Concepts & Implications Culture, Concepts & Implications Prof. Dr Majed El-Farra1.

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Concepts & Implications Culture, Concepts & Implications Prof. Dr Majed El-Farra 1

Transcript of Concepts & Implications Culture, Concepts & Implications Prof. Dr Majed El-Farra1.

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Concepts & Implications

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What is org. culture?What is management cross-culture?Which is better American or

Palestinian Style of Management?

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1- To know your identity better.2- To coop better with multicultural

environment.3- To be aware how culture shape

business identity.4- To realize how org. culture shape

management behavior.

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Organizational culture: can be defined as a pattern of behavior developed by an organization as it learns to cope with its problem of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel. Remarkably resistant to change, culture can represent a major strength or weakness for the firm.

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culture: cultural products include values,

beliefs, rituals, ceremonies, myths, stories, legends, language, metaphors\images, symbols, heroes, and heroines.

Organizational culture significantly affects business decisions and thus, must be evaluated during an internal strategic-management audit.

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A socially organized process and a collectively validated product.

How we do things around here.The “glue” that hangs every thing

together in a meaningful way for a particular group of people.

Culture for a group what personality is for an individual i.e. a source of identity.

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An heritage deeply rooted in history. What a group of people ; have in common, and that

distinguishes them from other groups. Both a differentiating device and an integrating

device.مجموعة صفات تتصف بها أي مجموعة إنسانية الحضارة :

انتقلت من جيل إلى جيل.مجموعة أنماط السلوك والفن والقناعات الحضارة :

والمواصفات الفكرية لمجتمع أو شعب.

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Macro-culture, at people levelOrganization Culture, related to the

internal culture of the organization.نمط أو طريقة التفكير حضارة المنظمة :

والسلوك والعادات والقيم والقناعات والمشاعر السائدة بين العاملين.

من أين تستمد حضارة المنظمة؟تستمد من حضارة المجتمع الذي تعيش فيه

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1- Blue-type culture: USA, UK, German, Canada, low context culture

2- Green-type culture: Africa, French, Spain, Arab countries, Asian countries. High context culture

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1- Clarity of authority & responsibility, communication channels.

2- Transparency3- Structures processes4- Task focus5- Objectives driven6- Quick decisions: decentralized8- Replaceability of individuals

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1- Machine-like2- Overly structure, managed and

controlled3- planning religion4- Doing thinks right > Doing right

things5- De-motivating for individuals

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1- Flexibility: Seize opportunities2- Innovation3- People driven: Relationship focus4- Long-term horizon5- Encourage cooperation and

networking6- Promote commitment and loyalty

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1- Confusion and chaos2- Duplication of Efforts3- Over-reliance on hierarchy and

status4- Over-centralization5- Overly dependent on specific actors6- Hard to change7- Lack of concern for the short term.

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No one can claim that his culture is better from another, since all cultures managed to develop success economies & corporations by practicing their own management styles based on their own culture.

What they should do?Knowing themselves better and learn

from others. How happens?

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1 -1: أولويات الموظفين في هذه الجامعة )تلبية طلبات رؤسائهم االلتزام بأداء واجباتهم ومسئولياتهم حسب اللوائح

واألنظمةإنجاز المهام التي يكلفون بها بأفضل الطرق التعاون مع زمالئهم لحل مشكالت العمل

والمشكالت الشخصية2 الموظفون الذين يتقدمون ويحصلون على )

ترقيات في هذه الجامعة هم الموظفون الذين :

لديهم القدرة على إرضاء رؤسائهم يلتزمون بتنفيذ األعمال المطلوبة منهم حسب

اللوائح واألنظمةينجزون المهام التي يكلفون بها بكفاءة وفعالية يقيمون عالقات عمل قوية مع زمالئهم من خالل

التعاون

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3 ): تنظر هذه الجامعة لموظفيها على أنهممرؤوسون في خدمة رؤسائهمموظفون رسميون لهم حقوق وعليهم واجباتزمالء ملتزمون بإنجاز أهداف مشتركة أفراد أسرة واحدة أو أصدقاء يحبون أن يكونوا مع

بعضهم البعض ويراعون بعضهم البعض4 يتم قيادة وتوجيه موظفي الجامعة من )

خالل :رؤسائهم باستخدام الثواب والعقاب النظم واللوائح التي تشرح للموظفين ما يجب أن

يفعلوهالتزامهم الذاتي )الشخصي( إلنجاز أهداف الجامعةرغبة الموظفين بأن يكون زمالؤهم راضين عنهم

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7 -5: تتميز عملية اتخاذ القرارات في الجامعة ) بأن اإلدارة العليا تتخذ القرار وتأمر بتنفيذه بأنها تتم حسب اللوائح واألنظمة المعمول بها في الجامعةبالتفويض الواسع للصالحيات باإلجماع على اتخاذ القرارات من أجل قبول القرارات

ودعمها6 ) يتم إسناد الوظائف والمهام لموظفي

الجامعة بناءs على :رغبة المسئوليناحتياجات الجامعة مالئمة متطلبات الوظيفة مع مهارات الموظفين الذين

يشغلونهاالرغبات الشخصية للموظفين

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 7 المطلوب من موظفي الجامعة أن يكونوا ):

مطيعين ومخلصين لرؤسائهمعلى مستوى المسئولية في أداء المهاموأكفاء ومبادرين sمحفزين ذاتياأعضاء في فريق عمل متعاونين مع زمالئهم8 أشعر أن رئاسة الجامعة والعمداء والمدراء )

ورؤساء األقسام يتصرفون بطريقة تبين أنهم:

حازمون وعادلون في نفس الوقترسميون متجنبون استخدام سلطاتهم ألغراض شخصية ديمقراطيون متقبلون ألراء المرؤوسينمتفهمون لالحتياجات الشخصية لمرؤوسيهم

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9 الشخص الذي يوجه وينصح الموظفين في )هذه الجامعة هو الذي :

يتمتع بشخصية قوية ونفوذ يكون التوجيه واإلرشاد والنصح من مسئولياته وصالحياتهتتوفر لديه الخبرة والكفاءة في تطوير العمليقدم النصح والمساعدة عندما يطلب منه ذلك10 التزام موظفي الجامعة في إنجاز )

أعمالهم يعزى إلى: األمل في الثواب والخوف من العقابالقناعة بأن العمل على قدر األجر الرغبة القوية في االنجاز والمساهمة في نجاح الجامعة

وتقدمهاالرغبة في المحافظة على عالقات عمل طيبة

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11 تتصف العالقة بين موظفي الجامعة )بأنها :

عالقة تنافسية حيث يهتم كل موظف بمصالحه الخاصةعالقة رسمية حسبما نصت عليه اللوائح واألنظمةعالقة تعاونية تسودها روح الفريق النجاز المهامعالقة ودية12 ) يتم حل النزاعات والصراعات داخل

:الجامعة من خاللفرض الحلول من قبل الرؤساءالرجوع إلى اللوائح واألنظمةالمناقشة لحل المشكلة بما يتفق مع مصلحة الجامعة التفاهم بهدف المحافظة على عالقات طيبة

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13 ( تنظر هذه الجامعة للبيئة الخارجية ) البيئة السياسية:واالقتصادية واالجتماعية ... ( على أنها

بيئة تسودها المنافسة الحادة بال ضوابط مجموعة الجامعات تربطها عالقة يحكمها اللوائح واألنظمة

والقوانين بيئة تنافسية حيث تسعى الجامعة للتميز فباإلنتاجية والجودة

واالبتكار يتحقق النجاح مجموعة من الجامعات حيث تهتم الجامعة بالمصالح المشتركة بينها

وبين الجامعات األخرى14 عندما تتعارض النظم والقواعد في طريق موظفي )

الجامعة أثناء تأديتهم واجباتهم ومهامهم فإن موظفي :الجامعة

يكسرون النظم والقواعد إذا تأكدوا بأنهم سيفلتون من العقاب يلتزمون بالنظم والقواعد ويحاولون الحصول على موافقة

المسئولين باالستثناءيتجاهلون النظم والقواعد من أجل تنفيذ المهام بشكل أفضل الستبعاد الصعوبات وحل المشكالت sيتفاهمون ويتراضون معا

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15 البد للموظفين الجدد في هذه الجامعة )أن يتعرفوا :

من هم األشخاص في الجامعة الذين يمكن أن ينفعواأو يضروا

على القواعد الرسمية واألنظمة وااللتزام بها على الموارد المتاحة في الجامعة لالستعانة بها في

انجاز المهام كيف يمكن العمل بروح الفريق وتكوين عالقات طيبة

مع اآلخرين

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تبدأ بالمؤسسين حيث تكون لديهم رؤيةمعينة أو فلسفة معينة، كذلك القادة

المتتابعين ومجموعات العمل في المنظمة. عندما تستقر األمور فان مجموعة من القيم

والقناعات والسلوك تستقر وتصبح هي األساس.

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تشكيل الحضارة:

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االدارةالعليا:القيم

والقناعاتوالفلسفة

واالستراتيجية

السلوكالتنظيمي

الناس) سلوك) المنظمة في

التنفيذ مرحلة

النتائجونجاحات

الناس من مدة عبر

الزمن

الحضارة

والقناعات القيمالتي والتقاليدما تعكسسبق

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التعبئة لألهداف: توجيه الناس نحو األهداف.1.

تحفيز العاملين: القناعات والقيم المشتركة تجعل 2.الناس مسرورين بالعمل في تلك المنظمة حيث يظهر

االلتزام واإلخالص.االلتزام الذاتي والرقابة الذاتية: حيث تصبح القيم 3.

والقناعات بمثابة قوى لاللتزام الذاتي والقيم الذاتية. من كبرى الشركات األمريكية 207وفقا لدراسة ميدانية ل

اتضح أن خصائص الحضارة القوية ما يلي: اهتمام المد راء بالعمالء، وأصحاب األسهم، والموظفين.

بينما الحضارات األخرى يهتم المدير بنفسه وبالعمل المباشر والتكنولوجيا ويعطون اهتماما قليال للناس.

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A leader’s vision, policies, and actions Influential individuals or work groups Policies & Procedures )Careless, lax, or unclear( People management philosophy )ignoring

employee harassment( Employee work-ethic )hire for attitude; train for

skill( Organizational policies )no gifts from suppliers,

casual Fridays, etc.(

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A company’s Values, business principles, and ethical

standards preached and practiced by management

Approaches to people managementand problem solving

Relationships with Shareholders, community, customers, suppliers, government agencies, etc.

Entrenched attitudes toward people from different “national” cultures

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The First Step on the Path The First Step on the Path to Implementing a to Implementing a Successful Global Successful Global

StrategyStrategy……

Understanding the Relationship Understanding the Relationship betweenbetween

National Culture and Corporate National Culture and Corporate CultureCulture

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He separated cultures into five dimensions:

• Power Distance

• Individualism

• Uncertainty Avoidance

• Masculinity

• Short and long-term orientation

Contributions of Geert HofstedeContributions of Geert Hofstede

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Prentice Hall, Inc. ©2012 10-31

Dimensions of National Culture1. Power distance: how much they love power. 2. Uncertainty avoidance: ambiguous

situations or routine. 3. Individualism-collectivism4. Masculinity –femininity: is the extent to

which society is oriented toward money and things (masculine) or toward people (feminine).

5. Long-term orientation: oriented toward the long versus the short-term.

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Effective strategic leaders -- Effective strategic leaders -- Craft global strategies that nurture a healthy Craft global strategies that nurture a healthy

corporate culture corporate culture Encourage employees to understand and appreciate Encourage employees to understand and appreciate

other national cultures other national cultures

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Determination to nurture a healthy Determination to nurture a healthy corporate culturecorporate culture

CourageCourage Self-confidenceSelf-confidence

The capacity to deal with uncertainty and The capacity to deal with uncertainty and complexitycomplexity

A willingness to hold people )and A willingness to hold people )and themselves( accountable for their workthemselves( accountable for their work

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.1Corporate culture refers to the character of a company’s internal work climate and

personality.

2. In a strong-culture company, culturally-approved behaviors and ways of doing things are nurtured while culturally-disapproved behaviors and work practices are discouraged.

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3. In adaptive cultures, there is a spirit of doing what is necessary to ensure long-term organizational success.

4. Adaptive cultures are exceptionally well suited to companies with fast-changing strategies and market.

5. The tighter the culture-strategy fit, the more the culture steers company personnel into displaying behaviors and adopting operating practices that lead to successful strategy execution.

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6. It is in management’s best interest to dedicate considerable effort to building a corporate culture that encourages behaviors and work practices conducive to good strategy.

7. A company’s culture is grounded in and shaped by its core values and the bar it sets for ethical behavior.

8. A multinational company needs to build its corporate culture around values and operating practices that travel well across borders.

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Superiority AttitudeClass system: managers are

princely group-workers are serfsThe French don’t manage people

they just dictate. They never fire anyone, employees stay for life

They demean and insult their employees in front of peers

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They don’t adhere to schedules very well.

No sense of urgency Inability to separate personal

feelings from the actual business.Strong chain of commandMore open about globalizationLack of objectivity, reports are

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The French abide by gentlemen’s agreement, they abide by spirit and intent of the agreement.

Protocol is important in France, In US what does it take to get the

job done?French use a lot of body

language/facial expressions, sometimes interpreted negatively.

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French are more talkative and emotional

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1- Status and seniority significantly outweigh ability and performance

2- Low level of delegation3- Authoritarian management style4- Decision-making is pushed upwards5- Decisions are renegotiable at later

time6- Absence of Western-style of

democratic systems7- Consultative style of decision-

making are dominant, and conducted on a person-to-person basis

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8- Management is reactive and crisis oriented9- High level of uncertainty at work10- Strong preference of a person-oriented

approach rather than a task oriented approach.11- Nepotism is regarded as natural and

acceptable12- Value loyalty over efficiency 13- Punctuality and time are of much less concern14- Patriarchy society, the dominance of the

father

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1- Living under occupation caused uncertainty

2- Manager does not plan for long periods of time, the focus is on daily operations

3- Lack of accuracy in forecasting and analysis

4- Centralized and authoritative

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1) The American classical school of management : strongly emphasis on marketing, strategy, and the competitive model;

2) Japanese approach with its emphasis on management science and the disciplines of statistical process control, based on the practical experience of managing production and operations;

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3) European model with its incorporation of several elements including, social, democratic practices, philosophy and political process;

4) The Arab management with its influenced with Islam, social and political life in the Arab world.

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1. The distinctive characteristics of Arab organizations: bus. Size, family role, limited job market, its influences on employee advancement.

2. The cultural dimensions: Three factors:

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1. Traditional religious values: influenced management behavior in delegation, superiority.

2. Arab value system: Aspects: fatalism versus free well, shame versus guilt, dictation by history prevent searching for new models.

3. Socio-economic and political factors: education system, role of family, politics.

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The results were based on field work:Question 1, how employees consider their direct

managers?(94%) of subordinates perceive their bosses as

GodfathersQuestion 2, is there an encouragement to the

employees at your establishment for innovation and initiation in order to develop work performance?

(92%) said that subordinates were rarely or never encouraged to innovate or initiate at work. May be attributed to the authoritarian style of leadership. 84% said that there is low trust between management and subordinates.

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Question 3, what is the degree of management commitment to decisions made at the establishment?

68% of research sample said that, all made-decisions are renegotiable.

Question 4, what is the common criteria used to evaluate employees performance at your establishment?

88% of research sample believe that personal relations is predominant criteria in judging employees performance

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Question 5, how does company usually recruit its employees?

The great majority (70%) of companies prefer relatives and friends in employment.

Question 6, How do you grade the value of time at your establishment:

74% of research sample do not value time and they were not punctual to appointments.

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