Computer Teaching Strategies- Mam Jing's Copy
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Transcript of Computer Teaching Strategies- Mam Jing's Copy
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Computer Teaching Strategies
Teaching Strategies and Methodologies
Computer Technology and Learning
Computers
are used to communicate information to students and nurses in a time-
saving way, to teach critical thinking and problem solving, to provide
stimulations of reality, and to educate from a distance.
Computer Teaching Strategies
1. Computer – Assisted Instruction
2. Internet
3. Virtual Reality
Computer – Assisted Instruction
can be used to teach nurses, students and patients
can be very effective in the hands of an astute nurse educator.
1. Drill and Practice
the simplest level of CAI.
students have already learned information, either through computer
programs or other teaching methods, and are now presented with
repetition and application of the information.
2. Tutorials
the second mode in which CAI may be written
teaches the students a body of knowledge by presenting information and
asking questions, giving hints if the student gets stuck.
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3. Games
just as board games, card games and trivia games can be used to teach
nursing, so can computer games.
4. Simulations
One of the most exciting and available forms of CAI.
Provide students with all details about a particular patient situation and
ask them to assess the patient, arrive at diagnoses, plan interventions and
evaluate care.
Computer Simulation format:
Description of a patient situation.
Student selects which data should be collected.
Computer provides feedback about choices.
Student uses the correct data to arrive at nursing diagnoses.
Computer provides feedback on diagnoses.
Student selects appropriate nursing goals.
Computer responds to each selection as to why it is or is not correct.
Student selects appropriate actions.
Computer responds with positive and negative effects of each actions.
Student selects evaluation criteria that indicate success of nursing actions.
Computer provides feedback on evaluation criteria.
Multimedia Presentation
sometimes called hypermedia
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programs may incorporate text, sound tracks, graphics, still photos,
animations, video clips, and material from the World Wide Web (www).
Evaluating Software
Manual – (user’s guide) generally not made available to learners but should be
available to the nurse educator.
Evaluate the program in terms of the objectives you want to achieve.
Criteria for evaluating CAI software:
1. Accuracy
2. Ease of use
3. Design
4. Appearance
5. Feedback
6. Cost Effectiveness
CAI for Patient Education
Three forces of urgency to the delivery of patient education:
expectation of accreditation organizations
the increase in lawsuits against health care facilities and providers.
the rise in consumerism in our society.
CAI for Nursing students and Nursing Staffs
programs are available that teach psychomotor skills, dosage
computation, care planning, problem solving, critical thinking and content
in many medical conditions.
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Research on Effectiveness of CAI
CAI is at least as effective if not more effective than traditional pedagogy
for the content areas studied.
The vast number of studies that have been conducted give weight to the
conclusion that CAI is an effective way to achieve student learning.
Definition of Terms
The Internet
is a mammoth complex of computer connections across continents,
connecting many millions of computers.
E–mail
Electronic mail
can be used to provide greater collaboration between teachers and
students and between students and students.
New Groups
are similar to listservs in that they are discussion groups of people with
similar interests.
World Wide Web
a collection of millions of documents found on Web Pages that interface to
the Internet.
World Wide Web Searches
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“surfing the web” is an appropriate some people take, but it is like
aimlessly walking up and down unmarked and unfamiliar supermarket
aisles, hopping you are soon find the item you are seeking.
Evaluating World Wide Web Sites
let the reader beware and let the reader have some criteria in mind for
sorting out the good from the garbage.
Criteria for evaluating Quality of WWW Sites:
1. Purpose
2. Currency
3. Credibility
4. Content Accuracy
5. Design
Virtual Reality
a computer- based, simulated three- dimensional environment in which
the participant interacts with a virtual world.
only in virtual reality can the learner enter a virtual world and feel an
object, move it, and measure its movement.
Use of Technology in Education and Patient care
Computer technology plays a big role in health care systems and
information management. As technology continues to evolve, its role will
become even more prevalent and important. Among the trends seen in
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technology products are better integration and compatibility of systems
and accessories, enhanced performance and speed, smaller size and
portability, improved user friendliness, and affordability. All of these trends
favor increased use in the health care environment.
Clinical Uses of E-Mail
Electronic communication can extend and complement direct patient
encounters, improve adherence and access to care, and increase the
involvement of patients in their own care.
E-mail is well-suited for communicating administrative information,
medication or dressing instructions, patient education materials, routine
laboratory results, appointment reminders, and prescription refills.
It can augment home monitoring of treatment plans, such as diabetic diets
or smoking cessation programs. Providers can make general
announcements to an entire patient practice about issues such as
vacation coverage, influenza vaccine availability, changes in referral
procedures, or withdrawal of medications from the market
Disadvantages of E-mail
However, the nature of e-mail creates legal, ethical, and practical
concerns. E-mail is more permanent than oral communication and more
spontaneous than paper correspondence. It is by its nature self-
documenting. E-mail can be duplicated or forwarded with a few keystrokes
and little thought, and copies may linger on intermediate or back-up
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computer systems long after the sender and receiver have deleted the
originals.
The casual and conversational nature of e-mail in the absence of
nonverbal social cues commonly leads to misunderstandings. E-mail can
be easily altered by the sender, the recipient, or a third party,
retrospectively and without attribution. It is very difficult to positively
identify the sender or recipient on the other end of an e-mail address, and
with modest technical expertise it is easy to fabricate an e-mail from most
addresses.
Electronic Medical Records
An evolving concept defined as a systematic collection of electronic health
information about individual patients or populations.
It is capable of being shared across different health care settings, by being
embedded in network-connected enterprise-wide information systems.
ADVANTAGES
Improve quality of care
-can lessen patient sufferance due to medical errors
Promote evidence-based medicine
-EMRs provide access to unprecedented amounts of clinical data for research
that can accelerate the level of knowledge of effective medical practices.
Record keeping and mobility
-EMR systems have the advantages of being able to connect to many
electronic medical record systems.
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DISADVANTAGES
Time
-Often doctors do not want to spend time to learn a new system.
Computerized Provider Order Entry
Enthusiasm stems from the potential safety and quality benefits of
eliminating problems with legibility, ambiguous abbreviations, and delays
in order communication, and from the clinical benefits of automated dose
checking, drug-drug interaction checking, drug-allergy checking, guideline
promotion and standardization of care, and other more sophisticated
forms of real-time clinical decision support.
The evidence for the benefit of computerized provider order entry is
considered solid, in addition to the face value improvement of order
quality, completeness, and communication speed.
Clinical Decision Support Systems
computerized clinical decision support systems directly assist the clinician
in making decisions about a specific patient
For example, simple dose-range checking for medications (such as
opiates and insulin), drug-drug interaction checking, and drug-allergy
checking are conceptually straightforward but can catch a critical source of
human error that no amount of personal vigilance will entirely eliminate.
Web Sites & Online Health-Related Forums
Many clinicians, either individually or through their practice group,
maintain a Web site for their practice as a service to their patients.
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Many clinicians use online resources for references and to obtain
continuing medical education. Numerous high-quality medical news Web
sites are available, and most medical journals offer direct access to
current and archived issues to individual subscribers and institutions.
Many online discussion groups are available for health care providers with
similar interests. Almost all function as electronic bulletin boards, where
individuals leave new messages or comments relevant to ongoing
discussion threads (topics).
Mailing lists are discussions delivered directly by e-mail. Any comment
posted to the ongoing dialogue is sent to every subscriber.
Mailing lists can be moderated or unmoderated, private or public, and may
have as few as two or as many as tens of thousands of subscribers. High-
volume lists can produce hundreds of postings each day and can be
received in a digest mode, which gathers the postings into a single
periodic e-mail message.
Internet's closest approximation to a face-to-face conversation takes place
in chatrooms, where participants type text live and it is visible to the whole
group as the discussion unfolds. Although—as with everywhere on the
Internet—it is impossible to conclusively verify the identities of those with
whom one is communicating, quality chatrooms provide moderators,
discussants, or attendants responsible for guiding discussions and
removing disruptive participants. Most chatrooms of interest to health care
providers are hosted by medical Web sites.
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Mobile Computing for Clinicians
Among the most widely used devices are “smartphones,” which combine
the functions of a personal digital assistant (PDA) and a cellular
telephone. The defining features of PDAs and smartphones include their
pocket size and their “instant on” capability without the startup time usual
with devices running a full-fledged operating system. PDAs are designed
for limited data input, although devices for e-mail and other interactive
communications with thumb keyboards or on-screen virtual keyboards
have achieved significant market penetration.
Telemedicine
Telemedicine can be defined as "the use of information and
communications technologies to provide and support health care when
distance separates the participants." Clinicians have been practicing
telemedicine via the telephone since the telephone was invented.
The next generation of telemedicine applications may expand the remote
clinician's capabilities beyond diagnosis to therapeutic interventions.
Telesurgery, remote psychotherapy, and virtual home visits to manage
chronic medical problems have all been demonstrated, although
deployment remains limited. Remote monitoring of chronic medical
conditions using networked medical devices such as blood pressure cuffs
or blood glucose monitors has become increasingly popular.
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Technology in Nursing Education and Communication
Three Types of Computer-based Learning
Distance Education / Distance Learning
Distance Learning Function
Distance learning started several years ago when colleges and tech schools
needed to offer courses to students who lived a significant distance away
from campus. Long distance instruction then utilized video equipment to bring
"in" the professor to a group several miles away who were connected by
video equipment and a T1 line.
Distance Learning Setup
The students could see the professor, hear his lecture, listen to him and ask
questions. The set up was the same as the traditional classroom; the only
difference was that a technician was added to the set up so that he could
monitor that all went well with the video equipment.
eLearning
eLearning Function
eLearning today is Internet learning in which courses have been set up to
train and educate people. Corporations and colleges use eLearning. The
teaching methods involve setting up interactive presentations, embedded
videos, chat devices and links to other websites in addition to traditional
methods: online lectures, notes and tests
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eLearning Setup
While both distance learning and eLearning bring the coursework directly to
the students or employees, traditional distance learning is usually stand
alone, whereas eLearning is a design of connected media elements that are
used as a necessary part of instruction.
Internet
Internet is a global data communication system. It is a hardware and software
infrastructure that provides connectivity between computer systems.
Benefits of CAI in the Health Care Industry
Computer assisted instruction and the health professional.
CAI has been widely studied as an asset an accompanying tool for the health
professional.
Encouraging physicians to counsel their patients to improve their health is a
national health priority.
Physicians note several barriers to counseling individuals such as, including a
lack of time, expertise, and organizational support. Although doctor–patient
communication is important in health care, medical specialists are generally
not well trained in communication skills. As the demands for practionner care
increases, and the timing with the patient becomes even more limited,
practionners must create innovative ways of assisting their patients beyond
the office.
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Using computers for collecting data to assist physicians in counseling patients is
a way of improving the utilization of current computer technologies and
behavioral models. Despite the efficacy of computer systems that enhance
prevention, many barriers remain to the incorporation of various health programs
(ex: smoking cessation) outside of research settings.
Computer assisted instruction and the health educator.
It is imperative that health educators understand and believe that computer
assisted instruction is a valuable tool that can enhance traditional instruction
NOT replace it. This internalization will possibly reduce the threat that some
health educators may have towards computer assisted instruction.
Several research studies have found that when CAI and traditional instruction
have been used together, the effects are significantly enhanced.
Below are several findings from numerous research studies regarding CAI and
traditional instruction:
The use of CAI as a supplement to conventional instruction produces higher
achievement than the use of conventional instruction alone.
Computer-based education (CAI and other computer applications) produce
higher achievement than conventional instruction alone.
Students learn material faster with CAI than with conventional instruction
alone.
Students retain what they have learned better with CAI than with conventional
instruction alone.
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The use of CAI leads to more positive attitudes toward computers, course
content, quality of instruction, school in general, and self-as-learner than the
use of conventional instruction alone.
The use of CAI is associated with other beneficial outcomes, including greater
internal locus of control, school attendance, motivation/time-on-task, and
student-student cooperation and collaboration than the use of conventional
instruction alone.
CAI is more beneficial for younger students than older ones.
CAI is more beneficial with lower-achieving students than with higher-
achieving ones.
Economically disadvantaged students benefit more from CAI than students
from higher socioeconomic backgrounds.
CAI is more effective for teaching lower-cognitive material than higher-
cognitive material.
There are no significant differences in the effectiveness of CAI with male and
female students.
Students' fondness for CAI activities centers around the immediate, objective,
and positive feedback provided by these activities.
CAI activities appear to be at least as cost effective as--and sometimes more
cost-effective than-- other instructional methods, such as teacher-directed
instruction and tutoring.
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Emerging Concerns/Challenges for Computer Assisted Instruction in the
future.
The need for individuals to own or have access to a computer with the
necessary RAM and operating system to effectively utilize a program.
Physical problems that are being reported in individuals as a result of
continued computer usage such as carpal-tunnel syndrome and eye
disorders.
Prohibitive cost of some educational software
Possible lack of human interaction in the learning process (if it is not used in
conjunction with traditional instruction)