CONCEPTS EXPLORED IN THIS LESSON 1)The Discovery of the Cell (7.1) 2)Cell Theory (7.1) 3)Prokaryotes...

CELL Structu

reand

Function

CONCEPTS EXPLORED IN THIS LESSON

1) The Discovery of the Cell (7.1)2) Cell Theory (7.1)3) Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes 7.1)

4) Cellular Requirements5) Cell Regions6) Structures in a General Plant Cell7) Structures in a General Animal Cell8) Structures in Plant & Animal Cells9) The Nucleus10) The Cell Membrane11) Mitochondria12) Endoplasmic Reticula13) Golgi Body, Vesicles and Vacuoles14) Ribosomes

15) Cytoskeleton/Centrioles16) Lysosomes17) Central Vacuole18) Cell Wall19) Chloroplasts

• Each one also has a singular circular ___________ as well as its own _________ribosomes

• The singular for mitochondria is _____________.

MITOCHONDRIA

chromosome

mitochondrion

• A mitochondrion is composed of:

STRUCTURE

inner membraneouter membrane

double membrane

(smooth)

(folded)

which allow it to ___________.self-replicate

Eukaryotes

TEM micrograph of a mitochondrion.

• The main function of mitochondria is to produce ______ for the cell.

• The mitochondria are the _____________ of the cell.

MITOCHONDRIAenergy

FUNCTION

Glucose/Food

oxygen

carbon dioxide

water

• It converts _______________ Stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

Power plants

Chemical energy

ENERGY(ATP)

Eukaryotes

which form ___-like and ____ -like structures.

• The endoplasmic reticulum is formed from a network of __________

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• Rough E.R. is called "rough" because it is embedded with _________.

membranestube

sac

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• It is found extending from the ________________ surrounding the nucleus.

ribosomes

nuclear membrane

STRUCTURE Eukaryotes





membranestube

sac


ribosomes

nuclear membraneSmooth Endoplasmic Reticulum• Smooth E.R. is called "smooth"

because does not contain _________.ribosomes


EukaryotesSTRUCTURE

TEM micrograph of S.E.R. and R.E.R.

• Functions to synthesize ____.


• Functions to synthesize/make _______.





membranestube

sac

ribosomes

nuclear envelope

FUNCTION

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum• Smooth E.R. is called "smooth"

because does not contain _________.ribosomes


fatsproteins

Eukaryotes

GOLGI BODY, VESICLES and VACUOLES

Golgi Body

• It resembles a stack of membrane "________".pancakes

• Also called the _____________.Golgi apparatus

STRUCTURE

Golgi body

Eukaryotes

TEM micrograph of Golgi body.

• It is responsible for ________ vesicles containing _______ from the _____ , _________ these proteins,

GOLGI BODY, VESICLES and VACUOLES

Golgi Body

• It resembles a stack of membrane "________".

R.E.R.

pancakes

• Also called the _____________.Golgi apparatus

FUNCTION

and then _________ them either within:

receivingproteins

processingpackaging

VesiclesVacuoles

for ________.for ______ .

1)2)

transportstorage

R.E.R.

vacuole

vesicle

vesicle Lysosomes3)

lysosome

Golgi body

for…Find out later.

Eukaryotes

as well as bound to _________________________.

• In prokaryotes, they are found ____ in the cytoplasm.

RIBOSOMES• Each ribosome is composed of two _______

subunits mixed with _____.protein

All CellsSTRUCTURE

• In eukaryotes, they are found ____ in the cytoplasm

free

rough endoplasmic reticulum

free

large subunit

small subunit

rRNA

TEM micrograph of bound and unbound ribosomes.

as well as bound to _________________________.

RIBOSOMES All CellsSTRUCTURE

• In eukaryotes, they are found ____ in the cytoplasm

free

rough endoplasmic reticulum

large subunit

small subunit

free ribosomes

ribosomes on R.E.R.

in order to make ________.

RIBOSOMES All CellsFUNCTION

• They function to assemble ___________ togetheramino acidsproteins

amino acids

protein

ribosome

CYTOSKELETON Eukaryotes

and made from different types of _______ .

as well as to _________ within the cytoplasm.

• It is the network of __________ found within all cells

proteins

STRUCTURE scaffolding

• It is attached to the _____________cell membraneorganelles

microtubules

microfilaments

cell membrane

mitochondrionRough E.R.

• It is composed of _____ main parts.

CYTOSKELETON Two

• Threadlike structures that form an extensive, tough, flexible framework that supports the cell

Microfilaments

Microtubules• Hollow structures that

help the cell maintain shape

1)

2)

microtubules

microfilaments

cell membrane


EukaryotesSTRUCTURE

• Also includes __________ .

CYTOSKELETON Centrioles

• Located near nucleus and helps organize cell division

• They come as a paired

Centrioles1)

Centrioles

EukaryotesSTRUCTURE

EukaryotesCYTOSKELETON• The cytoskeleton is responsible for the __________ of the cell like:movements

microtubules

intermediate filaments microfilaments

cell membrane

FUNCTION

1)

2) Cytoplasmic Streaming

Movement of Organelles


microtubules


cell membrane


FUNCTION

1) Movement of Organelles• The cytoskeleton is

responsible for moving vesicles, vacuoles, ribosomes and other organelles around the cell.


microtubules


cell membrane


FUNCTION

2) Cytoplasmic Streaming• The bulk movement of the _________.cytoplasm

• These membrane sacs contain ________________

LYSOSOMES

that can break down (digest) various substances.

Animals

• Lysosomes are formed from the _________.

STRUCTURE

hydrolytic enzymes

lysosome

Golgi body

Golgi body

• Used by ______________ to kill many engulfed bacteria at once.

through the rupture of all lysosomes.

LYSOSOMES

• Cell _____________

• Lysosome fuses with vacuole and the _______ digest the food.

• Damaged _________ are digested by lysosomes.

self-destruction

organelles

enzymes

Animals

• They have several important functions:

1)

2)

3)

Autophagy

Digestion

Autolysis

FUNCTION

• Food particles are engulfed by the cell into a ___________.food vacuole

food vacuole

lysosome

enzymes mix with food

organelle

enzymes digest

organelle

food

phagocytosis of food

white blood cells

TEM micrograph of lysosome digesting a mitochondrion and a peroxisome.

Golgi body

peroxisome

mitochondrion

that are made from ______ of microtubules. They are oriented ____________ to one another.

• Centrosomes are considered MTOCs, or __________ organizing centers. This is where microtubules are __________ .

CENTROSOMES and CENTRIOLES

• Within the centrosome, there are a ___ of cylindrical-shaped centrioles triplets

synthesized

perpendicular

microtubule

pair

centriole pair

microtubuletriplet

Animals

centriole

Centrosome

Centrioles

STRUCTURE

TEM micrograph of centriole pair.

centriole 2

centriole 1

which is used to move ____________ during cell division.

and the two pairs are responsible for the formation of the ____________

• Each non-dividing cell has ___ pair of centrioles. However, for cell division, the centrosome ________ the pair, replicates

one

mitotic spindle

chromosomes

that are made from ______ of microtubules. They are oriented ____________ to one another.

• Within the centrosome, there are a ___ of cylindrical-shaped centrioles triplets

perpendicular

pair

Centrosome

Centrioles

CENTROSOMES and CENTRIOLES AnimalsSTRUCTURE

• Centrosomes are considered MTOCs, or __________ organizing centers. This is where microtubules are __________ .synthesized

microtubule

TEM micrograph of central vacuole.

CENTRAL VACUOLE

and often takes up the _______ of the cytoplasm of a plant cell.

• It is the ______ organelle within a plant cell,

majoritylargest

STRUCTURE

nucleuschloroplast

Plants

CENTRAL VACUOLE

This helps keep the cell _____ (firm).

due to the volume of _____ within the vacuole.

This is the __________ pressure pushing outwards on the cell

• It has two main important functions:

water

hydrostatic

FUNCTION

1)

2)

Turgor Pressure:

Storage:

turgid

The vacuole functions to store _____ and_____

water waste

Plants

is located outside of the _____________ , and is composed of a polysaccharide called ________.

• The cell wall in plants

cellulose

CELL WALL STRUCTURE

cell membrane

Plants

SEM micrograph of cellulose.

CELL WALL FUNCTION

• The cell wall has two main important functions:

1)

2)

Support and Protection:

Prevents Overexpansion:

Cellulose is tough and rigid.

The wall prevents _________________ from over-expanding the cell.

hydrostatic pressure

Cell wall fights back!

Plants

is located outside of the _____________ , and is composed of a polysaccharide called ________.

• The cell wall in plants

cellulose

cell membrane

• Like mitochondria, they also have their own circular ___________ and _________ for _____________.

(a stack of thylakoids;

CHLOROPLAST

ribosomes

STRUCTURE

inner membrane

thylakoid

stroma

• A chloroplast is composed of:

granum

double membrane

lamella

thylakoidmembrane

(liquid inside inner

membrane) (space inside thylakoid)

(photosynthetic)

(one photosynthetic membrane sac)

thylakoid lumen

chromosome self-replication

(links two grana;

Plants

outer membrane

lamellae is plural)

grana is plural)

chloroplasts

TEM micrograph of granum.

and a green pigment called __________

CHLOROPLAST• The main function of the chloroplast is to produce ______ for the

plant cell in a chemical process called _____________.

• It uses ____________ and _____ as reactants,

glucose

FUNCTION

carbon dioxidewater

glucose

sunlightoxygen

• It produces ______ and ______ as products.

carbon dioxide water

glucose

photosynthesis

oxygen

Chemical formula for photosynthesis:

++ + C6H12O6 O2CO2 H2O SUNLIGHTchlorophyll

to capture the _______ needed to power the reaction.

chlorophyll sunlight

Plants

The End!

CONCEPTS EXPLORED IN THIS LESSON 1)The Discovery of the Cell (7.1) 2)Cell Theory (7.1) 3)Prokaryotes...

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Transcript of CONCEPTS EXPLORED IN THIS LESSON 1)The Discovery of the Cell (7.1) 2)Cell Theory (7.1) 3)Prokaryotes...