COMPUTER_2003 File Format

8/8/2019 COMPUTER_2003 File Format

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COMPUTER


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DEFINITION

yComputer is programmable

machine that receives input,stores and manipulates

data/information and provides

output in a useful format.


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HISTORY : GENERATIONS OF

COMPUTERS

& First Generation

&

Second Generation&Third Generation

& Fourth Generation

& Fifth Generation


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FIRST GENERATION

y 1946 1955y Used Vacuum tubes for circuitry and Magnetic drums for memory

y Relied on Machine Language

y Used Punched cards and Paper tapes for Input

yOutput in Printed form

y UNIVAC I, EDSAC are first generation computers

Characteristics

y Occupies more space and clumsy

y

Consumes more electricityy Dissipates more heat and hence requires large air conditioners for

cooling

y Very low reliability

y Batch Processing


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SECOND GENERATION

y1956 1964

y Transistors replaced Vacuum tubes

y Moved from Magnetic drum to Magnetic core technology for memory

y Moved from Machine language to Assembly Languages, which allowed theprogrammers to write instructions in words.

y Used Punched cards and Paper tapes for Input

y Output in Printed form

y Magnetic tapes are used for Secondary storage

y High level languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions ofCOBOL and FORTRAN.

y IBM System/360 (Mainframe) , PDP 8 (Minicomputer) are second generation

computersCharacteristics

y Computers became smaller in size

y Consumes less electricity

y More reliable and faster

y Time sharing processing


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FOURTH GENERATION

y 1975 1998y Microprocessors (VLSI)

y Development of GUI (Graphical user Interface), mouse and handheld devices

y Development in Data communication i.e. Networking, Internety Development of Micro computers such as Intel 8088 (16 bit),

Intel 80386 (32 bit)

y Development of Embedded computers - Intel 8048, Intel 8051

yDevelopment of Personal Computers (Desktops, Laptops,Portable computers, PDAs,Tablet PC)

y Different types of Secondary memory with high storage capacityand fast access are developed Ex: Floppy Disc,Hard disc


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FIFTH GENERATION

y 1998 PRESENTy Based on Artificial Intelligence

y Problem solving, Expert Systems, Natural Language

Technological Advances that could make development

of fifth generation computers:y Parallel processing Many processors are grouped to function as

one large processor

y Super conductors is a conductor through which electricity can

travel without any resistance, resulting in faster transfer ofdata/information between components of a computer.

y Applications Speech Recognition, Robotics, Quantumcomputer,DNA computing, etc.,


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TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Classification by Size and Powery Micro Computers (Personal Computers)

y Mini Computers (Midrange Computers) A multi usercomputer capable of supporting up to hundreds of userssimultaneously)

y Mainframe Computers - A powerful multi user computercapable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of userssimultaneously)

y Super Computers Are fastest and very expensive

computers employed for specialized applications that requireimmense amount of Mathematical calculations. For Ex:Weather forecast, Scientific Simulations, Fluid dynamicsetc.,


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TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Classification by Functiony Servers Usually refer to a computer that is dedicated to

provide a service. Ex: Database server, File server, Web

server etc.,

y Workstations A powerful single user computer (personalcomputer) with some hardware enhancements

y Embedded Computers (are computers that are usually part

of a device or machine. Embedded computers generally

execute a program that is stored in Non-volatile memory andis only intended to operate a specific machine Ex: Washing

Machine,DVD Player etc.,)


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COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

SYSTEMSOFTWARE

APPLICATIONSOFTWARE


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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

INPUT

SECONDARY STORAGE

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

AL

U

C

U

MEMORYOUTPUT


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INPUT DEVICES


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OUTPUT DEVICES


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CONTROL UNIT COORDINATES ALL THE OPERATIONS OF THE COMPUTER

AND GUIDES FLOW OF DATA FROM ONE SUBSYSTEM TO ANOTHER.

IT GETS INSTRUCTIONS FROM MEMORY , DECODES THEM ANDTHEN

SENDS THE REQUEST TO APPROPRIATE UNIT FOR COMPLIANCE OF THE

INSTRUCTION.

THE CONTROL UNIT ALSO CONTRLS THE TIMING OF ACTIVITIES SO THAT

THEY ARE PERFORMES IN A SYNCHRONISEDMANNER.

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT PERFORMS ARITHMETIC

(ADD

ITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION,DIVISION) AND LOGICAL

(TRUE OR FALSE) OPEARTIONS

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC LOGIC

UNIT

FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE INSTRUCTION INVOLVES SOME ARITHMETIC

OPERATION, IT INFORMS THE ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT ABOUT THE

OPERATION TO BE PERFFORMED, THE ADDRESS FROM WHERE DATA TO BE

EXTRACTEDANDTHE ADDRESS WHERE THE DATA ARE TO BE STORED

REGISTERS

REGISTERS ARE SUPERFAST STORAGE DEVICES.

FOLLOWING S ARE USED

FOR STORING PURPOSES THE DATA REQUIRED FOR EXECUTION OF A SINGLE INSTRUCTION

FETCHED FROM MEMORY

THE ADDRESS OF THE CURRENT INSTRUCTION

INTERMEDIATE RESULTS OBTAINEDWHEN THE DATA ARE

MANIPULATEDAS PER INSTRUCTION

THE ADDRESS OF THE NEXT INSTRUCTION TO BE FETCHED FROM

MEMORY


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CPU >> REGISTERS

The co puter evaluates arith etic expressions by

breaking do n co plex operations. For exa ple

ultiplication is treated as repeated addition. x:

The product of5 and 6 ill be obtained by

initializing operand to 0 and adding 5 to it six ti es

ACCUMULATOR

TYPE OF REGISTER FUNCTIONThe Instruction Register The Instruction fetched from memory is

stored

The Program Counter Addresses of Instructions will be stored

The Data Register The addresses of data required forprocessing instructions are temporarily

stored

The Accumulator The intermediate results of the process are

stored.


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TYPE OF REGIS

TER FUNC

TION

The Temporary Register Stores Intermediate results obtained during

the processing of data performed in a single

instruction

The Memory Data

Register

Is a buffer between the CPU and Memory.

Before some data are transferred from CPU tomemory , these are temporarily stored in the

MDR

The Input Register Is a buffer between Input device and the

computer. The character, read by input device

is temporarily stored in the Input Register

The Output Register Is a buffer between the computer and the

Output device . It stores the character before

it is transferred to the output device.

CPU >> REGISTERS


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MEMORY

y PRIMARY MEMORY

y ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)

PROM (PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY)

EPROM (ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY)

EEPROM (ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY)

EAROM (ELECTRICALLY ALTERABLE READ ONLY MEMORY)

FLASH MEMORY

y RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

y DRAM (DYNAMIC RAM)

y SRAM (STATIC RAM)

y SECONDARY STORAGE


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DIFFERENCES

RAM ROM

Random Access Memory

Volatile (Losses data when power

switches off) and hence

temporary memory

User can access RAM for reading

or writing

Is the memory , that computer

programs retrieve and load data

during processing

Faster access as the time for

retrieving data is independent of

physical location

Read only Memory

Non-Volatile and Permanent Memory

User can read but he/she can not

change its contents

Is used to store the basic boot

strapping (booting) firmware for the

main processor , as well as the various

firmware needed to internally control

self contained devices like Graphic

cards,Hard disk, DVD drives , TFT

Screens etc.

Slower than RAM


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SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

MAGNETIC TAPES HARDDISC

ANATOMY OFH

ARD

D

ISC

FLOPPY DISC

USB PEN DRIVE


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y

The set of programs through which the user interacts with the computer isknown as software

y Software may broadly classified into two types.

y System software

y Is software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide

and maintain a platform for running application softwarey The components of system software include

y Operating system

y Language translators

y Loaders & linkers

y Utility programsy System software stored on non-volatile memory is usually termed as

firmware ex: BIOS

y Application software

y Is software designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple

related specific tasks.

SOFTWARE


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Examples of Application software

y

Time & Resource Managementy Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System, Accounting

Software

y Data management : Spread sheet, Personal Database

y Documentation : Word Processing, Presentation,Desktop

publishingy Content Access

y Web Browsers, Media Players

y Entertainment Software

y Digital Pets, Video Gamesy Enterprise Infrastructure

y DBMS (Data Base Management System)

y GIS (Geographical Information System)


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Examples of Application software

y

Product Engineeringy CAD (Computer Aided Design)

y FEA (Finite Element Analysis)

y CAE (Computer Aided Engineering)

y Software Engineering

y Compiler Software

y IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

y Game creation software

y Program Testing Tools

y Media Development Softwarey Animation

y Video & Audio editing

y Web Development


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CREDITS

VEGESNA SIRISHA

MEMBER 2

MEMBER 3

COMPUTER_2003 File Format

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