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Food Allergens
Concepts, Control, Management and Risk
Assessment in Southern Africa
Dr Harris Steinman
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Allergy Society of South Africa representative on FLAG
FLAG (Food Legislative Advisory Group)
Food & Allergy Consulting & Testing Services
Disclosures / Conflict of Interest
Member : GMO Act subcommittee: Directorate Genetic
Resources. Department of Agriculture Forestry &
Fisheries
now Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Origins
• Expert Technical Consultation on “Hidden” Food Allergens
• Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations/World Health
Organisation.
• Rome, Italy, 13-14 November 1995
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Consequences
• Regulatory environment
• Thresholds
• Manufacturing processes
• Labelling
• Education
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Concepts
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• Sesame allergic 30-year-old
• From SA travelled to Israel
• Fish served with tahini at restaurant
• Within minutes had allergic reaction
• Attempt to resuscitate
• Remained in a coma for a couple of days
before passing away
Case Report – March 2014
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Food: A Warehouse
• Protein
• Carbohydrate
• Fat
• Fibre
• Minerals
• Water
• Organic compounds
• Chemicals
• Preservatives
• Additives
• Pesticides
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Adverse Reactions to Food
Non Toxic Toxic Psychosomatic
European Federation of Asthma and Allergy Associations - Position Paper on Adverse Reactions to food
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Cyanogenic glycosides Kernels of almonds, apricots, cassava
Fungal Aflatoxins toxins Peanuts etc
Trichothecenes Wheat
Atropine Mushroom
Ochratoxin Various grains
Glucosinolates Brassicaceous vegetables
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Comfrey
Haemaglutinnins Beans
Solanine Potatoes (raw) and related plants
Sea food toxins Spoiled fish, especially scombrold fish
Tetrodotoxin Puffer fish
Saxitoxins Clams, oysters
Waxy sterols Butterfish
Food Toxins
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Adverse Reactions to Food
Non Toxic Toxic Psychosomatic
European Federation of Asthma and Allergy Associations - Position Paper on Adverse Reactions to food
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Adverse Reactions to Food
Non Toxic
Immune Mediated Food Allergy
IgE Non-IgE
Non Immune Mediated
Enzymatic
Food Intolerance
Pharmacological
Undefined
Toxic Psychosomatic
European Federation of Asthma and Allergy Associations - Position Paper on Adverse Reactions to food
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Adverse Reactions to Food
Non Toxic
Immune Mediated Food Allergy
IgE Non-IgE
Non Immune Mediated
Enzymatic
Food Intolerance
Pharmacological
Undefined
European Federation of Asthma and Allergy Associations - Position Paper on Adverse Reactions to food
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Adverse Reactions to Food
Non Toxic
Immune Mediated Food Allergy
IgE Non-IgE
Non Immune Mediated
Enzymatic
Food Intolerance
Pharmacological
Undefined Acute Delayed Wheat allergy Delayed Wheat allergy
Coeliac disease Mixed
European Federation of Asthma and Allergy Associations - Position Paper on Adverse Reactions to food
70%~30%
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Milk
• Protein
• Lactose
• Other
Allergy
Enteropathy
Intolerance
Toxins
Allergy
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What are allergens?
Most allergens are low-molecular weight
proteins or glycoproteins.
Affected by proteases, heat, denaturants,
allowing these foods to resist degradation during
food preparation and digestion.
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Milk Allergens
alpha s1
Alpha s2
beta
kappa
α lactalbumin (ALA)
β lactoglobulin (BLG)
bovine serum albumin (BSA)
Lactoferrin (LF)
Immunoglobulins
β 2-microglobulin
Transferrin
Caseins 80% Whey 20%
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Specific IgE to 5 milk proteins (20 patients)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Lf
a-Lac
BSA
Cas
b-Lg
0
100
IgE
(IU
/mL
)
# serum
Wal JM. Cow's milk proteins/allergens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002;89(6 Suppl 1):3-10
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Heat Treatment II
• Can create new allergenic epitopes
• Can destroy existing epitopes
• Peanut – increase approx 90 fold
• Hazelnut – decrease approx 100 fold
– trace proteins still affected about
30% of highly allergic patients
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What does an allergic reaction look like?
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Anaphylaxis
Clark S, Camargo CA Jr. Emergency management of food allergy: systems perspective. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Jun;5(3):293-8.
Food-related allergic reactions are the leading cause of
anaphylactic reactions treated in the emergency department,
accounting for approximately 30 000 emergency department
visits each year, and 150-200 deaths.
Milk Anaphylaxis
Chronic symptoms
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Sulphur Dioxide / Sulphites
• Sodium sulphite
• Potassium sulphite
• Sodium bisulphite
• Potassium bisulphite
• Sodium metabisulphite
• Potassium metabisulphite
• Sulphur dioxide
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Risk Assessment
Regulators:
Degree of allergen risk
Manufacturing / Food industry
allergen risk assessment:
Identification of hazard and activities able
to increase the probability of that hazard
occurring (risk factors)
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Risk Assessment
Prevalence of food allergy
‘Major’ allergens
Dose Threshold
Regulators:
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Prevalence
• Childhood food allergy in the USA
• Data for 38,480 children
• Food allergy prevalence 8.0%
• Children with food allergy:
– 38.7% history of severe reactions
– 30.4% had multiple food allergies.
• Peanut (25.2%), milk (21.1%), shellfish (17.2%)
Gupta RS, Springston EE, Warrier MR, Smith B, Kumar R, Pongracic J, Holl JL. The prevalence, severity, and distribution of childhood food allergy
in the United States. Pediatrics 2011 Jul;128(1):e9-17
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CDC Study Finds 3 Million U.S. Children have Food or Digestive
Allergies
The number of young people who had a food or digestive allergy
increased 18 percent between 1997 and 2007, according to a
new report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
From 2004 to 2006, there were approximately 9,537 hospital
discharges per year
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/2008/r081022.htm
For Immediate Release: October 22, 2008
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Which foods are major allergens?
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Common Food Allergens
• Cow’s Milk
• Egg
• Soy
• Wheat
• Peanut
• Tree nuts
• Fish
• Shellfish
• Mustard
• Celery
• Sesame seed
• Lupine
• Kiwi
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Common Food Allergens
Australia France Israel Italy Japan Singapore Spain
Egg
Milk
Peanut
Nuts
Sesame
Wheat
Soy
Fish
Egg
Peanut
Milk
Mustard
Cod
Hazelnut
Kiwi
Wheat
Egg
Milk
Sesame
Peanut
Soy
Nuts
Strawberry
Beef
Chicken
Tomato
Fish
Milk
Nuts
Egg
Fruit
Cereals
Vegetables
Goat milk
Egg
Milk
Seafood
Wheat
Snacks
Beans
Chicken
Vegetables
Nuts
Bird's nest
Seafood
Egg
Milk
Chinese
herbs
Egg
Fish
Milk
Peach
Nuts
Lentil
Peanut
Chick pea
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Summary of Published LOAELs
Food LOAEL (mg protein)
Egg 0.13 to 1.0
Peanut 0.25 to 10
Milk 0.36 to 3.6
Tree Nuts 0.02 to 7.5
Soy 88 to 522
Fish 1 to 100
* LOAEL = Lowest Observed Adverse Effect
Vieths S. Avoidance of hidden allergens in processed foods: a challenge for food chemists and manufacturers. Nahrung 2003;47(2):73
Threshold Levels
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Prevalence of Coeliac disease
• 1 in 100 diagnosed with Celiac Disease in UK
• Celiac disease is linked to multiple affections including
osteoporosis and cancer
25871 Rostami Nejad M, Rostami K, Emami MH, Zali MR, Malekzadeh R. Epidemiology of Celiac
Disease in Iran: A Review. Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases 2011;3(1):5-12
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• Mediated by immune system
• Proteins e.g., gliadin, albumin
Wheat Allergy vs Coeliac Disease
Mediated by immune system
but NOT ALLERGY
Proteins - gluten
Still an adverse reaction to food!
Can have? Wheat
Allergy
Celiac
Disease
Wheat x x
Rye x
Barley x
Oats 5%
Corn
Rice
Wheat Allergy vs Coeliac Disease
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Gluten dose
• 10 mg in 500 g of food = 20 ppm
• 10 mg gluten is ingested in 1/250th of a slice
of bread containing 2.5 g gluten
Forbes GM. Modifying the gluten-free threshold for foods: first do no harm Med J Aust 2013; 199 (6): 393.
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Perceptions
Consumer survey indicated that 30% of the people
interviewed reported that they or a family member had
an allergy to a food product.
22% avoided particular foods on the mere possibility that
the food may contain an allergen.
1. Sloan AE, Powers ME. A perspective on popular perceptions of adverse reactions to foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986;78:127-133
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25869 Woods RK, Abramson M, Bailey M, Walters EH. International prevalences of reported food allergies and intolerances. Comparisons
arising from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) 1991-1994. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001 Apr;55(4):298-304.
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Hidden Allergens
1. Contamination
2. Misleading labels
3. Specific application ingredients
4. "Ingredient switching"
5. Similar labels - dissimilar formulations
6. Labelling regulation loopholes
7. Uncommon terms
Steinman HA. Hidden allergens in foods. J Clin Allergy Immunol 1996;98(2):241-250
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Risk Assessment
Where are allergens stored?
How are allergens stored?
How are allergens handled?
Storage of raw materials and finished products?
Verified and validated cleaning regimes?
Are there dedicated manufacturing lines?
How easy is cleaning of equipment?
Risk of cross-contamination?
Manufacturing / Food industry
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Food Allergen Risk Management:
The Challenge
Protecting allergic consumers while
Dr Rene Crevel
Minimising the effects on their quality of life
Maintaining economic operation of food
manufacturing
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Purpose of food labelling regulations?
• Primary function – to inform about true nature of food &
provide details of ingredients which they contain
• Practical viewpoint – law protects allergic/intolerant
individual by requiring information, not elimination
• Level playing field - for manufacturers
Food Labelling and the Law
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Control - Management of Allergens
• Education
• Legislation
• Manufacturing practises – ACP/HACCP
• Risk Communication (labelling)
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ALLERGEN
RISK
MANAGEMENT
Health professionals
• Diagnose and
advise patients
Allergen risk management
- a shared responsibility
Food Industry
• Labels allergens
• Manages cross-
contamination
Allergic patients
• Care in food choices
Regulators
• Balance interests of
stakeholders
• Uphold the rules
(compliance)
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International allergen labeling requirements
USA European
Union
Australia-
New Zealand
Canada Japan South
Africa
Cow's milk Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Hen's egg Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Wheat Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Soy Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Peanut Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tree nuts Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Fish Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Crustaceans Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Molluscs No No Yes Yes No Yes
Sesame seed No Yes Yes Yes No No
Mustard seed No Yes No No No No
Celery No Yes No No No No
Buckwheat No No No No Yes No
Lupin No Yes No No No No
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European Union
• Till 13 December 2014, Directive 2000/13 and 2003/89 (2003)
apply
• Allergen-relevant articles within Regulation (EU) 1169/2011 are:
– Article 9.1(c): Mandatory particulars
– Article 21: Labelling of certain substances of products causing allergies or
intolerances
– Article 36.3(a): Additional voluntary allergen labelling (‘may contain’)
– Article 44.1(a) and 44.2: Allergen labelling of non-prepacked foods
– Annex II: List of substances or products causing allergies or intolerances
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European Union
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Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act, Act 54 of 1972
Regulations relating to Labelling & Advertising
of Foodstuffs (R. 146/2010)
South African Labeling Regulations
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Department of Health
• Health Act 61 of 2003
• Hygiene Regulations – R918
• Food Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act
• Others including HACCP, Liquor, Salt, Sweeteners, etc
Department of Agriculture
• Product standards and labelling dairy, fruit, grains etc
Department of Trade and Industry
• Trade Metrology – weights and measures, NRCS
Central Government Regulations
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Specifics:
• an ingredient
• an ingredient of
• Free-from claims
• Gluten
Compound ingredient
Additive
Processing aid
Extent of Declaration
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Ingredient list:
Rice, egg, whey (milk), anchovy (fish)
lecithin (soy), spices
Ingredient list:
Rice, egg, whey, anchovy,
lecithin, spices
Contains: Egg, milk, fish, soy
OR
Implications of regulation:
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46(1v). the claim "gluten-free" shall not be permitted on a
foodstuff
• unless the gluten level of the end-product
does not exceed 20 mg/kg as analysed with the R5 Mendez
Enzyme-Linked lmmunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for gluten …
‘Gluten-free’ Claims
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• Consistent approach to presentation of allergen information
Ensure clear distinction between allergens that are deliberate
ingredients and those that are possible cross-contaminants
Deliberate
ingredients
Allergen advice boxes
are voluntary Possible
contaminants
Method of Declaration
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Precautionary label: Australia
• Avoidance of foods - depends on the wording
• 65% ignore “made in the same factory” vs 22% “may be present”
• No difference whether a history of anaphylaxis
Zurzolo GA, Koplin JJ, Mathai ML, Tang MKL, Allen KJ. Perceptions of precautionary labelling among parents of children
with food allergy and anaphylaxis. Med J Aust 2013;198(11):621-623.
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Percentage of parents of food-allergic children who reported that
they would ignore a particular precautionary label, stratified by risk
Zurzolo GA, Koplin JJ, Mathai ML, Tang MKL, Allen KJ. Perceptions of precautionary labelling among parents of children with food allergy and
anaphylaxis. Med J Aust 2013;198(11):621-623.
Precautionary label: Australia
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Precautionary label: Australia
• Consumers choose a gradient level of risk based on the wording
of the precautionary statements
• Appear to be complacent about precautionary labelling
• Many statements now disregarded by a sizeable proportion of
parents of food-allergic children, including those caring for
children with a past history of anaphylaxis
Zurzolo GA, Koplin JJ, Mathai ML, Tang MKL, Allen KJ. Perceptions of precautionary labelling among parents of children with food allergy and
anaphylaxis. Med J Aust 2013;198(11):621-623.
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Precautionary label: UK
• Substantial proportion regularly take risks purchasing food
including those reporting severe reactions:
Cochrane SA, Gowland MH, Sheffield D, Crevel RW. Characteristics and purchasing behaviours of food-allergic consumers and
those who buy food for them in Great Britain. Clin Transl Allergy 2013 Sep 23;3(1):31
current application
of precautionary labelling to mitigate and communicate risk is
of limited effectiveness
Failure to read labels on every occasion highlights the
importance of thinking beyond legal compliance when
designing labels, for example when adding an allergen to a
product that previously did not contain it
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• Limitation of the diet
• Increased risk taking • Once did not react
• Take a risk next time
• Potential reactions
Precautionary labeling provides little help to
food allergic consumers if it is used promiscuously
Allergen Precautionary Labeling
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Food Manufacturers should exercise all possible
precautions in preventing contamination
– HACCP
– Allergen testing of products e.g. ELISA or PCR
Due Diligence!
Precautionary statements – NOT a substitute for GMPs
Allergen Precautionary Labeling
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Should be based on thorough RISK ASSESSMENT!
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• Protect consumers across board from exploitation of any kind
– Mainly from unfair marketing practices and from hazards
• Food producers & entire supply chain exposed to civil & criminal
liability in terms of CPA, various laws, regulations & by-laws
• Provides consumers with simple redress mechanism (No-fault liability)
• Big stick approach to non-compliant businesses!
– Fine up to R 1 000 000 or 10% of turnover, whichever higher
Consumer Protection Act, 2008
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1. Legislation
2. Policing
3. Enforcement
Obstacles
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Allergen Control Program
“Buy in” – Food Safety Culture
Education
Implementation
Ingredients & Storage
Equipment
Cross-contamination management
Cleaning processes
Evaluation & Validation
Audits
Practical Allergen Management Workshop
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Effective allergen management is a shared
responsibility that requires consistency
across the supply chain.
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Food Standards Agency
'Annual Report of Incidents 2010‘
Action taken by the Agency in 2010 included the issuing of 70
product recall and withdrawal notifications, of which 34 were
Allergy Alerts.
50 % allergy!!
http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2011/may/report
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Canadian Product Recalls: 2006-2011
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/relations/res/statrece.shtml
Food recalls
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No of allergen recalls in Canada, US and Australia/ New Zealand in
2007 - 2012
Food recalls
54 65 65
121
142
109
78
101
75
147 142
189
9 10 17
13
24 17
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
FY2007 FY2008 FY2009 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012
Canada (CFIA) US (FDA) Australia / New Zealand (FSANZ)
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http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/08/undeclared-allergens-top-reason-for-second-quarter-
recalls/#.UhW09tI3CeF
FDA recalls: (60% in 2013)
Food recalls
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I. Malyukova; S. M. Gendel; S. Luccioli. Milk is the predominant undeclared allergen in US food product recall
Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition,Food and Drug Administration MD, USA
FDA recalls:
Food recalls
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Risk of containing nuts not listed on the label
Food allergen recalls - SA
Egg found in the “egg-free” product
Undeclared peanut present
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Key Food Industry Lessons
Major company recalls
– Rework
– Inadequate cleaning of shared equipment
– Line cross-overs
– Packaging errors
– Ingredient suppliers
– Custom processors
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“Muddy Waters”
• Restaurants
• Contamination: Deli’s
• Cosmetics
• DAFF laws Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
• Size of manufactures
• “Accidents”
• Exemptions
• Education
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Importance of Labeling
Turner RE, Degnan FH, Archer DL. Label claims for foods and supplements: A review of the regulations. Nutr Clin Pract 2005;20:21-32
“Labeling may be misleading not only because
of what it says but also because of what it
does not say.”
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Harris
Steinman
Carine Davies
Registered Dietician
Karen Horsburgh
Registered
Dietician
Donna Cawthorn
Food Scientist (Ph.D.)
Shafeeqah Allie
Administration
Corrine Hugo
Food Scientist
Debora v.d. Merwe
Food Scientist (Ph.D.)
www.factssa.com [email protected]
Comaine van Zyl
Food Scientist
Jana du Plessis
MSC Genetics