Computer Vision CS 776 Spring 2014 Cameras & Photogrammetry 3 Prof. Alex Berg (Slide credits to many...

Computer VisionCS 776 Spring 2014

Cameras & Photogrammetry 3

Prof. Alex Berg

(Slide credits to many folks on individual slides)

Cameras & Photogrammetry 3

http://www.math.tu-dresden.de/DMV2000/Impress/PIC003.jpg

Gamma Scientific

http://www.autobild.de/artikel/xenonlampen-im-test-2822873.html

Adapted from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commercial_Integrating_Sphere.jpg

Stories of light

Alex Berg 2012 Jensen & Buhler Siggraph 2002

Image formation

What determines the brightness of an image pixel?

Light sourceproperties

Surface shape and orientation

Surface reflectancepropertiesOptics

Sensor characteristics

Slide by L. Fei-Fei

Exposure

Fundamental radiometric relation

L: Radiance emitted from P toward P’E: Irradiance falling on P’ from the lens

What is the relationship between E and L?Szeliski 2.2.3

P

P’

f z

d α


• Image irradiance is linearly related to scene radiance

• Irradiance is proportional to the area of the lens and inversely proportional to the squared distance between the lens and the image plane

• The irradiance falls off as the angle between the viewing ray and the optical axis increases

Lf

dE

4

2

cos4

Szeliski 2.2.3

P

P’

f z

d α

The interaction of light and surfacesWhat happens when a light ray hits a point on an

object?• Some of the light gets absorbed

– converted to other forms of energy (e.g., heat)• Some gets transmitted through the object

– possibly bent, through “refraction”– Or scattered inside the object (subsurface scattering)

• Some gets reflected– possibly in multiple directions at once

• Really complicated things can happen– fluorescence

Bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF): how bright a surface appears when viewed from one direction when light falls on it from another

Slide by Steve Seitz

BRDFs can be incredibly complicated…

Slide by Svetlana Lazebnik

Computer Vision - A Modern ApproachSet: Radiometry

Slides by D.A. Forsyth

Radiometry

• Questions:– how “bright” will surfaces be? – what is “brightness”?

• measuring light• interactions between light and surfaces

• Core idea - think about light arriving at a surface• around any point is a hemisphere of directions• Simplest problems can be dealt with by reasoning about this

hemisphere



Lambert’s wall



More complex wall



Foreshortening

• Principle: two sources that look the same to a receiver must have the same effect on the receiver.

• Principle: two receivers that look the same to a source must receive the same amount of energy.

• “look the same” means produce the same input hemisphere (or output hemisphere)

• Reason: what else can a receiver know about a source but what appears on its input hemisphere? (ditto, swapping receiver and source)

• Crucial consequence: a big source (resp. receiver), viewed at a glancing angle, must produce (resp. experience) the same effect as a small source (resp. receiver) viewed frontally.



Solid Angle

• By analogy with angle (in radians), the solid angle subtended by a region at a point is the area projected on a unit sphere centered at that point

• The solid angle subtended by a patch area dA is given by

• Another useful expression:



Measuring Light in Free Space

• Desirable property: in a vacuum, the relevant unit does not go down along a straight line.

• How do we get a unit with this property? Think about the power transferred from an infinitesimal source to an infinitesimal receiver.

• We have total power leaving s to r = total power arriving at r from s• Also: Power arriving at r is proportional to:

– solid angle subtended by s at r (because if s looked bigger from r, there’d be more)

– foreshortened area of r (because a bigger r will collect more power



Radiance

• All this suggests that the light transferred from source to receiver should be measured as:

Radiant power per unit foreshortened area per unit solid angle

• This is radiance• Units: watts per square meter per steradian (wm-2sr-1)• Usually written as:

• Crucial property: In a vacuum, radiance leaving p in the direction of q is the same as radiance arriving at q from p– which was how we got to the unit



Radiance is constant along straight lines

• Power 1->2, leaving 1:

• Power 1->2, arriving at 2:

• But these must be the same, so that the two radiances are equal



Irradiance

• How much light is arriving at a surface?• Sensible unit is Irradiance• Incident power per unit area not foreshortened• This is a function of incoming angle. • A surface experiencing radiance L(x, ,q f) coming in from dw

experiences irradiance

• Crucial property: Total power arriving at the surface is given by adding irradiance over all incoming angles --- this is why it’s a natural unit

• Total power is



Light at surfaces

• Many effects when light strikes a surface -- could be:– absorbed– transmitted

• skin– reflected

• mirror– scattered

• milk– travel along the surface and leave at some other point

• sweaty skin

• Assume that– surfaces don’t fluoresce

• e.g. scorpions, washing powder– surfaces don’t emit light (i.e. are cool)– all the light leaving a point is due to that arriving at that point



The BRDF

• Assuming that– surfaces don’t fluoresce– surfaces don’t emit light (i.e. are cool)– all the light leaving a point is due to that arriving at that point

• Can model this situation with the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)

• the ratio of the radiance in the outgoing direction to the incident irradiance



BRDF

• Units: inverse steradians (sr-1)• Symmetric in incoming and outgoing directions - this is the Helmholtz

reciprocity principle• Radiance leaving a surface in a particular direction:

– add contributions from every incoming direction



Suppressing Angles - Radiosity

• In many situations, we do not really need angle coordinates– e.g. cotton cloth, where the reflected light is not dependent on angle

• Appropriate radiometric unit is radiosity– total power leaving a point on the surface, per unit area on the surface

(Wm-2)– note that this is independent of the direction

• Radiosity from radiance?– sum radiance leaving surface over all exit directions, multiplying by a

cosine because this is per unit area not per unit foreshortened area



Radiosity

• Important relationship:– radiosity of a surface whose radiance is independent of angle (e.g. that

cotton cloth)



Suppressing the angles in the BRDF

• BRDF is a very general notion– some surfaces need it (underside of a CD; tiger eye; etc)– very hard to measure

• ,illuminate from one direction, view from another, repeat– very unstable

• minor surface damage can change the BRDF• e.g. ridges of oil left by contact with the skin can act as lenses

• for many surfaces, light leaving the surface is largely independent of exit angle– surface roughness is one source of this property



Directional hemispheric reflectance

• Directional hemispheric reflectance:– the fraction of the incident irradiance in a given direction that is reflected

by the surface (whatever the direction of reflection)– unitless, range is 0-1

• Note that DHR varies with incoming direction– eg a ridged surface, where left facing ridges are absorbent and right facing

ridges reflect.



Lambertian surfaces and albedo

• For some surfaces, the DHR is independent of illumination direction too– cotton cloth, carpets, matte paper, matte paints, etc.

• For such surfaces, radiance leaving the surface is independent of angle• Called Lambertian surfaces (same Lambert) or ideal diffuse

surfaces

• Use radiosity as a unit to describe light leaving the surface • DHR is often called diffuse reflectance, or albedo • for a Lambertian surface, BRDF is independent of angle, too.• Useful fact:



Specular surfaces

• Another important class of surfaces is specular, or mirror-like.– radiation arriving along a direction leaves along the specular direction– reflect about normal– some fraction is absorbed, some reflected– on real surfaces, energy usually goes into a lobe of directions– can write a BRDF, but requires the use of funny functions



Phong’s model

• There are very few cases where the exact shape of the specular lobe matters.

• Typically:– very, very small --- mirror– small -- blurry mirror– bigger -- see only light sources as “specularities”– very big -- faint specularities

• Phong’s model– reflected energy falls off with



Lambertian + specular

• Widespread model– all surfaces are Lambertian plus specular component

• Advantages– easy to manipulate– very often quite close true

• Disadvantages– some surfaces are not

• e.g. underside of CD’s, feathers of many birds, blue spots on many marine crustaceans and fish, most rough surfaces, oil films (skin!), wet surfaces

– Generally, very little advantage in modelling behaviour of light at a surface in more detail -- it is quite difficult to understand behaviour of L+S surfaces

Diffuse reflection

• Light is reflected equally in all directions• Dull, matte surfaces like chalk or latex paint• Microfacets scatter incoming light randomly• Effect is that light is reflected equally in all

directions

• Brightness of the surface depends on the incidence of illumination

brighter darkerSlide by Svetlana Lazebnik

Diffuse reflection: Lambert’s law

cos

)(

S

SN

BNS

B: radiosity (total power leaving the surface per unit area)ρ: albedo (fraction of incident irradiance reflected by the surface)N: unit normalS: source vector (magnitude proportional to intensity of the source)

θ


Specular reflection• Radiation arriving along a source

direction leaves along the specular direction (source direction reflected about normal)

• Some fraction is absorbed, some reflected

• On real surfaces, energy usually goes into a lobe of directions

• Phong model: reflected energy falls of with

• Lambertian + specular model: sum of diffuse and specular term

ncos


Specular reflection

Moving the light source

Changing the exponent



• Application:• S. B. Kang and R. Weiss,

Can we calibrate a camera using an image of a flat, textureless Lambertian surface? ECCV 2000.

Lf

dE

4

2

cos4


http://research.microsoft.com/~sbkang/publications/eccv00.pdf

http://research.microsoft.com/~sbkang/publications/eccv00.pdf

Photometric stereo (shape from shading)• Can we reconstruct the shape of an

object based on shading cues?

Luca della Robbia,Cantoria, 1438


Photometric stereo

Assume:• A Lambertian object• A local shading model (each point on a surface receives

light only from sources visible at that point)• A set of known light source directions• A set of pictures of an object, obtained in exactly the

same camera/object configuration but using different sources

• Orthographic projection

Goal: reconstruct object shape and albedo

Sn

???S1

S2

F&P 2nd ed., sec. 2.2.4

Surface model: Monge patch

F&P 2nd ed., sec. 2.2.4

j

j

j

j

yx

kyxyx

yxyxk

yxBkyxI

Vg

SN

SN

),(

)(,,

,,

),(),(

Image model• Known: source vectors Sj and pixel values

Ij(x,y)• Unknown: normal N(x,y) and albedo ρ(x,y) • Assume that the response function of the

camera is a linear scaling by a factor of k • Lambert’s law:

F&P 2nd ed., sec. 2.2.4

Least squares problem

• Obtain least-squares solution for g(x,y) (which we defined as N(x,y) (x,y))

• Since N(x,y) is the unit normal, (x,y) is given by the magnitude of g(x,y)

• Finally, N(x,y) = g(x,y) / (x,y)

),(

),(

),(

),(

2

1

2

1

yx

yxI

yxI

yxI

Tn

T

T

n

g

V

V

V

(n × 1)

known known unknown(n × 3) (3 × 1)

• For each pixel, set up a linear system:

F&P 2nd ed., sec. 2.2.4

Example

Recovered albedo Recovered normal field

F&P 2nd ed., sec. 2.2.4

Recall the surface is written as

This means the normal has the form:

Recovering a surface from normalsIf we write the estimated vector g as

Then we obtain values for the partial derivatives of the surface:

)),(,,( yxfyx

11

1),(

22 y

x

yx

f

f

ffyxN

),(

),(

),(

),(

3

2

1

yxg

yxg

yxg

yxg

),(/),(),(

),(/),(),(

32

31

yxgyxgyxf

yxgyxgyxf

y

x

F&P 2nd ed., sec. 2.2.4

Recovering a surface from normalsIntegrability: for the surface f to exist, the mixed second partial derivatives must be equal:

We can now recover the surface height at any point by integration along some path, e.g.

(for robustness, can take integrals over many different paths and average the results)

(in practice, they should at least be similar)

)),(/),((

)),(/),((

32

31

yxgyxgx

yxgyxgy

Cdttxf

dsysfyxf

y

y

x

x

0

0

),(

),(),(

F&P 2nd ed., sec. 2.2.4

Surface recovered by integration

F&P 2nd ed., sec. 2.2.4

Finding the direction of the light source

),(

),(

),(

1),(),(),(

1),(),(),(

1),(),(),(

22

11

222222

111111

nn

z

y

x

nnznnynnx

zyx

zyx

yxI

yxI

yxI

A

S

S

S

yxNyxNyxN

yxNyxNyxN

yxNyxNyxN

),(

),(

),(

1),(),(

1),(),(

1),(),(

22

11

2222

1111

nn

y

x

nnynnx

yx

yx

yxI

yxI

yxI

A

S

S

yxNyxN

yxNyxN

yxNyxN

I(x,y) = N(x,y) ·S(x,y) + A

Full 3D case:

For points on the occluding contour:

P. Nillius and J.-O. Eklundh, “Automatic estimation of the projected light source direction,” CVPR 2001

NS


Finding the direction of the light source

P. Nillius and J.-O. Eklundh, “Automatic estimation of the projected light source direction,” CVPR 2001


Application: Detecting composite photos

Fake photo

Real photo

M. K. Johnson and H. Farid, Exposing Digital Forgeries by Detecting Inconsistencies in Lighting, ACM Multimedia

and Security Workshop, 2005.Slide by Svetlana Lazebnik

http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/downloads/publications/acm05.pdf

From light rays to pixel values

• Camera response function: the mapping f from irradiance to pixel values• Useful if we want to estimate material properties• Enables us to create high dynamic range images• For more info: P. E. Debevec and J. Malik,

Recovering High Dynamic Range Radiance Maps from Photographs, SIGGRAPH 97

tEX

tEfZ Lf

dE

4

2

cos4


http://www.debevec.org/Research/HDR/

http://www.debevec.org/Research/HDR/

Limitations• Orthographic camera model• Simplistic reflectance and lighting

model• No shadows• No interreflections• No missing data• Integration is tricky


More reading & thought problems

(reconstructing from a single image using priors)Shape, Illumination, and Reflectance from ShadingJonathan T. Barron, Jitendra MalikTech Report, 2013

(implementing this one is the extra credit)Recovering High Dynamic Range Radiance Maps from Photographs.Paul E. Debevec and Jitendra Malik.SIGGRAPH 1997

(people can perceive reflectance)Surface reflectance estimation and natural illumination statistics.R.O. Dror, E.H. Adelson, and A.S. Willsky.Workshop on Statistical and Computational Theories of Vision 2001

http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~barron/BarronMalikTR2013.pdf

http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~barron/BarronMalikTR2013.pdf

http://www.pauldebevec.com/Research/HDR/debevec-siggraph97.ps.gz



http://people.csail.mit.edu/rondror/papers/dror_sctv_01.pdf

http://people.csail.mit.edu/rondror/papers/dror_sctv_01.pdf

Computer Vision CS 776 Spring 2014 Cameras & Photogrammetry 3 Prof. Alex Berg (Slide credits to many...

Documents

Transcript of Computer Vision CS 776 Spring 2014 Cameras & Photogrammetry 3 Prof. Alex Berg (Slide credits to many...