings are carcinogenic and hazardous air pollutants. Anodic coatings are tougher, harder and have better wear properties than conversion coatings, but their costs are too high for mass production.

• Reduced drag / turbulence • Increased wear and abrasion resistance • Better thermal barriers • Pigments that do not degrade due to ultraviolet radiation so that planes do not need

to be repainted

b) Possible solutions through nanomaterials • Corrosion resistance: Nano-coatings for Mg alloys (see project NANOMAG - end date

2005/03/3, (http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/industrial_technologies/articles/article_346_en.html and http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/growth/pdf/nanotechnology-conference/nanomag-27may_en.pdf )

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Possible solutions being researched: o plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) o plasma-assisted physical vapour deposition (PAPVD) o sol-gel technology o Keronite electrolytic ceramic coating process

Research is also being carried out in the USA and in Europe on nanostructured coatings (Al2O3, ZrO2, WC-Co) for corrosion and wear resistance with promising results for industrial use.

• Reduced drag / turbulence: smoother wing surfaces would reduce drag. • Diamond-like films for improved wear resistance • Thermal barrier coatings through ceramic materials reinforced with carbon nanotubes

but better dispersion control of carbon tubes is still needed. • Increased wear and abrasion resistance through ceramic coatings. Current tools for

hot spraying do not work with nanoscaled powders. The current technical obstacles in using nano ceramic powders to overcome are:

- Restricted fluidity and clogging of machinery - Due to the mass of the particle, there is an acceleration and build up of

kinetic energy in the flame making it more difficult for the particles to be deposited.

Two solutions being studied are:

1. suspending the nanoparticles in the hot environment 2. Agglomeration of nanoparticles

The second solution seems the most economically viable as it requires no modification of actual hot spraying tools. There is also the question of supply of clay: Montmorillonite is the most commonly used clay but is patented. Synthetic clays such as laponite or perovskite can be a solution to this patent obstacle.

Another source of nanoclays, which is both economic and environmentally sound, has been developed by the French SME Olmix, www.olmix.com. This production method uses seaweed which is a renewable source. No synthetic chemicals are employed in the production process. One barrier identified is that the nanoclays have a low resistance while outside of the matrix. If the transfer into the matrix is done at a high temperature it is not for sure that the transfer will be successful.

• Ceramic nanopigments in paints whose colour does not degrade with exposure to

ultraviolet radiation.

c) Level of development of the nanomaterials in the coatings sector

Figure 5: Expected time frame for the development of nanomaterials in the Coatings segment

Only three materials (polyhedral…, polystyrene…and POSS…) will enter the market in the next year. All other nanomaterials have already entered the market and are, therefore, available.

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d) Time frame of possible industrial applications in the coatings sector

Table 2: Possible application sof nanomaterials in the Coatings segment, with a time perspective of short (0-2 years), mid (3-5 years) and long term (5-10 years).

e) Cost comparison of the nanomaterials in the coatings sector

• Material costs

Figure 6: Expected costs of nanomaterials within the Coatings category (2006-2015).

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• Market size

Figure 7: Expected market size of nanomaterials belonging to the Coatings category (2006-2015).

f) Companies and institutes

g) List of nanomaterials in the coatings sector

1. Carbides and Related Materials and Thin Films Layers of binary compounds containing carbon as ligant. Mixing sp2 and sp3 bindings open up the opportunity to adjust the property of the coating. There are several elements which can be used to build up Carbid Nanofilms and

Coatings and PaintsEuropean Aeronautical SMEs and Institutions Having

Expressed Technological Needs in the Domain of Coating and Paints

Source: · The ECARE (European Communities Aeronautics REsearch) SME database

1 Asociacion de la Industria Navarra2 CoRI - Coatings Research Institute3 Etchform Precision Etching & Electroforming bv4 General Galvanica Gironina5 HAMATEC6 Industrie- und Handelskammer (IHK) Potsdam7 Interturbine Logistik GmbH8 Meyer Tool BV9 Microtecnica

10 NanoCraft11 Nehlsen Flugzeug-Galvanik Dresden GmbH & Co. KG12 Nitruvid13 NOVALTI, S.A.14 Para Tech Coating Scandinavia AB15 RD Precision Ltd16 SVUM a.s.17 T.A.G. srl18 TEandM SA

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Nanocristalline Carbonfilms like Diamond Like Carbon (DLC), these are: C, Si, N, B, Ti. Combination of these elements like C3N4 (carbon nitride) and TiC lead to several materials with different characteristics. In that field two groups of these binary compound materials are of extra ordinary interest. These are covalent carbides like SiC and B4C and metallic carbides like TiC or LaC2. Description of material properties which have been improved: Hardness/ Wear resistance Carbidefilms and related materials show Vickers hardness from 2100 HV (TiN), 3500 HV (SiC).[Leiste1999] up to 5000 HV [Ye2003]. Friction By mixing sp2-bonds (low friction), and sp3-bonds (high hardness) the hardness and the tribological characteristics of carbon layers can be adjusted. Low friction can combined with high hardness. Other mechanical properties A further benefit is that these layers have a very good adhesion. This good adhesion for example on a surgery knife can be realise because the underlying layer is different in composition than the top layer, which could dominated by sp3-carbon and shows diamond like properties. Chemical inertness Some carbidefilms and related materials (TiB2) are corrosion resistant [Ye 2003]. These films can be use for electrochemical passivation and anticorrosion. [Interview Holleck 2004] Biocompatibility Carbidefilms and related materials are biocompatible and do not lead to biochemical reactions. [Interview Holleck 2004] Thermal stability The Melting point of carbidefilms and related materials covers a range from 2900 C° up to 3060 C° [Leiste1999] Absorption For same applications it is also used due to its black colour. [Interview Holleck 2004] Advantages: The huge advantage of these carbon based nanofilms is that it is possible to adjust independently the hardness and tribolocical characteristic of the coating by combining elements and building up nanolaminates. As it is appropriate for the application dry lubrication or wet lubrication with low friction coefficient can adjust [BMBF 2003]. A further benefit is that these layers have a very good adhesion. This good adhesion for example an a surgery knife can be realise because the underlying layer is different in composition than the top layer, which could dominated by sp3-carbon and shows diamond like properties. Carbide films and related materials are biocompatible and do not lead to biochemical reactions. [Interview Holleck 2004] Carbide films and related materials (TiB2) are corrosion resistant [Ye 2003] Dry lubrication or wet lubrication with low friction coefficient can adjust.

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Carbon based nanofilms can be synthesized by well known and widely established deposition techniques. These are physical vapour deposition (PVD) by radio frequency sputtering, or chemically enhanced PVD, or chemical vapour deposition (CVD), and physically enhanced CVD (PECVD). By variation of the ion bombardment during the sputter process, and other parameters of the process, the properties of the nanofilms can be defined. The deposition of the several layers for the nanolaminate can be done in one deposition process. These techniques can be performed at low temperatures. Therefore even substrates with low temperature resistance can be covered. Disadvantages: The production of coating of hollow structures like drill holes, tubes from inside or caves is not yet possible. Applications:

• Anticorrosive coatings Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Coatings of carbides and related materials can be use for electrochemical passivation and anticorrosion purpose. Due to their properties (Very hard, wear resistant, temperature resistant, corrosion resistant, biocompatibility good adhesion, adjustable tribological properties) theses coatings can be used for a huge variety of other applications.

• High absorbing black coatings Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Coatings of carbide and related material can be used as black coatings, which shows a high absorption in a in a wide range of wave lengths. Due to their properties (Very hard, wear resistant, temperature resistant, corrosion resistant, biocompatibility good adhesion, adjustable tribological properties) theses coatings can be used for a huge variety of other applications. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Especially the reproducible production of homogenous coatings on larger areas has to be developed.

2. Core shell nanoparticle This type of nanoparticle consists of a core surrounded by one or more shells. The core can consist of an inorganic particle or of a magnetic particle below 100 nm in diameter. The shell can consist of a metal or of an organic material. Properties which are improved may include electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Applications include diagnostics in life sciences, biomedical and food, coatings and paints, electronic equipment, catalysts, biocides and nanotextiles. Application: Body sealer coating Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: A plastisol composition containing acrylic polymer particulates and a plasticizer, wherein the acrylic polymer particulates comprise primary particles having a core/shell structure for an automotive undercoating and body sealer. (patent JP2005060574)

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Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology demonstration is needed 2 - Market get market acceptance 3 - Regulatory for clinical diagnostics: pass regulatory process

3. Hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticles The material consists of silica particles which are treated to be water repellent (hydrophobic) instead of water attracting (hydrophilic). The material's fluidic properties are improved. It can be applied in paints and coatings, lubricants and other materials for aeronautics, automotive, cosmetics, medical implants, dentistry, furniture, machine tools, filtration, textiles, foams and toner. Description of material properties which have been improved: This material gives the same thixotropic and shear thinning behaviour to liquids as does the untreated fumed silica. However, the time required to reform adequate structure to generate the same viscosity or amount of sag resistance after shearing is longer. This material does not thicken liquid systems by hydrogen bonding, as do the untreated fumed silica. Rather, it relies on the interaction of its modified surface chemistry with the liquid system. The material is extremely hydrophobic: It does not effectively thicken by hydrogen bonding like hydrophilic silica (untreated fumed silica) Low moisture content; Low viscosity Advantages: The material is reinforcing filler for elastomers. Its full surface treatment gives a low viscosity and its high surface area provides reinforcement properties such as tear strength. The material can function as an anti-settling agent in coatings. As a free flow agent, the material can be combined with the potential to enhance the charging properties of a power. With its reduced thickening potential, it will not raise the viscosity of the system. Its reduced thickening potential is attractive in high solids systems. It reduces the water permeability of a coating. Application: Water repellent coatings and paintings Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: The nanoparticles are included as hydrophobic agent. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology The material is not an effective thickening agent in most systems.

4. Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) - thin films Indium Tin Oxide offers high transparency with several advantageous electromagnetic properties. Applications:

• Antistatic transparent coatings

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Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Antistatic, transparent coatings on PLEXIGLAS or polycarbonate prevent dust deposition and frequent cleaning procedures in cleanrooms, in electronic industry and other locations with high hygiene standards (pharmaceutic industry, hospitals, etc.). Furthermore, the protection against electric discharge is important in the manufacturing of electronic devices.

• IR-absorber Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: ITO increases the heat shield performance of transparent material. With ITO as IR-absorber a product can provide intrinsic heat protection resulting in reduced energy consumption and costs and less need for air conditioning. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology limited indium resources worldwide 2 - Market Expensive raw materials

5. Metal ceramic nano nanocomposite (coating) This type of nanocomposite coating consists of highly dispersed metal and ceramic nanoparticles. Metal and Ceramic both make up a considerable share of the material volume. Dielectric properties are mainly improved at the moment. Biocompatibility, Piezoelectricity, Fracture Toughness, thermal conductivity and wear resistance can also be improved in the future. Applications include coatings for aeronautics, automotive, energy, medical implants, construction, machine tools, catalysts and foams. Description of material properties which have been improved:

• Wear • Resistant to heat treatment. • Mainly Dielectric properties at the moment • Thermal expansion coefficient changes. • Conducting piezomaterials have a great promise in the future • Metal ceramic coating for metallic hip implants of a nanocrystalline Cr-Ti-N coating.

The composition gradually shifts from more metallic (Cr/CrTi) to more covalent (CrTiN).

Advantages: "A metal ceramic coating sticks better to metal than normal ceramics. Incorporating nanoparticles as lubricants in implants give lower wear. The abovementioned properties are improved “Fracture toughness is expected to be improved” (Peter Hatto, 20-4-05)" Disadvantages: It is difficult to distribute the nanoparticles properly over the surface. The material is still hard to handle, the particles tend to cluster together. Application: Wear and thermal resistant coatings Time scale: Short term (0-2 years)

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Description: A metal ceramic coating sticks better to metal than normal ceramics. Metal ceramic coating for metallic hip implants of a nanocrystalline Cr-Ti-N coating. The composition gradually shifts from more metallic (Cr/CrTi) to more covalent (CrTiN). Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology How to control the dispersion of the nanoparticles in the material. Now the composite is mainly used in bulk. We need to find a technique that keeps the nanoparticles in the cluster form in thin layers. This is a topic we are working on now. One solution may be spin coating to deposit the thin layer. We are looking for other techniques. These other techniques are in the technology invention phase. 2 - Market Societal response to nanoparticles. People may be afraid of what they don’t understand. 3 - Regulatory No problems expected. 4 - Environmental impacts No problems foreseen.

6. Nickel (carbon coated) [Ni-C] powders Amorphous small sized, well-defined and regular shape nanopowders with good electrical, magnetic and thermal properties. They can be used for the fabrication of automotive parts as well as coatings, electrodes and filters. Description of material properties which have been improved: Reflectance in the infrared, falls off more rapidly than in the noble metals. Advantages: -The shape of the nanoparticles can be well defined through the fabrication process. Disadvantages: -The morphology of nanoparticles can be very different. Applications: Coatings and Sealants Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Due to its good durability and maleability, it can be used in paints or in gaskets for sealing. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Not found 2 - Market Large investment, high entry barrier for new companies 3 - Regulatory The European Union has classified nickel metal as a Category 3 suspect carcinogen, on the basis of animal tests. (it can be argued that these experiments do not represent employee exposure risks.) This means that information about the material has given cause for concern but that there is insufficient evidence to make a satisfactory assessment.

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However, more positive news for the nickel industry comes from the most recent study on the subject by the American Congress of Government Hygienists. This led, earlier this year, to nickel metal being classified as 'not suspected as a human carcinogen' in the US. 4 - Environmental impacts In large doses (>0.5 g), some forms of nickel may be acutely toxic to humans when taken orally.Toxic effects of oral exposure to nickel usually involve the kidneys with some evidence from animal studies showing a possible developmental/reproductive toxicity effect.

7. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) in polymers (bulk) This nanocomposite is a material in which POSS (Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes) structures are linked to polymer chains. The material can take the form of liquids, waxes and crystalline solids. POSS is the smallest form of silica. The fillers behave like modified clays. Improved properties include: reduced flammability, lower density, oxygen throughput, mechanical and thermal properties. Applications include fire retardant materials, aeronautics and medical applications. Description of material properties which have been improved: Property Enhancements via POSS observed in POSS-copolymers and blends are increased Tdec (decomposition temperature), increased Tg (glass transition temperature), reduced flammability, reduced heat evolution, lower density, disposal as silica, extended temperature range, increased Oxygen permeability, lower thermal conductivity, thermoplastic or curable feature, enhanced blend miscibility, oxidation resistance, altered mechanicals and reduced viscosity. For example, a major effect of POSS incorporation, in polypropylene, is retention of modulus above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the unreinforced polymer. Increasing the concentration of the POSS structures in copolymers can have a dramatic effect in increasing the Tg of the polymer. Advantages: POSS segments in plastics enhance the physical properties of the compositions. Polymers containing POSS show delayed combustion and reductions in heat evolution. Usage temperature enhancement of nearly all types of thermoplastics and thermoset polymers. The glass transition can be increased by 100-200°C or up to the decomposition temperature of the polymer. POSS additives can replace existing fillers. Bulk density reductions of up to 10% with viscosity reductions of up to 24% relative to silica may occur. POSS incorporation increases modulus and hardness while maintaining the stress and strain characteristics of the base resin. Additionally since POSS is a chemical nanotechnology, processing and moldability is maintained. Because of its chemical nature POSS technology can be tailored to meet resin and consumer compatibility needs. POSS can be used to upgrade the properties of existing patented compositions while enabling the patentability of the new material composition. Disadvantages: The POSS fillers and compounds made with them are expensive. Application:Wear and thermal resistant coatings Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Catings with enhanced properties for aeronautics applications.

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Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology It is not clear how polymers filled with nanoparticles behave during processing in conventional processing equipment. The processing temperatures of polymers are 170-400oC and of commercial nano-clays below 170 oC. The predictive models are inadequate to predict the thermal, mechanical and processing properties of nanocomposites. The structure-property relations of nanocomposites are not completely clear. (Faraday, 2005) 2 - Market Public perception of nanotechnology may become negative. This may not be a big problem if individual materials are not sold under a nano-label. User companies may not have enough trained personnel to work with the nanocomposites. User companies lack awareness of the potential of polymer matrix nanocomposites. (Faraday, 2005) 3 - Regulatory IPR protection may inhibit knowledge transfer and take up of nano-composites. Legislation on toxicity testing will become more important, possibly leading to higher costs for toxicity testing of nanoparticles and the development of new handling and processing practices. Nanocomposite standards and innovative design concepts need to be developed. (Faraday, 2005) 4 - Environmental impacts The long term service life behavior of nanocomposites is not clear. The risks of using nanoparticles in plastics have not been addressed, especially for medical applications. Nanocomposites can help to overcome problems related to recycling of materials and lead to reduced energy consumption especially in automotive and aerospace applications. (Faraday, 2005)

8. Polystyrene-polyethylene oxide (PS-PEO) nanostructured films Nanostructured polymer with good biocompatibility, high ionic conductivity and mechanical stregth. Can be used for biomedical surfaces, electronic devices and energy storage. Description of material properties which have been improved: Polymer that increases the ionic conductivity. It is a solution for the dendrite growth in Li Ion batteries and provides a good solution to combining high energy density with good cyclability. Advantages: -Stability, fluidity and intermembrane dynamics. -Good corrosion behaviour. -Enhanced conductivity. -Combine high ionic conductivity with a high elastic modulus. -Biocompatibility. Disadvantages: -High cost and difficult synthesis. Application:Thermal and chemical insulation Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Coatings for thermal and chemical insulation for various uses: automotive and aeronautic industry, construction and textile.

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Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology High cost of the material and synthetization. 2 - Market No competitive price. 3 - Regulatory Many biocompatibility and toxicity studies necessary before using PS-PEO as cell culture material in humans. 4 - Environmental impacts Potentially toxic.

9. POSS Nanostructured Catalysts - Nanoparticles A Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) particle is linked to a metal group to form POSS nanostructured catalysts. POSS catalysts are 1-3 nm in size and can be applied in homogeneous catalysis, membrane catalyst retention and heterogeneous catalysis. Potential applications include coatings and materials production in energy, automotive, aeronautics; contrast agents and processing cosmetics for healthcare applications. Description of material properties which have been improved: The material imparts new or improved properties to catalytic materials and achieves more precise molecular architectures. Advantages: The POSS nanostructured catalysts are relatively cheap. Synthesis does not involve many chemical steps or expensive templates or reagents. POSS starting materials are commercially available. POSS can be disposed of as silica. Applications: Coatings for displays, solar cells, radiation shielding Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Coatings: displays, smart packaging materials, coatings for radiation shielding, solar cells. Applications based on the combined action of a (catalytic) metal site embedded in a robuts, nanostructured silicone.

10. Synthetic Hectorite (clay platelets) - Nanoparticles Synthetic Hectorites are clay materials of the Hectorite type, which behave as colloids (small particles in suspension). They are water attracting (hydrophilic) swelling clays composed of silicate sheets which delaminate in water to provide an open three dimensional structure. Hectorite clays can be dispensed at the nanoscale into polymers. The platelets are 1 nm thick and 25-30 nm wide. Optical transparency and properties of fluids are improved. Applications include paints and binder in many household products and potentially aeronautics, automotive, energy saving, medical implants and construction. Description of material properties which have been improved: Swelling in water and tixotropic agents Advantages:

• The hectorite clays are much purer and cleaner than natural hectorites.

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• The processing of these nanoparticles is easy and well known. • They can be produced in large quantities

Disadvantages: They have high prices, approximately 10-20 € / Kg. Application: Paints and coatings Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Hectorite clays have the ability to thicken water and are widely used as rheological additives in waterborne coatings, inks, paper coatings. In other words, Hectorite clays are typically used in water based systems for emulsion stabilizing, gelling, suspending, binding, bodying and disintegrating. Excellent thixotropy for reducing sags and drips. Hectorites provide low shear viscosity and prevent settling. Barriers for the development: 1 - Market High production costs

III.3. Engines & Engine Components The nanomaterials for this domain of application are mainly metals or metal alloys (bulk materials) with improved properties due to a nanocrystalline structure. These materials could be utilised for structural applications as light weight materials. The second group of nanomaterials are nanoparticles or powders which could be applied for the improvement of the coating properties.

a) Barriers: • Production technologies of new innovations

• Light weight materials

• Improved temperature and corrosion resistance

• Improved combustion (for less fuel consumption)

• Tribology

b) Possible solution through nanomaterials: • The enhancement of certain mechanical properties (grain refinement, hardening

through the incorporation of dispersion)

• The modification of certain physical properties to gain improvements (ex. percolation threshold): ex. polymer conductors, ceramics, CMO fire resistance, very low radar or infrared signature.

• The possibility of new tribological coatings. Note Most of the nanomaterials found in this category are metals or metal alloys (bulk materials) with improved properties, due to its nanocrystaline structure. These nanomaterials are mainly used for structural applications as light weight materials. The other nanomaterales are mosty nanoparticles or nanopowders which are used to improve the coatings’ properties.

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c) Level of development of the nanomaterials in the Engines & Engine components sector

Figure 8: Expected time frame for the development of nanomaterials in the Engines & Engine components segment.

Only two nanomaterials (Al-Mg powders, carbide coatings) are available in the market so far. According to the experts’ opinion, boron nitride and the metal alloys (bulk material with nano-grains) will enter the market around 2011-2012.

d) Time frame of possible industrial applications in the Engines & Engine components sector

Table 3: Possible application sof nanomaterials in the Engines & Engine components segment, with a time perspective of short (0-2 years), mid (3-5 years) and long term (5-10 years).

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e) Cost comparison of the nanomaterials in the Engines & Engine components sector Material costs

Figure 9: Expected costs of nanomaterials within the Engines & Engine components category (2006-2015).

Market size

Figure 10: Expected market size of nanomaterials belonging to the Engines & Engine components category (2006-2015).

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f) Companies and institutes

g) List of the nanomaterials in the engines & engine components sector

1. Aluminium (Al) - transition metal alloys (Fe, Ni, Ti, Zr) - Nanocrystalline powders These are powders of conventional size, but with nanocrystalline or amorphous structure. This material is only made by spray atomisation. The powder can be consolidated to obtain bulk nanostructured shapes and used to produce structural material of high specific strenght Description of material properties which have been improved: The powders themselves: are suitable for consolidation using various techniques: sintering, forging etc. Powder metallurgy methods can be used to make any shape. They can be also used as starting material for various flame spray methods to produce coatings. The products made with the powders: Good mechanical properties, low density, elevated temperature strength and oxidation and corrosion resistance. Advantages: Lower sintering temperatures than conventional material. Uniform and fine structure of end products can be obtained. The final products: combination of light weight and strength as

Source: · The ECARE (European Communities Aeronautics REsearch) SME database

Low Pollutant EmissionsEuropean Aeronautical SMEs and Institutions Having Expressed the

Following Technological Requirements

Low-NOx com

bustors

Efficient combustion system

s

Engine exhaust gas emissions reduction

1 ACC LA JONCHERE X2 Aero & Industrial Technology Ltd X X X3 BGT - Bodenseewerk Gerätetechnik GmbH X4 Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.P.A X X5 G.S.E (Ground Support Equipment) X6 RAND Europe Berlin GmbH X X7 SIFCO X X

Total 4 5 3Low-NOx combustorsEfficient combustion systemsEngine exhaust gas emissions reduction

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well as oxidation resistance Disadvantages: The sintered material can be brittle because during sintring impurities are absorbed. Application: Starting material to sinter near net shapes of light, structural materials Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: The powders can be used as starting material to produce by various powder metalurgy methods near net shapes of strutural parts of engines or other contructions. The final product; Lighter and stronger materials, oxidation resistant Al-Ti alloys are attractive candidate materials for automotive and aerospace structural and engine applications Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Expensive equipment for production of nanopowders and compaction. Scale up of production: costs of equipment. As far as final products after compaction of powders: not enough research in questions of fatigue, machinability, etc. 2 - Market Cost/price level must be accepted by market. Advantages of the product must be convincing. It is likely such technology can be afforded in the first stage only by big companies working for aerospace or large automotive industry, or by small companies working on contracts for such industry. 3 - Regulatory As for application of new materials in transport industry – obtaining certificates, fatigue tests etc. 4 - Environmental impacts Not different than in standard powder metallurgy industry

2. Aluminium (Al), Magnesium (Mg) and Al-Mg alloys - Bulk material with nano-grains

These materials show a specific texture on the nanoscale and are characterised by high strength comparing to the traditional counterpart. They may display high superplasticity and their main fields are: light weight structural applications. Description of material properties which have been improved: • High specific strength: light weight and high strength. • High wear resistance. Advantages: The known advantages of Aluminium and Magnesia alloys are further strengthened: high strength at low weight. Disadvantages: It is difficult to combine the nano- structure with ductility. This requires very well controlled processes.

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Application: Structural material Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: • Light weight structural applications for aerospace, and automotive industry - commercial

and military. • High specific strenght • Complex form can be obtained with superplastic forming Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology High cost of powders and of method to induce the nanostructure by means of heavy plastic deformation. The nanostructure of the material is sensitive dependent on processing conditions. The uniformity and thermal stability of the structure is an issue. Ability to supply materials in a form or shape suitable for production of the final product. Thermal stability of the nanostructured Al and Al alloys may be an issue, what may limit the application temperature to about 200 °C. Corrosion resistance of Mg alloys is an issue. 2 - Market Cost/performance relationship must be accepted by market. Science orientation of researchers instead of customer and production orientation. New product/new market barrier. Appropriate choice of new applications. 3 - Regulatory As for application of new materials in structures – obtaining certificates, etc 4 - Environmental impacts Not different than all other aluminium and magnesium industry.

3. Aluminium (Al), Magnesium (Mg) and Al-Mg alloys - Nanocrystalline powders Powders to make of them light-weight, high-strength bulk materials with following properties: • Superplasticity at very high strain rates, increased hardness, ductility • Making light weight structures or make coatings by thermal spray Description of material properties which have been improved: It is possible to make by various powder metallurgy methods structure elements of light-weight and high-strength. It is also possible to make by thermal spraying coatings of high wear resistance. Advantages: Good mechanical properties at light weight. All advantages of aluminium alloys, but higher strenght and wear or corrosion resistance Disadvantages: Need to carefully control processing parameters. Low recrystalisation temperature limits the temperature of application. An oxide layer form on the powders. During sintering this leads to formation of oxide inclusions that may enhance brittleness. Application: Light weight structural applications Time scale for industrial use: Middle term (3-5 years)

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Description: Aerospace, construction, and automotive industry - commercial and military, details of complex form obtained with super plastic forming, joining elements, stringers, trimming elements of plane fuselage Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology High cost ofequipment for high volume production. The nanostructure of the material is sensitive dependent on processing conditions. Thermal stability of the nanostructured Al and Al alloys may be an issue, what may limit the application temperature to about 200oC. Not much work has been done in the field of fatigue properties of nanostructured materials produced by plastic deformation or mechanical alloying. Corrosion resistance of Mg alloys is an issue. Non sufficient hyrdrogen solubility. 2 - Market Production cost/price level must be acceptable. Science orientation of researchers instead of customer orientation. New product/new market barrier, appropriate choice of new applications. No hydrogen fuel market exists yet. 3 - Regulatory As for application of new materials in structures – obtaining certificates, fatigue tests, etc. 4 - Environmental impacts Not different from conventional materials.

4. Boron nitride (BN) - Bulk material with nano-grains Nanocomposites containing hexagonal nanosized BN exhibit improved fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance as well as an excellent strain tolerance. Description of material properties which have been improved: Nanocomposite containing hexagonal BN which undergoes microcracking upon cooling from processing temperatures exhibits improved fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance as well as an excellent strain tolerance. Advantages: ceramic composite materials with finer and more homogeneous microstructure, higher chemical and thermodynamic stabilities at higher temperatures and better mechanical properties Application: Thermal shock resistant engine components Time scale : Long term (6-10 years) Description: Nanocomposite containing hexagonal BN which undergoes microcracking upon cooling from processing temperatures exhibits improved fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance as well as an excellent strain tolerance. Barriers for the development: 4 - Environmental impacts The health effects of small nanoparticles entering the human body through pores and accumulating in the cells of the respiratory or other organ systems (for example, when also becoming dislodged through wear debris) are practically unknown.

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5. Carbides coatings and Related Materials Layers of binary compounds containing carbon as ligant. Mixing sp2 and sp3 bindings open up the opportunity to adjust the property of the coating. Description of material properties which have been improved: Hardness/ Wear resistance Carbidefilms and related materials show Vickers hardness from 2100 HV (TiN), 3500 HV (SiC).[Leiste1999] up to 5000 HV [Ye2003]. Friction By mixing sp2-bonds (low friction), and sp3-bonds (high hardness) the hardness and the tribological characteristics of carbon layers can be adjusted. Low friction can combined with high hardness. Other mechanical properties A further benefit is that these layers have a very good adhesion. This good adhesion for example on a surgery knife can be realise because the underlying layer is different in composition than the top layer, which could dominated by sp3-carbon and shows diamond like properties. Chemical inertness Some carbidefilms and related materials (TiB2) are corrosion resistant [Ye 2003]. These films can be use for electrochemical passivation and anticorrosion. [Interview Holleck 2004] Thermal stability The Melting point of carbidefilms and related materials covers a range from 2900 C° up to 3060 C° [Leiste1999] Advantages: The huge advantage of these carbon based nanofilms is that it is possible to adjust independently the hardness and tribolocical characteristic of the coating by combining elements and building up nanolaminates. As it is appropriate for the application dry lubrication or wet lubrication with low friction coefficient can adjust [BMBF 2003]. A further benefit is that these layers have a very good adhesion. This good adhesion, for example, on a surgery knife can be realised because the underlying layer is different in composition than the top layer, which could dominated by sp3-carbon and shows diamond like properties. Carbidefilms and related materials (TiB2) are corrosion resistant [Ye 2003] Dry lubrication or wet lubrication with low friction coefficient can adjust. Carbon based nanofilms can be sysnthesis by well known and widely established deposition techniques. These are physical vapour deposition (PVD) by radio frequency sputtering, or chemically enhanced PVD, or chemical vapour deposition (CVD), and physically enhanced CVD (PECVD). By variation of the ion bombardment during the sputter process, and other parameters of the process, the properties of the nanofilms can be defined. The deposition of the several layers for the nanolaminate can be done in one deposition process. These techniques can be performed at low temperatures. Therefore even substrates with low temperature resistance can be covered.

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Disadvantages: Not possible until now is the coating of hollow structures like drill holes, tubes from inside or caves. Applications:

• Coatings for dry lubrication Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: With carbide and related material based coatings the tribological properties can be reduced and adjused. Due to their properties (Very hard, wear resistant, temperature resistant, corrosion resistant, good adhesion, adjustable tribological properties) theses coatings can be used for a huge variety of other applications.

• Wear resistant coatings Time scale for industrial use: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Coatings from carbide and related materials are interesting for all kinds of workpieces, which should have a very hard surface like. Due to their properties (Very hard, wear resistant, temperature resistant, corrosion resistant, biocompatibility good adhesion, adjustable tribological properties) theses coatings can be used for a huge variety of other applications. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Especially the reproducible production of homogenous coatings on larger areas has to be developed.

6. Iron-Copper-Niobium-Silicon-Boron alloy (Fe-Cu-Nb-Si-B) - Bulk material with nano-grains

Modern magnetic material. Good soft magnetic properties: high saturation magnetic induction, very large magnetic permeability. Description of material properties which have been improved: Well-defined transverse magnetic structure and superior magnetic softness. Excellent soft magnetic properties: low magnetostriction, high permeability, coercivity Low cyclic magnetization losses and as rectangular a hysterisis cycle as possible Outstanding resistance to aging up to 150 °C Improvement in the magnetic properties which is produced by the relaxation treatment: a decrease in the coercive field, an increase in the maximum permeability and a greater ease in obtaining narrow hysteresis loops Improved heat stability compared with the amorphous alloy Advantages: Soft magnetic properties: high saturation magnetic induction, very large magnetic permeability Nanocrystalline tapes have a higher corrosion resistance than their amorphous counterpart Improvement in the magnetic properties which is produced by the relaxation treatment: a decrease in the coercive field, an increase in the maximum permeability and a greater ease in obtaining narrow loops Manufacturing reliability Greatly reduced sensitivity to mechanical stresses, thereby increasing the high-volume

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Disadvantages: Brittleness Application: Power supply system Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: The transductor regulators are advantageously used in motor vehicle voltage supplies, rail power supplies or in aircraft power supplies. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Technology although not ne is still being developed Not much experience on long time exploitation 2 - Market Production cost/price must be accepted by market New product/new market barrier, appropriate choice of new applications

7. Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) - Bulk material with nano-grains Silicon nitride bulk ceramics with homogeneous nanosized structure showing improved tribological properties Description of material properties which have been improved: Homogeneous nanosized microstructure Advantages: improved tribological properties (friction, wear coefficient) under dry slip-rolling friction Disadvantages: Powder and ceramic technology are more expensive than for conventional powders Application: Machine tool industry Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Ceramic bulk material made of nanosized silicon nitride offer the possibility to achieve very low friction coefficients without lubrication. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Expensive nano powders and technological route 2 - Market Market for nanosized non-oxide ceramics depends on the acceptance of structural non-oxide ceramics at all 3 - Environmental impacts The health effects of small nanoparticles entering the human body through pores and accumulating in the cells of the respiratory or other organ systems (for example, when also becoming dislodged through wear debris) are practically unknown.

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8. Titanium (Ti) - Bulk material with nano-grains Bulk nasnostructured material made by heavy plastic deformation. Thermally stable at temperatures up to 300 °C Light specific weight, good high temperature strength, good corrosion resistance, and biological compatibility Used in construction of implants Description of material properties which have been improved:

• Fine grained Ti reveals considerable increase in strenght. • Commercially pure titanium is chemically inert and biologically more compatible than

the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which is currently the material of choice for most medical implants.

• High strength/ specific weight ratio, good corrosion resistance, improved strength and fatigue

Advantages:

• Light specific weight, yield strength >900Mpa • Improved fatigue-limit • Good corrosion resistance

Disadvantages:

• Titanium: need for high purity material • Low technological plasticity at room temperature • Difficult machinability. • Reduced creep resistance: is thermally stable at temperatures up to 300°C. • High production costs

Application: Strong lightweight structure elements Time scale: Unspecified Description: Parts/components (structure elements) of airplanes, vehicles, spacecrafts springs for automotive applications. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology For materials produced by severe plastic deformation: high cost of the equipment for high volume production. Technology for large scale production – consistency and reliability in volume production. Ability to supply materials in a form or shape suitable for production of the final product. Not much work has been done in the field of fatigue properties of nanostructured materials produced by plastic deformation or mechanical alloying. 2 - Market Production cost/price level must fit into existing commercially prices. Scientific results orientation of research instead of customer orientation. New product/new market barrier, appropriate choice of new applications. This is rather a special market of very demanding applications. 3 - Regulatory As for application of new materials in structures – obtaining certificates, fatigue tests etc.

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9. Titanium [Ti] nanoparticles (amorphous) Titanium nanoparticles have a great strength to weight ratio, resistance to radiation, high temperature and wear, and good biocompatibility. Can be used in the aerospace industry, for implants and for hydrogen storage.

Description of material properties which have been improved: Amorphous titanium is a light material with high resistance to temperature and refractive index. Advantages:

Exceptionally high strength to weight ratio. Very good resistance to corrosion and oxidation. Advantage of the material for exposed applications is its resistance to discoloration

under UV light. It is easily fabricated

Disadvantages: Not found Applications: Strong lightweight materials Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Typically used in aerospace applications, Titanium is starting to be produced as nanopowder. Barriers for the development: 1 - Market The market for titanium nanoparticles is not yet significant in size; therefore, major companies don´t invest in larger scale production, and the cost is yet elevated. 2 - Environmental impacts Low order of toxicity. No environmental effects have been reported.

10. Titanium and Titanium-Aluminium (Ti-Al) alloys - Nanocrystalline powders Powders of Titanium aluminium alloy, with nano-structure. They can be consolidated into bulk parts with attractive high-temperature properties and high-specific strenght Description of material properties which have been improved: After conslolidation of the powders into bulk parts:

• High strength-to-density ratio, excellent creep resistance at elevated temperatures and good oxidation resistance

• Attractive high-temperature properties Advantages: Attractive high-temperature mechanical mproperties Disadvantages:

• Low ductility and toughness at ambient temperatures • Poor room-temperature ductility

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Applications: High temperature structural devices Time scale: Long term (6-10 years) Description:

• Airplane engines • Electrical power plants • Turbines

Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Ability to reproduce the same high quality product on large scale – consistency and reliability in volume production In the case of mechanical alloying, the problem is contamination of the powders with oxides. Ability to supply materials in a form or shape suitable for production of the final product. 2 - Market Production cost/price level must fit into existing commercially prices. Science orientation of researchers instead of customer orientation: not suffcient fattigue tests. New product/new market barrier, appropriate choice of new applications. 3 - Regulatory As for application of new materials in structures – obtaining certificates, fatigue tests etc

11. Titanium-Aluminium (Ti-Al) alloys - Bulk material with nano-grains Titanium - Aluminium alloys with a nanostructure produced by heavy plastic deformation which show an ultimate strength up to 1500 MPa. Description of material properties which have been improved:

• Ultimate tensile strength 1500 MPa • High hardness (6 GPa) • Superplasticity at elevated temperature • Good corrosion resistance • Relatively good ductility despite high strenght • Strenght reamins even at elevated temperatures

Advantages: High specific strenght. For proper production conditions may have relatively good ductility. Disadvantages:

• High superplastic deformation temperature • Thermal instability at high temperatures • Low room temperature ductility • Needs very well controlled processing.

Applications:

• Strong lightweight body parts Time scale for industrial use: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: - body parts - light weight plates - Motor parts

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• High energy power generators Time scale for industrial use: Long term (6-10 years) Description: - airplane engines - electrical power plants - turbines Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology For materials produced by severe plastic deformation: high cost of the equipment for high volume production. Ability to reproduce the same high quality product on large scale – consistency and reliability in volume production. In the case of mechanical alloying, the problem is contamination of the powders with oxides, and then consolidation of the powders into bulk materials. The oxides may cause brittleness and also porosity of the product. Ability to supply materials in a form or shape suitable for production of the final product. Not much work has been done in the filed of fatigue properties of nanostructured materials produced by plastic deformation or mechanical alloying. 2 - Market Production cost/price level must fit into existing commercially prices. Science orientation instead of customer orientation. New product/new market barrier, appropriate choice of new applications. This is rather a special market of very demanding applications. 3 - Regulatory As for application of new materials in structures – obtaining certificates, fatigue tests etc.

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III.4. Electrical / Electronic Components & Hardware

This category only considers a limited number of possible applications in the frame of this report, due to the fact that the domain of nanoelectronics is a sector for itself. Technology roadmaps were already developed specifically for this sector.1 In this category the applications of nanomaterials are constrained to visualization and display systems, sensor integration, electronics for on-board systems and electrical cables.

a) Barriers: • Reliability of integrated electronic systems. • Performance of navigations, guidance and control systems. • Efficiency of security screening machines.

b) Level of development of the nanomaterials in the Electrical / Electronic components & Hardware sector

Figure 11: Expeted time frame for the development of nanomaterials in the Electrical / Electronic Components & Hardware segment.

1 R. Compaño, “Technology Roadmap for Nanoelectronics”, European Comission, ISB 92-894-0170-2, and “Vision 2020 Nanoelectronics”, European Nanoelectronics Initiative Council, www.cordis.europa.eu.int/ist/eniac

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c) Time frame of possible industrial applications in the Electrical / Electronic components & Hardware sector.

Table 4: Possible application sof nanomaterials in the Electrical / Electronic Components & Hardware segment, with a time perspective of short (0-2 years), mid (3-5 years) and long term (5-10 years).

d) Cost comparison of nanomaterials in the Electrical/Electronic components & Hardware sector Material costs

Figure 12: Expected costs of nanomaterials within the Electrical / Electronic Components & Hardware category (2006-2015).

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Market size

Figure 13: Expected market size of nanomaterials belonging to the Electrical / Electronic Components & Hardware category (2006-2015).

e) List of the nanomaterials in the electrical/electronic components sector

1. Carbon Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are tubes consisting of a rolled up mesh like configuration of carbon atoms. The geometry of the rolled graphite sheets affects their properties. They can have an “armchair” configuration with metallic properties. The alternative “zig-zag” chiral configuration has semi-conducting properties. The tubes have diameters of 1-2 nm and lengths of up to several micrometers. Single walled carbon nanotubes consist of a single rolled graphite sheet. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes consist of several nanotubes rolled around each other. Description of material properties which have been improved: Conductivitiy The current carrying capacity is estimated to 1 billion amps per square centimetre [Collins 2000] Thermal stability Nanotubes resist temperatures up to 2800 °C in vacuum and 750 °C in air [Collins 2000] Thermal conductivitiy The show a huge thermal conductivity, which is predicted to be high as 6000 watts per meter per Kelvin at roomtemperature[Collins 2000]. Advantages: The combination of the high aspect ration together with their conductivity and their thermal stability make them a good candidate for new display technologies and cold cathode for SEM could be realized with Carbon Nanotubes. Cathodoluminescence could be achieved at low Voltages of 1 to 3 V [Bonard 2002, Collins 2000]. The high conductivity of metallic CNT make them interesting for the application for current transportation in mico-dimension for microchips or in macro-dimensions for low loss energy transportation through electronic wires [Smalley 2003]. Due to their huge thermal conductivity they are interesting for fillers for chip-packaging [Collins 2000].

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Disadvantages: The main obstacle for a broader use of CNT is the extremely high cost. It is about 150 Euro per gram for SWCNT. [Luther 2004] It is difficult to produce pure Nanotubs of a specific constitution (length, metal-like, semiconducting, isolating, SWNT, MWNT), or to separate them from each other. [Krupke 2004, Haddon 2004] There is an ongoing need for a more thorough understanding of growth mechanisms for a selective and uniform production of carbon nanotubes with specific dimensions and physical properties. The toxicity in combination with their chemical inertness could be a problem [Lam 2004] Their strong fibrous nature may result in similar health risk to asbestos fibres. If elements such as iron from catalysts in the production process are present there is the possibility that the nanotubes may have free-radical releasing, pro-inflamatory properties. [Royal Academy 2004]. The extraordinary properties belong to the single nanotubes. Not solved until now is the question how to transform these properties like thermal conductivity, or strength to bulk material. Applications: Field Emission Display (FED) Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Samsung demonstrated a working carbon nanotube display prototype in 1999, and has almost completed the development of a field emission display (FED) with a 30-inch diagonal screen, according to a Korea Times report. The report said that Japan's government-backed New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) is likely to spend more than $5 million on FED projects in 2004 in an attempt to wrest leadership of display technology back from South Korea. (www.physorg.com)

2. Core shell nanoparticle This type of nanoparticle consists of a core surrounded by one or more shells. The core can consist of an inorganic particle or of a magnetic particle below 100 nm in diameter. The shell can consist of a metal or of an organic material. Properties which are improved may include electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Applications include diagnostics in life sciences, biomedical and food, coatings and paints, electronic equipment, catalysts, biocides and nanotextiles. Advantages: Massive enhancement in Raman scattering (1014th) leading to a 1000 x higher fluorescence than conventional fluorescent dies. In biomarkers you can attach it to a piece of DNA or oligomer that you want to make visible. (K. Matthews, 2005) Application:

• Electrically insulating coatings Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description:

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A nanoparticle of core-shell type comprises an organic polymer core particle, with a silsesquioxane prepolymer with hydroxyl, methoxy, and ethoxy end groups surrounding it. The nanoparticle can advantageously work as a pore formation material for evenly forming a pore having a size (diameter) of less than 10 nm inside the silsesquioxane polymer material due to its high compatibility with a silicate polymer. This may result in a silsesquioxane insulation film with an ultra-low dielectric constant. Therefore, according to embodiments of the present invention, a silsesquioxane polymer insulation film with minute pores inside can be variously applied as an insulation material for semi-conductors and electronic parts due to its high dielectric rate and much improved insulation. (patent nr WO2005100426)

• Gas sensors Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Iron Oxide-zink Oxide core shell nanorods can be applied in combustible gas sensors, possibly for automotive and aerospace applications (Shufeng Si et al, 2006). Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Demonstration is needed 2 - Market Get market acceptance 3 - Regulatory For clinical diagnostics: pass regulatory process

3. Hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticles The material consists of silica particles which are treated to be water repellent (hydrophobic) in stead of water attracting (hydrophilic). The material's fluidic properties are improved. It can be applied in paints and coatings, lubricants and other materials for aeronautics, automotive, cosmetics, medical implants, dentistry, furniture, machine tools, filtration, textiles, foams and toner. Description of material properties which have been improved: This material gives the same tixotropic and shear thinning behaviour to liquids as does the untreated fumed silica. However, the time required to reform adequate structure to generate the same viscosity or amount of sag resistance after shearing is longer. (Tixotropy means its viscosity diminishes by the action and duration of an applied effort, when cease it the viscosity returns to its initial state.) This material does not thicken liquid systems by hydrogen bonding, as do the untreated fumed silica. Rather, it relies on the interaction of its modified surface chemistry with the liquid system. The material is extremely hydrophobic: It does not effectively thicken by hydrogen bonding like hydrophilic silica (untreated fumed silica) Low moisture content; Low viscosity Advantages:

• The material is reinforcing filler for elastomers. Its full surface treatment gives a low viscosity and its high surface area provides reinforcement properties such as tear strength.

The material can function as an anti-settling agent in coatings.

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As a free flow agent, the material can be combined with the potential to enhance the charging properties of a powder. With its reduced thickening potential, it will not raise the viscosity of the system. Its reduced thickening potential is attractive in high solids systems. It reduces the water permeability of a coating. Disadvantages: Not identified. Applications: Cable gel Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: The nanoparticles are included as thickening agent. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology The material is not an effective thickening agent in most systems.

4. Indium Phosphide [InP] thin films Highly amorphous Indium Phosphide thin films obtained from nanostructured particles or wires with enhanced semiconductivity and photoelectric properties than the crystalline InP. It can be used in solar energy conversion applications and circuitry. Description of material properties which have been improved: Semiconductor with enhanced photoelectric properties compared to its non-amorphous counterpart. Advantages: -Due to their good properties they offer advantages for space applications -Improved power/weight ratios -Better radiation resistances compared to silicon solar cells Disadvantages: -Can be toxic to the environment -Expensive to produce Applications: Electronic devices Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: As a semiconductor, many electronic devices can be fabricated with it. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Cost may still be reduced by using the cells in concentrator systems. 2 - Market Can be too expensive to produce. 3 - Environmental impacts Contain toxic and not very abundant elements.

5. Iron alloys with transition metal, Fe+(Co, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zr) - Nanocrystalline powders

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Powders of iron alloys with transition metal (Co, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zr) with particle size less than 100 nm. Produced by electrothermal gun synthesis or mechanical alloying and used e.g. as a starting material for powder metallurgy or as a soft magnetic material. Description of material properties which have been improved: Superior good soft magnetic properties (ferromagnetic properties) after compaction into bulk material: Advantages:

• Bulk materials made from these nanocrystalline powders: Good squareness without the addition of copper.

• Excellent soft ferromagnetic properties, retained when the overall grain size in the nanoparticles was in the 10 to 20 nm range. Pure Fe-Co alloys are highly conductive.

• Dissolution of Co in the Fe matrix induces a large positive magnetic anisotropy and enhances the coercive force

Disadvantages: Composition must be precisely tuned. Powders must be compacted into bulk devices without grain growth which leads to loss of nanocrystalline structure. Applications: Energy transmission Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Powders can be consolidated into: Transformers, Magnets, Magnetic amplifiers Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Ability to reproduce the same high quality product on large scale – consistency and reliability in volume production. In the case of mechanical alloying, the problem is contamination of the powders with oxides, and then consolidation of the powders into bulk materials. The oxides may cause brittleness and also porosity of the product. Shape / size of the product, for large transformers 2 - Market Production cost/price level must fit into existing commercially prices New product/new market barrier, appropriate choice of new applications

6. Iron-Copper-Niobium-Silicon-Boron alloy (Fe-Cu-Nb-Si-B) - Bulk material with nano-grains

This alloy is a modern magnetic material. Good soft magnetic properties: high saturation magnetic induction, very large magnetic permeability. Description of material properties which have been improved:

• Well-defined transverse magnetic structure and superior magnetic softness. • Excellent soft magnetic properties: low magnetostriction, high permeability, low

coercivity. • Low cyclic magnetization losses and as rectangular a hysterisis cycle as possible. • Outstanding resistance to aging up to 150 °C. • Improvement in the magnetic properties which is produced by the relaxation

treatment: a decrease in the coercive field, an increase in the maximum permeability and a greater ease in obtaining narrow hysteresis loops.

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• Improved heat stability compared with the amorphous alloy. Advantages:

• High squareness – enabling good regulation behaviour. • Very high induction swing – high magnetic flux in small core sizes. • Extended temperature range up to 120 °C. • Low coercivity – enabling small reset currents. • Low core losses – for operation at high frequencies. • Reduction of weight, volume and cost. • Nanocrystalline tapes have a higher corrosion resistance than their amorphous

counterpart. Disadvantages: Brittleness Applications:

• Power supply system Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: The inventive transductor regulators are particularly advantageously used in motor vehicle voltage supplies, rail power supplies or in aircraft power supplies

• Soft magnetic materials, cores Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description:

- Toric magnetic cores, - Soft magnetic cores for common-mode choke coil, a pulse transformer, an circuit

Breakers, SMPS (switched mode power supply) - Magnetic cores for an AC-class residual current circuit breaker, current

transformer and differential circuit breakers - Magnetic core (of transductor regulator) - Core blanks - Magnetic sensors

Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Technology although not ne is still being developed Not much experience on long time exploitation 2 - Market Production cost/price must be accepted by market New product/new market barrier, appropriate choice of new applications

7. Methoxy-ethylhexyloxy–poly-para-phenylen-vinylene / fullerene (MEH-PPV / C60) nanostructured films

Polymer nanoparticles films which can be highly uniform with good optical and electrical properties. The film thickness and the light absorption and emision will depend strongly on the film formation process. They can be used in light-emitting devices and photocells. Description of material properties which have been improved: Its solubility makes possible to form uniform films on appropriate substrates through low-cost processes such as spin-coating, electrophoretic deposition and printing technology. The diameters of the nanoparticles in the films are in the range of 100-200 nm.

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Advantages: -The electroluminiscent devices from the nanostructured polymer. -They are free from macroscopic pinholes wich hinder the electronic applications such as electroluminiscent and photovoltaic devices. Disadvantages: -Device performance using conjugated polymers strongly depends on the microscopic structure of the polymer film. Applications: Light-emitting device and photocells Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Nanostructured polymer film for electronic devices and photocells sensitive pods. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Not completely stable colloidal suspension of C60 during the electrophoretic deposition. 2 - Market Not yet fully developed. 3 - Regulatory Fullerene presents serious health and environmental hazards, regulations are in study. 4 - Environmental impacts Effects of small nanoparticles entering the human body and accumulating in the cells of the respiratory or other organ systems are yet unknown.

8. Poly(3-octadecylthiophene) (PAT 18) nanostructured films Polymer thin films or coatings sensitive to light formed by nanoparticles of 100 nm with good optical and electrical properties. Can be used for light emitting devices, photocells and field-effect transistors. Description of material properties which have been improved: Polymer thin films consisting of particles with a diameter of ca. 100 nm., with a highly nanostructured surface. Advantages: -The solubility of conjugated polymers makes it possible to be processed into thin solid films through simple and cheap techniques such as spin-coating, ink-jet printing and electrophoretic deposition (the ink-jet printing technology is closed to achieving the industrial production of full-colour polymer light-emitting displays). Disadvantages: -A dilute solution has to be used when thin films with sub-micron thickness are required. -The spin-coating technique is incompatible with pattering. Applications: Photocells and field-effect transistors. Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description:

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For applications in electronics and displays. It can fuction as electrical sensitive layer for the photocells. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology No optimal post-deposition process has been investigated. 2 - Market Nanoporosity of the polymer film prevents a uniform emission. 3 - Regulatory Safety regulation for new materials in electrical applications. 4 - Environmental impacts Effects of small nanoparticles entering the human body and accumulating in the cells of the respiratory or other organ systems are yet unknown.

9. Poly(9,9´-dioctylfluorene-co-bithiophene) (F8T2) nanolayers Highly stable copolymer nanolayer, surface treated with a metal oxide with good electrical and optical properties, used for a reasonably efficient solar energy conversion and transitors. Description of material properties which have been improved: Promising material combinations for reasonably efficient solar energy conversion. Advantages: -High stabiltity -Reasonable electronic conductivity and control of the nanostructured morphology Disadvantages: -The power conversion efficiency is limited by a poor fill factor, wich is attributed to an energy barrier at the polymer/metal interface (the best cell is made with reduced layer thickness and increased surface and offers an external quantum efficiency of 11.5%) Applications: Thin film transistor Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: The electroconductive material properties are used to make the thin film transistor substrate for use in display devices. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Slow recombination of F8T2 and TiO2, needed additional processing steps and aditional surface treatment. 2 - Market Low cost but limited power conversion efficiency caused by a poor fill factor. 3 - Regulatory Safety regulation for applications of new materials in energy and electricity. 4 - Environmental impacts

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Low energy efficiency.

10. Poly(alkylbenzene)-Poly(diene) (PAB-PDM) nanoparticles Polymer nanoparticles thermally stable, biocompatible and biodegradable with good chemical and mechanical properties. Can be used to form larger structures for aeronautic, automotive and drug delivery applications. Description of material properties which have been improved: Generate high moldability and tenacity rubbers. Advantages: -Discrete particles are thermally stable and can disperse evenly throughout the matrix providing a uniform composition. Disadvantages: -Production of nano-strings is not a totally reliable process. Applications: Quantum computers and dots Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: It can be used in the circuitry for computers. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Difficult to make reliable process capable of producing acceptable nano-strings. 2 - Market Only medium market size. 3 - Regulatory More biocompatibility studies should be done before use in human medical systems. 4 - Environmental impacts Effects of small nanoparticles entering the human body and accumulating in the cells of the respiratory or other organ systems are yet unknown.

11. Poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] (SEBS) nanocoatings Polymer nanolayers with an amorphous polyethylene-butadiene (PEB) matrix reinforced by a net of glassy polystyrene (PS) with high wear and shear stress stability and good tribological properties. It can be used in lubrication coatings of MEMS devices. Description of material properties which have been improved: Self assembled monolayer that possesses a rubber-like, amorphous polyethylene-butadiene (PEB) matrix reinforced by a net of glassy polystyrene (PS) nanodomains chemically connected to the matrix and interconnected with each other. It has good microtribological properties and high stabiltity under shear stress. Advantages: -Block copolymers are capable of spontaneously forming supramolecular structures with super elastic micromechanical properties and excellent wear stability.

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-They possess very low friction coefficient, modest adhesion, low stiction and superior wear stability compared with other, non-structured, non-tethered, or non-reinforced organic molecular lubrication coatings. Disadvantages: -Redistribution of the fluid lubricant materials occurs on surface with complex topography. Applications: Lubrication coatings of silicon-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Lubrication layers from the functionalized tri-block copolymer with enhanced microtribological properties and much higher stabiltity under shear stresses than conventional molecular lubricants coating. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Redistribution of the lubricant on complex surfaces in ultrathin polymer layers should be avoided. 2 - Market Not yet developed. 3 - Regulatory No biocompatibility test have been found. 4 - Environmental impacts Not indentified.

12. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanostructures Nanostructured polymers and polymer nanomembranes with a controlled band gap and good diffussion and electrical properties. They can be used for the design of semiconductors, photovoltaics, sensors, and filters. Description of material properties which have been improved: Its band gap can be modified with its nanostructure and it is possible to make nanostructured membranes for the diffusion of same substances. Advantages: -Good control of the conductivity´s band gap for photovoltaics applications, nanoelectronic, nanochips, super capacitors etc. -It is possible to design membranes for specific applications and special filters for separation process across the nanostructured surfaces. Disadvantages: -High cost of the membranes and no industrial fabrication for the nanosurfaces (can only be fabricated manually). Applications: Field emission arrays Time scale: Unspecified Description: It can cast electrons under an electric field and be used for field emission devices such flash memory or electronic microscopes.

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Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology High cost of the machinery necessary for the fabrication of the nanosurfaces for nanoelectronical applications and nanomembranes. 2 - Market High cost of membranes due to the lack of an industrial fabrication method (fabrication of PAN thin films using self-assembly, template polymerization and bulk polymerization are currently under investigation). 3 - Regulatory More biocompatibility studies necessary before use in drug delivery systems. 4 - Environmental impacts Toxic gases produced during pyrolysis.

13. Silicon [Si] nanopowders and nanowires Highly amorphous silicon nanopowders and nanowires with high refractive index and typical semiconductor properties. Can be used for solar cells, light emitters and various high refractive-index applications. Description of material properties which have been improved: Silicon and its many compounds have some of the most useful optical properties. The growth of thin Si nanowires is attributed to the low reaction temperature. Advantages: -Low heat of vaporization and smooth, silky feel make them especially attractive for use in personal care products. -Amorphous silicon based solar cells are much cheaper to manufacture compared to the monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon. Disadvantages: -Low radiation resistance decreasing it´s efficiency. Applications:Transitors Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Silicon currently used in the computers market can enhance some properties making its nanostructure amorphous. Aeronautic and automotive industry may benefit from it as well. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology The efficiency in solar cells decreases after short periods of exposition to the sunlight. 2 - Market In integrated circuits using silicon technology, power consumption is too high. 3 - Environmental impacts Inert material that seems to have little adverse effect on lungs and does not appear to produce significant organic disease or toxic effects when exposures are kept under reasonable control.

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14. Yttrium Oxide [Y2O3] nanopowders Amorphous Yttrium Oxide nanoparticles, with dielectric properties, resistence to high temperatures and transparency to infrared. They can be used to form protection coatings for electronic devices. Description of material properties which have been improved: Properties are enhanced by suppressing grain growth. Advantages: - The high infrarred transmission (from 1 to 8 microns wavelength), together with good resistance to erosion and thermal shock, makes it ideal for protection domes for infrarred sensors. - Good sinterability of Y2O3 nanopowder due to lack of agglomeration. - The electrical leakage of amorphous Y2O3 films was found to be approximately 6 orders of magnitude better than SiO2 and to display superior thermal stability. Disadvantages: - Hard to handle due to settling of beads. Applications:

• Protective coating for superconductive cable Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: An outer surface of a superconducting thin film is protected with a protective layer which is composed of amorphous inorganic material such as Yttrium Oxide.

• TV and PC screens Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: High purity Yttrium Oxides are the most important materials for tri-bans Rare Earth phosphors which give the red colour in televisions and computer screens. Barriers for the development: 1 - Regulatory The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for yttrium and its compounds is 1 mg per cubic meter of air as an 8-hour time-weigthed average (TWA) concentration. 4 - Environmental impacts Yttrium is considered a non-toxic substance. No ecological problems are expected from appropiate usage.

15. Zinc oxide (ZnO) - nanostructures (nanowires, quantum dots) Zinc oxide nanowires with diameters in the range of 30-300 nm can be produced due to self assembling by new growth processes e.g. laser deposition or molecular beam epitaxy. Description of material properties which have been improved:

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- due to the reduced dimensionality of the nanostructures the conductivity (doping) and therfore the light emitting properties are improved compared to bulk material. Advantages: - Zinc oxide nanostructures are an alternative material instead of GaN for the optoelectronics and the production of blue LEDs. - Better technological handling than GaN. Disadvantages: - Production process. Applications: Blue LED Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Blue LEDs (light emitting diodes) based on zinc oxide nanowires/nanostructures are more efficient light sources than conventional ones and therefore one could save energy. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology - Homogeneous, high and stable p-doping; - Production process;

f) Companies and institutes

Source: www.aerosme.com (SEARCH FOR 'Product Category = Electrical & Electronic Components & Hardware' 76 records found)

• Palbam Metal Works

• A & I Accessory Ltd

• Acal Nederland BV

• Acal Nederland BV

• ADENEO

• ADVANCARE,S.L.

• Aero Stanrew Limited

• Aerodata AG

• AEROSTAR S.A.

• AEZI

• Alcatel ETCA

• ARTUS

• ASe S.p.A.

• ATCT Ltd.

• Aurelia Microelettronica S.p.A.

• Autoflug GmbH

• Autoflug Steuerungs- und SensorTechnik GmbH

• AYESAS

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• Barco Manufacturing Services

• CC Systems AB

• COMBIMAC BV

• Danish Aerotech A/S

• D'Appolonia

• Data Respons ASA

• D-Lightsys

• Elektro-Metall Paks KFT

• ELION

• ENTRAK Energie- und Antriebstechnik GmbH & Co. KG

• Etchform Precision Etching & Electroforming bv

• Excel (Electronic) Assemblies Ltd

• Fox Bit S.r.l.

• Fundacion Robotiker

• Gerard Daniel Worldwide Ltd

• Grupo Interlab SA

• Harmonic Drive AG

• HI-G Italia s.r.l.

• HS Elektronik Systeme GmbH

• IGG Component Technology Ltd

• IMT srl

• INDUSTRIA

• INTRAMET

• JDR Cable Systems

• Kayser Italia SRL

• Kayser-Threde

• LEO

• Leuveco Technische Handelsonderneming B.V.

• m.u.t Aviation-Technology GmbH

• NavSys AS

• NEC

• New Electronics

• Nexans Harnesses

• Omnisys

• Para Tech Coating Scandinavia AB

• PRESTEL ELETTRONICA SRL

• QWED Sp. z o.o.

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• Radeberger Hybridelektronik GmbH

• ROBOTIKER-TECNALIA

• Rücker Iberica S.L.

• SAFT

• Sergem Engineering BV

• Siegert electronic GmbH

• Smiths Aerospace Actuation Systems

• Somacis PCB Industries SpA

• SPOT HITEC

• SYGEO

• TDM Ingenierie

• Technopuce S.A.

• tekever

• THALES ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS SA

• Transelectrica

• Tunewell Technology Ltd

• turnAtec GbR

• U.T.R.I. Srl

• Umicore

• UNIS, spol s r.o.

• Verolme Elektra BV

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III.5. Others All applications of nanomaterials in other aeronautic areas as those mentioned above are listed in this category. The applications of the nanomaterials are manifold like space elevator, lubricants, filters, MEMS or sensors etc. and therefor it is impossible to give common “barriers” and “solutions through nanomaterials” like in the chapters before.

a) Level of development of the nanomaterials in other aeronautic sectors

Figure 14: Expeted time frame for the development of nanomaterials in the Others segment.

b) Time frame of possible industrial applications of the nanomaterials in other aeronautic sectors

Table 5: Possible application sof nanomaterials in the Others segment, with a time perspective of short (0-2 years), mid (3-5 years) and long term (5-10 years).

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c) Cost comparison of the nanomaterials in other aeronautic sectors • Material costs:

Figure 15: Expected costs of nanomaterials within the Others category (2006-2015).

• Market size:

Figure 16: Expected market size of nanomaterials belonging to the Others category (2006-2015).

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d) List of the nanomaterials in Other aeronautic sector

1. Carbon Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are tubes consisting of a rolled up mesh like configuration of carbon atoms. Description of material properties which have been improved: Hardness Nanotubes show a strengthness up to 45 billion pascals [Collins 2000] and a hight resilience. Density Nanotubes have a low density of 1,3 to 1,4 g/cm3 [Collins 2000] Other mechanical properties Nanotubes have an extraordinary high aspect ratio. The tubes have diameters of 1-2 nm and lengths of up to several micrometers. Conductivitiy The current carrying capacity is estimated to 1 billion amps per square centimetre [Collins 2000] Thermal stability Nanotubes resist temperatures up to 2800 °C in vacuum and 750 °C in air [Collins 2000] Thermal conductivitiy The show a huge thermal conductivity, which is predicted to be high as 6000 watts per meter per Kelvin at room temperature[Collins 2000]. Inertness The surfaces of nanotubes are inert. Chemical reactions for example for functionalisation could perform at the edges. Absorption: By functionalisation it is assumed that high absorption coefficients wavelength at present not acceccable could realize [Interview Krupke 2004]. Advantages: Their hardness in combination with their resilience they could enhance the strength of compound materials. Disadvantages:

• The main obstacle for a broader use of CNT is the extremely high cost. It is about 150 Euro per gram for SWCNT. [Luther 2004]

• It is difficult to produce pure Nanotubs of a specific constitution (length, metal-like, semiconducting, isolating, SWNT, MWNT), or to separate them from each other. [Krupke 2004, Haddon 2004].

• There is an ongoing need for a more thorough understanding of growth mechanisms for a selective and uniform production of carbon nanotubes with specific dimensions and physical properties.

• The toxicity in combination with their chemical inertness could be a problem [Lam 2004]

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• Their strong fibrous nature may result in similar health risk to asbestos fibres. If elements such as iron from catalysts in the production process are present there is the possibility that the nanotubes may have free-radical releasing, pro-inflamatory properties. [Royal Academy 2004].

The extraordinary properties belong to the single nanotubes. Not solved until now is the question how to transform these properties like thermal conductivity, or strength to bulk material. Applications: Space elevator Time scale: Unspecified Description: Carbon nanotubes are the only known material which could be used for the string for the space elevator concept. [Smitherman 2000].

2. Hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticles The material consists of silica particles which are treated to be water repellent (hydrophobic) in stead of water attracting (hydrophilic). The material's fluidic properties are improved. It can be applied in paints and coatings, lubricants and other materials for aeronautics, automotive, cosmetics, medical implants, dentistry, furniture, machine tools, filtration, textiles, foams and toner. Description of material properties which have been improved: This material gives the same tixotropic and shear thinning behaviour to liquids as does the untreated fumed silica. However, the time required to reform adequate structure to generate the same viscosity or amount of sag resistance after shearing is longer. (Tixotropy means its viscosity diminishes by the action and duration of an applied effort, when cease it the viscosity returns to its initial state.) This material does not thicken liquid systems by hydrogen bonding, as do the untreated fumed silica. Rather, it relies on the interaction of its modified surface chemistry with the liquid system. The material is extremely hydrophobic: It does not effectively thicken by hydrogen bonding like hydrophilic silica (untreated fumed silica) Low moisture content; Low viscosity Advantages: The material is reinforcing filler for elastomers. Its full surface treatment gives a low viscosity and its high surface area provides reinforcement properties such as tear strength. The material can function as an anti-settling agent in coatings. As a free flow agent, the material can be combined with the potential to enhance the charging properties of a powder. With its reduced thickening potential, it will not raise the viscosity of the system. Its reduced thickening potential is attractive in high solids systems. It reduces the water permeability of a coating. Disadvantages: It is very efficient as anti-settling agent Applications: Silicone rubber Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: The nanoparticles are included as thickening agent.

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Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology The material is not an effective thickening agent in most systems.

3. Metal ceramic nano nanocomposite (coating) This type of nanocomposite coating consists of highly dispersed metal and ceramic nanoparticles. Metal and ceramic both make up a considerable share of the material volume. Dielectric properties are mainly improved at the moment. Biocompatibility, Piezoelectricity, Fracture Toughness, thermal conductivity and wear resistance can also be improved in the future. Applications include coatings for aeronautics, automotive, energy, medical implants, construction, machine tools, catalysts and foams. Description of material properties which have been improved:

• Wear. • Resistant to heat treatment.

Advantages:

• A metal ceramic coating sticks better to metal than normal ceramics. • Incorporating nanoparticles as lubricants in implants give lower wear. The

abovementioned properties are improved. • Fracture toughness is expected to be improved.

Disadvantages: It is difficult to distribute the nanoparticles properly over the surface. The material is still hard to handle, the particles tend to cluster together. Applications: Lubricants Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Incorporating nanoparticles as lubricants in implants give lower wear. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology How to control the dispersion of the nanoparticles in the material. Now the composite is mainly used in bulk. We need to find a technique that keeps the nanoparticles in the cluster form in thin layers. This is a topic we are working on now. One solution may be spin coating to deposit the thin layer. We are looking for other techniques. These other techniques are in the technology invention phase. 2 - Market Societal response to nanoparticles. People may be afraid of what they don’t understand. 3 - Regulatory No problems expected. 4 - Environmental impacts No problems foreseen.

4. Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) - Bulk material with nano-grains These bulk Nickel-Titanium alloys, made by various methods of severe plastic deformation, have a nanocrystalline microstructure (nanosized grains). Therefore this material possesses a higher strength than conventional shape memory alloys.

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Its main advantage is high strenght, while still with some ductility, corrosion resistance, and enhanced shape memory effects Description of material properties which have been improved:

• Strength and plasticity. • Shape memory. • Single and multiple thermoreversibility. • High reliability. • Mechanothermal. • Thermocyclic. • Mechanocyclic endurance. • Weldability. • Corrosion resistance. • Biological compatibility

Advantages:

• Unique shape memory effects. • Superelasticity, • Corrosion resistance. • Biological compatibility.

Disadvantages: Not clear the temperature of practical applications - long term use. Addional reseach needed. Application: MEMS Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: - Micro-electrical systems (MEMS) components - Microactuator and microsensor applications, for instance, micro-valves, micro-grippers, artificial muscle actuators. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology For materials produced by severe plastic deformation: high cost of the equipment for high volume production. Ability to reproduce the same high quality product on large scale – consistency and reliability in volume production. Ability to supply materials in a form or shape suitable for production of the final product. Not much work has been done in the field of fatigue properties of nanostructured materials produced by plastic deformation or mechanical alloying. 2 - Market Reasonable cost. Scientific results orientation of research instead of customer and market orientation. New product/new market barrier, appropriate choice of new applications. 3 - Regulatory As for application of new materials in structures – obtaining certificates, fatigue tests etc.

5. Poly(octadecylsiloxane) (PODS) nanolayers Polymer nanolayers or nanostructures formed by nanoparticles of a controlled size around 100 nm with good optical, electrical and thermal properties, used for energy storage and energy generation, electronical devices and displays.

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Description of material properties which have been improved: They provide a viable approach for the fabrication of electron transfer and charge storage devices, also applicable obtaining a better control over the construction of composite and core/shell type nanoparticles. Advantages: -Better control of the nanoparticle growth is achieved in nanostructured polymeric matrices. -Viable approach for the fabrication of electron transfer and charge storage devices. -Precise and versatile electrodepositions. -Better control over the construction of composite and core/shell type nanoparticles. Disadvantages: -The lack of functional groups in this polymer limits the degree of metallation. Applications:

• Batteries and photovoltaics. Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: It can store energy and be used as light sensitive part for photovoltaics or sensors.

• Displays, diodes Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: For electronical and electrical applications as lighting material. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Manual production leads to a high cost of the technology, and there are no other processes solutions. 2 - Market No competitive prices. 3 - Regulatory Safety regulation for new materials used in electronic applications.

6. Poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (PTFP) nanofibers Polymer highly water repelent nanofibers scaffolds simillar to the extra cellurar matrix, soluble in organic solvents and very flexible with good chemical and diffusion properties, used for genomics, implants amd textile applications. Description of material properties which have been improved: Flexibility and adaptability for applications needing high surface area of the nanofiber matrix (oxygen permeability). The structure and morphology of non woven nanofibers materials closely match the structure of extra cellular matrix, the natural abode of cells. Also as a novel wound dressing and a haemostatic devices. Advantages: -Flexible film or fibre forming polymer.

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-Soluble in organic solvents. Disadvantages: -Highly water repellent due to the presence of floriated side groups. Applications: Filter Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Filters and membranes with pores that can separate small particles from big particles. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Scaffolding and tissue generation may become quite a complex technology. 2 - Market Not yet in the market. 3 - Regulatory More biocompatibility tests need to be done before use in biomedicine. 4 - Environmental impacts Non-toxic degradation

7. Poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] (SEBS) nanocoatings Polymer nanolayers with an amorphous polyethylene-butadiene (PEB) matrix reinforced by a net of glassy polystyrene (PS) with high wear and shear stress stability and good tribological properties. It can be used in lubrication coatings of MEMS devices. Description of material properties which have been improved: Self assembled monolayer that possesses a rubber-like, amorphous polyethylene-butadiene (PEB) matrix reinforced by a net of glassy polystyrene (PS) nanodomains chemically connected to the matrix and interconnected with each other. It has good microtribological properties and high stabiltity under shear stress. Advantages: -Block copolymers are capable of spontaneously forming supramolecular structures with super elastic micromechanical properties and excellent wear stability. -They possess very low friction coefficient, modest adhesion, low stiction and superior wear stability compared with other, non-structured, non-tethered, or non-reinforced organic molecular lubrication coatings. Disadvantages: -Redistribution of the fluid lubricant materials occurs on surface with complex topography Applications: Lubrication coatings of silicon-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Lubrication layers from the functionalized tri-block copolymer with enhanced microtribological properties and much higher stabiltity under shear stresses than conventional molecular lubricants coating.

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Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Redistribution of the lubricant on complex surfaces in ultrathin polymer layers should be avoided. 2 - Market Not yet developed. 3 - Regulatory No biocompatibility test have been found.

8. Poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] + C15H32 – C24H50 (SEBS + Paraffinic oil molecule) nanocoatings

Polymer nanolayers saturated with paraffinic oil, with very good tribological properties, surface adhesion, and wear stability. They can be attached to a silicon oxide surface and used as a robust lubrication coating of MEMS devices. Description of material properties which have been improved: Nanoscale polymer layers with enhanced wear stabilty used as robust molecular lubrication coating. Advantages: -Significant reduction of the local friction forces, surface adhesion, and a increase of the wear stability. Disadvantages: -Oxidation may occur in the surface for longer storage time. Applications: Lubrication coating for MEMS devices Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Exceptionally robust molecular lubrication coatings for complex surface topography of MEMS devices. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Storage conditions should be changed to avoid oxidation of the polymer surface. 2 - Market Not yet developed. 3 - Regulatory No biocompatibility tests found. 4 - Environmental impacts Not indentified.

9. Polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes Polymer nanotubes with good electrical conductivity in one direction, mass transport properties, which can be used for conductive fabrics and mass transport applications. They can form nanostructured scaffolds for tissue engineering.

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Description of material properties which have been improved: Polymer with one dimensional transport properties, and with many conductive and magnetic complexes. Advantages: -Good enviromental stability. -High conductivity. -Easy processing and low cost. -Light weight. Disadvantages: -No conductivity for some structures. Applications: Mass transport. Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: Conductive fiber, wires, nanowires, optoelectronic devices, specific electrical applications. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Difficult for synthetization. 2 - Market No competitive price. Slow productive process. 3 - Regulatory Many biocompatibility and toxicity studies should be done before the tissue implantation in humans. 4 - Environmental impacts Non-toxic and environmental friendly.

10. Polyaniline-SnO2 (PANI-SnO2) and Polyaniline-TiO2 (PANI-TiO2) nanostructured films

Nanostructured polymer films which includes metal oxide nanoparticles with good electrical conductivity and chemical reactivity, used for CO gas sensors and solar cells. Description of material properties which have been improved: Conducting polymers have shown very promising results for application in gas sensors. The sensing, ageing and mechanical characteristics of the conducting polymer films have been improved by composite fabrication. PANI-SnO2 has shown a significantly increase sensitivity. Advantages: -Polyaniline´s electrical properties can reversibly be controlled by changing the oxidation state of main chain and by the protonation of amine nitrogen chain. -They have good reproducibility in sensing characteristics. Disadvantages: -Such gas sensor lack selectivity and sensitivity at ambient humidity, which increase its conductivity.

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Application: CO gas sensor Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: The preliminary resistance change with the concentration of CO and test indicate that sensors can be suitable for online detection and continuous monitoring of CO gas. There is a continuous change in the resistance value in PANI-SnO2 films indicating that CO does not sature the films till 1000 ppm exposed for the film. The PANI-TiO2 shows the saturation after 800 ppm. It is important to note that reversibility of gas adsorption is easily taken place under vacuum at room temperature after few minutes. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Application of controlled polymerization processes of PANI would further enhance the photovoltaic performances. 2 - Market The lack of selectivity and sensitivity at ambient humidity may be a problem in some markets. 3 - Regulatory - Not identified 4 - Environmental impacts Effects of small nanoparticles entering the human body and accumulating in the cells of the respiratory or other organ systems are yet unknown.

11. Polymer with carbon nanoparticles/fillers (bulk) This nanocomposite consists of carbon fillers into a polymer matrix. The fillers can be carbon, carbon nanotubes or nanofibres. Electrical conductivity and mechanical properties are the main improved properties. Applications include aeronautics and automotive. Description of material properties which have been improved: Electrical conductivity and mechanical properties Advantages: Advantages of carbon nanofillers in polymer matrix include: growing of carbon fiber without any post production thermal processing, removal of polyaromatic hydrocarbons from surface (pyrolytically stripped carbon fiber), heating of carbon fiber to temperatures up to 3,000°C, graphitizing chemically vapor deposited carbon present on the surface of carbon nanofibres and creating a highly electrically conductive carbon nanofiber. Disadvantages: Although the modulus of carbon nanotubes is very high, this has not yet been translated into big improvements in composite modulus. Applications: Batteries Time scale: Long term (6-10 years) Description: This nanomaterial can be used in bettery applications Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Problems that have to be solved are: improved dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes within the polymer matrix and improved interfacial coating.

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Understanding and optimisation of electrical charge movement in the nanotube composites to avoid strong localisation of charges which can lead to breaking. (Vasileos Koutsos, personal communication, August 2005) It is not clear how polymers filled with nanoparticles behave during processing in conventional processing equipment. The predictive models are inadequate to predict the thermal, mechanical and processing properties of nanocomposites. (Faraday roadmap 2005) 2 - Market Public perception of nanotechnology may become negative. This may not be a big problem if individual materials are not sold under a nano-label. User companies may not have enough trained personnel to work with the nanocomposites. User companies lack awareness of the potential of polymer matrix nanocomposites. (Faraday roadmap 2005) 3 - Regulatory IPR protection may inhibit knowledge transfer and take up of nano-composites. Legislation on toxicity testing will become more important, possibly leading to higher costs for toxicity testing of nanoparticles and the development of new handling and processing practices. Nanocomposite standards and innovative design concepts need to be developed. (Faraday roadmap 2005) 4 - Environmental impacts The long term service life behavior of nanocomposites is not clear. The risks of using nanoparticles in plastics have not been addressed, especially for medical applications. Nanocomposites can help to overcome problems related to recycling of materials and lead to reduced energy consumption especially in automotive and aerospace applications. (Faraday roadmap 2005)

12. Polyolefin with clays (bulk) The polyolefin with clays is a nanocomposite material consisting of a polymer matrix filled with nanoclay platelets. Improved properties include gas barrier, flame retardancy and flame resistance and thermal properties of the polyolefin. Applications include automotive, aeronautic, construction, packaging and textiles. Description of material properties which have been improved:

• Modulus. • Failure stress/strain. • Toughness. • Inflammability and heating distortion temperature

Advantages: The emerging field of these nanocomposites is unique in that it addresses shortcomings of polyolefins processing: polyolefin's easy processing and the use of fillers that lead to heavier products. Besides these two shortcomings for processing and weight profiles, these nanocomposites have a favorable cost. Disadvantages: The main drawback concerns the exfoliation methods for structuring the nanocomposite, because they demand a fairly high level of additives to exfoliate the clay. This disadvantage is alleviated with the use of block copolymers.

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Applications: Fuel system Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Automotive and aeronautics. Polyolefin nanocomposites are of particular interest for automotive applications where wall down-gauging is desirable. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology Functionalisation of polyolefins, separation of the nanocharges in the exfoliation stage, dispersion of the nanocharges. It is not clear how polymers filled with nanoparticles behave during processing in conventional processing equipment. The processing temperatures of polymers are 170-400°C and of commercial nano-clays below 170°C. The predictive models are inadequate to predict the thermal, mechanical and processing properties of nanocomposites. The structure-property relations of nanocomposites are not completely clear. (Faraday, 2005) 2 - Market Public perception of nanotechnology may become negative. This may not be a big problem if individual materials are not sold under a nano-label. User companies may not have enough trained personnel to work with the nanocomposites. User companies lack awareness of the potential of polymer matrix nanocomposites. (Faraday, 2005) 3 - Regulatory IPR protection may inhibit knowledge transfer and take up of nano-composites. Legislation on toxicity testing will become more important, possibly leading to higher costs for toxicity testing of nanoparticles and the development of new handling and processing practices. Nanocomposite standards and innovative design concepts need to be developed. (Faraday, 2005) 4 - Environmental impacts The long term service life behavior of nanocomposites is not clear. The risks of using nanoparticles in plastics have not been addressed, especially for medical applications. Nanocomposites can help to overcome problems related to recycling of materials and lead to reduced energy consumption especially in automotive and aerospace applications. (Faraday, 2005)

13. Polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-P4VP) nanowires Polymer liquid-like elastic nanowires with high ion conductivity and mechanical strength. They can be used in various nanoscale electronic devices, fabrics and "smart materials" which change its properties depending on the environment. Description of material properties which have been improved: Ionically conducting “liquid-like” polyelectrolyte with rigid mechanical properties. Also multi-functional "smart fibers" nanolayers can be grafted from hybrid polymer brushes. Advantages: -High ionic conductivity. -High elasticity. -Good mechanical properties. Disadvantages: -Multi-functional "smart fibers" are in a premature state of development.

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Applications: Nanowires and conductors Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Its high ion conductivity makes it useful to manufacture transistors, sensors, motors and other nanoscale passive or active devices. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology "Smart fibers" need further development before entering the market. 2 - Market Only medium market size. 3 - Regulatory Regulation for application of new materials in electronics. 4 - Environmental impacts Effects of small nanoparticles entering the human body and accumulating in the cells of the respiratory or other organ systems are yet unknown.

14. POSS Nanostructured Catalysts A Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) particle is linked to a metal group to form POSS nanostructured catalysts. POSS catalysts are 1-3 nm in size and can be applied in homogeneous catalysis, membrane catalyst retention and heterogeneous catalysis. Potential applications include coatings and materials production in energy, automotive, aeronautics; and coatings, contrast agents and processing cosmetics for healthcare applications. Description of material properties which have been improved: The material imparts new or improved properties to catalytic materials and achieves more precise molecular architectures. Advantages: The POSS nanostructured catalysts are relatively cheap. Synthesis does not involve many chemical steps or expensive templates or reagents. POSS starting materials are commercially available. POSS can be disposed of as silica. Applications: (Fine) Chemical production Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: (Fine) Chemical production: single site catalysts and catalytic materials for clean oxidation processes and for functionalization of refinery streams.

15. Silicon Carbide [SiC] nanofibers Amorphous silicon carbide nanofibers with good tribological and mechanical resistances, and thermal shock resistance. It can be used as high temperature structural material, for coatings and mirrors in extreme environments, and as metal reinforcer. Description of material properties which have been improved: Improvement of thermomechanical properties, fracture toughness and formability ("superplasticity") of this brittle material class. Potential as a high-temperature structural

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material, due to excellent high-temperature strength, thermal shock resistance and oxidation resistance Advantages: -The sintering temperatures and the consolidation time can be reduced by applying nanopowders, which saves not only money but also allows new manufacturing techniques Disadvantages: Synthesis of SiC through carbothermal reduction of silica xerogels or halides is expensive and not easy to be carried out. Therefore, thermolysis method is now being adopted. Applications:

• Schottky diodes Time scale: Middle term (3-5 years) Description: A gas sensor used for the detection of hydrogen leakages in rocket engines, for the measurement of the oxygen content in upper atmosphere layers, or for the monitoring of the air quality in manned space systems.

• Sun sensors Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: SiC nanofibers can be used to fabricated sun sensors with decreased reflection losses and improved quantum yields. Barriers for the development: 1 - Technology -expensive synthesis process 2 - Market Not found 3 - Regulatory -Drug delivery products already secured regulatory authority approval and, in turn, are supported by a healthy clinical development pipeline. 4 - Environmental impacts Non-toxic material.

16. Tungsten carbide (WC) - bulk material with nano-grains Nanocrystalline WC-Co composites with higher hardness and toughness, better wear resistance and more than double lifetime in cutting tools than conventional coarse-grained composites. Description of material properties which have been improved: Nanocrystalline WC-Co composites have been shown to have higher hardness or toughness, four times better wear resistance and more than double lifetime in cutting tools than conventional coarse-grained composites Advantages: Higher lifetimes of tools and coatings

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Applications: Tools with increased hardness Time scale: Short term (0-2 years) Description: Nanosized WC bulk materials show increased hardness in comparison to conventional WC. Possible applications can be seen in the machine tool industry. Barriers for the development: 2 - Market There are producer of nanosized WC powders in Japan, which only sell there product to Asian partners. The European market is excluded from supply. 4 - Environmental impacts The health effects of small nanoparticles entering the human body through pores and accumulating in the cells of the respiratory or other organ systems (for example, when also becoming dislodged through wear debris) are practically unknown.

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IV. Sources and references • http://www.azonano.com • Industrial application of nanomaterials – chances and risks; Future Technologies

Division of VDI Technologiezentrum • EUROPEAN WHITE BOOK on fundamental research in materials science

MAX - PLANCK – Institute für Metallforschung Stuttgart • Foresight Vehicle Technology Roadmap

Technology and Research Directions for Future Road Vehicles (http://www.foresightvehicle.org.uk)

• http://mae.pennnet.com • http://www.ee.leeds.ac.uk/nanomsc • www.apnano.com • http://www.massivechange.com/index.php?topic=material • NANOMAG

http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/industrial_technologies/articles/article_346_en.html http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/growth/pdf/nanotechnology-conference/nanomag-27may_en.pdf

• Strategic Research Agenda Volume 2 (ACARE Report)

http://www.acare4europe.com/docs/es-volume1-2/volume2-03-environment.pdf http://www.acare4europe.com/docs/es-volume1-2/volume2-02-quality.pdf

• ARETE21 Part III (2002 – 2006), Aircraft related R&TD for Framework Programme 6,

Towards the GoP 2020 Vision, AECMA • ECARE (European Communities Aeronautics REsearch)

www.ecare-sme.org/ECARE/home.html Project coordinated by the European Federation of High Tech SMEs, www.hitech-sme.com

• AeroSME

www.aerosme.com Project coordinated by the Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe

• 1. Petit déjeuner de presse, Les nanomatériaux au CEA, 25/3/2003

http://www.cea.fr/fr/presse/dossiers/DOSSIERnanomateriaux.pdf

• Texas Institute of Intelligent Bio-Nano Materials and Structures for Aerospace Vehicles, http://tiims.tamu.edu/index.php

• Cermanic coatings, http://www.dgtec.fr/uploadfichier/nanohardcoating.pdf

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• Report made by Nodal Consultants for the French ministry of Industry on the French

composites industry. http://www.nodal.fr/chimie-materiaux/synthese.pdf Interviews with: • Jenny Melia, Industrial Technologies, Enterprise Ireland, Trinity College Dublin • Alain LASALMONIE, Conseiller Scientifique Matériaux, Snecma Moteurs • Christian Roux, Directeur Commercial, Axon Cable • Cécile-Maria Wietzke, Commercial Engineer, Bertin Technologies • Hervé Demais, R&D Director, Olmix SA • Jérôme de Mesmay, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (Department of Launchers),

Deputy Director On April 14th, 2005 the Comité Richelieu organised a reunion on nanotechnologies between the following SMEs, large companies and public institutions. SMEs: - AdVEOTec SAS, www.adveotec.com - Axon Cable, www.axon-cable.fr - Bertin Technologies, www.bertin.fr - DGTec, www.dgtec.fr - ESI Group, www.esi-group.com - esterline auxitrol, www.auxitrol.com

- INANOV, www.inanov.fr - Meusonic, www.meusonic.com - OLMIX S.A, www.olmix.com

- SYMETRIE, www.symetrie.fr

Large companies and public institutions: - Center of Atomic Studies (CEA):

- Directeur adjoint des Achats, Direction des Achats et des Ventes - Département CRE

- National Center for Space Studies (CNES): - R&D, Department for Launchers - Research & Preliminary Design, Department for Launchers

- Faurecia - Head of Innovation, Department of Interior Systems

- MBDA - Head of Mechanical Technologies

- Renault - Head of Research

- Thalès Optronique S.A. - Head of Technology Studies

Experts: Biomaterials: Dr. Markus Linder, VTT, Finnland Carbon-based materials: Dr. Regine Hedderich, FZK, Germany Ceramic-based materials: Dr. Tassilo Moritz, Fraunhofer IKTS, Germany Metal-based materials: Dr. Witold Lojkowski, Unipress, Poland

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Nanocomposites: Ineke Malsch, MTV, Netherlands Nanoglasses: Prof. Eusebio Bernabeu, UCM, Spain Nanopolymers: Prof. Alicia Larena, UPM, Spain

• Dr. Humbert Noll, Head of Department Microsystems, FH Wiener Neustadt • Dipl. Ing. Roland Pichler, AWS, Technologie & Innovation • Ing. Thomas Zischinsky, Automotive Cluster Vienna Region

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V. Impressum This document was made in connection with the European project “Development of Advanced Technology Roadmaps in Nanomaterial Sciences and Industrial Adaptation to Small and Medium sized Enterprizes” (“NanoroadSME”). The project was funded by the European Community under the “Sixth Framework” Programme (Contract No NMP4-CT-2004-505857). Authors: Dr. Jonathan Loeffler, Dr. Ulrich Sutter (Steinbeis-Europa-Zentrum, Germany) Eric Jourdain, Sidney Kristiansen (Comité Richelieu – Industrial Federation for High Tech SMEs, France) Contact of project co-ordinator: Dr. Jonathan Loeffler e-mail: loeffler@steinbeis-europa.de Steinbeis-Europa-Zentrum Erbprinzenstraße 4-12, 76133 Karlsruhe Germany The authors are responsible for the content. All rights reserved except those agreed by contract. No part of this publication may be translated or reproduced in any form or bay any means without prior permission of the authors. Version March 2006 Front Page Pictures: Source: BASF AG, Ludwigshafen