Computer Teaching Strategies- Mam Jing's Copy

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1 Computer Teaching Strategies Teaching Strategies and Methodologies Computer Technology and Learning Computers are used to communicate information to students and nurses in a time- saving way, to teach critical thinking and problem solving, to provide stimulations of reality, and to educate from a distance. Computer Teaching Strategies 1. Computer – Assisted Instruction 2. Internet 3. Virtual Reality Computer – Assisted Instruction can be used to teach nurses, students and patients can be very effective in the hands of an astute nurse educator. 1. Drill and Practice the simplest level of CAI. students have already learned information, either through computer programs or other teaching methods,

Transcript of Computer Teaching Strategies- Mam Jing's Copy

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Computer Teaching Strategies

Teaching Strategies and Methodologies

Computer Technology and Learning

Computers

are used to communicate information to students and nurses in a time-

saving way, to teach critical thinking and problem solving, to provide

stimulations of reality, and to educate from a distance.

Computer Teaching Strategies

1. Computer – Assisted Instruction

2. Internet

3. Virtual Reality

Computer – Assisted Instruction

can be used to teach nurses, students and patients

can be very effective in the hands of an astute nurse educator.

1. Drill and Practice

the simplest level of CAI.

students have already learned information, either through computer

programs or other teaching methods, and are now presented with

repetition and application of the information.

2. Tutorials

the second mode in which CAI may be written

teaches the students a body of knowledge by presenting information and

asking questions, giving hints if the student gets stuck.

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3. Games

just as board games, card games and trivia games can be used to teach

nursing, so can computer games.

4. Simulations

One of the most exciting and available forms of CAI.

Provide students with all details about a particular patient situation and

ask them to assess the patient, arrive at diagnoses, plan interventions and

evaluate care.

Computer Simulation format:

Description of a patient situation.

Student selects which data should be collected.

Computer provides feedback about choices.

Student uses the correct data to arrive at nursing diagnoses.

Computer provides feedback on diagnoses.

Student selects appropriate nursing goals.

Computer responds to each selection as to why it is or is not correct.

Student selects appropriate actions.

Computer responds with positive and negative effects of each actions.

Student selects evaluation criteria that indicate success of nursing actions.

Computer provides feedback on evaluation criteria.

Multimedia Presentation

sometimes called hypermedia

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programs may incorporate text, sound tracks, graphics, still photos,

animations, video clips, and material from the World Wide Web (www).

Evaluating Software

Manual – (user’s guide) generally not made available to learners but should be

available to the nurse educator.

Evaluate the program in terms of the objectives you want to achieve.

Criteria for evaluating CAI software:

1. Accuracy

2. Ease of use

3. Design

4. Appearance

5. Feedback

6. Cost Effectiveness

CAI for Patient Education

Three forces of urgency to the delivery of patient education:

expectation of accreditation organizations

the increase in lawsuits against health care facilities and providers.

the rise in consumerism in our society.

CAI for Nursing students and Nursing Staffs

programs are available that teach psychomotor skills, dosage

computation, care planning, problem solving, critical thinking and content

in many medical conditions.

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Research on Effectiveness of CAI

CAI is at least as effective if not more effective than traditional pedagogy

for the content areas studied.

The vast number of studies that have been conducted give weight to the

conclusion that CAI is an effective way to achieve student learning.

Definition of Terms

The Internet

is a mammoth complex of computer connections across continents,

connecting many millions of computers.

E–mail

Electronic mail

can be used to provide greater collaboration between teachers and

students and between students and students.

New Groups

are similar to listservs in that they are discussion groups of people with

similar interests.

World Wide Web

a collection of millions of documents found on Web Pages that interface to

the Internet.

World Wide Web Searches

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“surfing the web” is an appropriate some people take, but it is like

aimlessly walking up and down unmarked and unfamiliar supermarket

aisles, hopping you are soon find the item you are seeking.

Evaluating World Wide Web Sites

let the reader beware and let the reader have some criteria in mind for

sorting out the good from the garbage.

Criteria for evaluating Quality of WWW Sites:

1. Purpose

2. Currency

3. Credibility

4. Content Accuracy

5. Design

Virtual Reality

a computer- based, simulated three- dimensional environment in which

the participant interacts with a virtual world.

only in virtual reality can the learner enter a virtual world and feel an

object, move it, and measure its movement.

Use of Technology in Education and Patient care

Computer technology plays a big role in health care systems and

information management. As technology continues to evolve, its role will

become even more prevalent and important. Among the trends seen in

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technology products are better integration and compatibility of systems

and accessories, enhanced performance and speed, smaller size and

portability, improved user friendliness, and affordability. All of these trends

favor increased use in the health care environment.

Clinical Uses of E-Mail

Electronic communication can extend and complement direct patient

encounters, improve adherence and access to care, and increase the

involvement of patients in their own care.

E-mail is well-suited for communicating administrative information,

medication or dressing instructions, patient education materials, routine

laboratory results, appointment reminders, and prescription refills.

It can augment home monitoring of treatment plans, such as diabetic diets

or smoking cessation programs. Providers can make general

announcements to an entire patient practice about issues such as

vacation coverage, influenza vaccine availability, changes in referral

procedures, or withdrawal of medications from the market

Disadvantages of E-mail

However, the nature of e-mail creates legal, ethical, and practical

concerns. E-mail is more permanent than oral communication and more

spontaneous than paper correspondence. It is by its nature self-

documenting. E-mail can be duplicated or forwarded with a few keystrokes

and little thought, and copies may linger on intermediate or back-up

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computer systems long after the sender and receiver have deleted the

originals.

The casual and conversational nature of e-mail in the absence of

nonverbal social cues commonly leads to misunderstandings. E-mail can

be easily altered by the sender, the recipient, or a third party,

retrospectively and without attribution. It is very difficult to positively

identify the sender or recipient on the other end of an e-mail address, and

with modest technical expertise it is easy to fabricate an e-mail from most

addresses.

Electronic Medical Records

An evolving concept defined as a systematic collection of electronic health

information about individual patients or populations.

It is capable of being shared across different health care settings, by being

embedded in network-connected enterprise-wide information systems.

ADVANTAGES

Improve quality of care

-can lessen patient sufferance due to medical errors

Promote evidence-based medicine

-EMRs provide access to unprecedented amounts of clinical data for research

that can accelerate the level of knowledge of effective medical practices.

Record keeping and mobility

-EMR systems have the advantages of being able to connect to many

electronic medical record systems.

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DISADVANTAGES

Time

-Often doctors do not want to spend time to learn a new system.

Computerized Provider Order Entry

Enthusiasm stems from the potential safety and quality benefits of

eliminating problems with legibility, ambiguous abbreviations, and delays

in order communication, and from the clinical benefits of automated dose

checking, drug-drug interaction checking, drug-allergy checking, guideline

promotion and standardization of care, and other more sophisticated

forms of real-time clinical decision support.

The evidence for the benefit of computerized provider order entry is

considered solid, in addition to the face value improvement of order

quality, completeness, and communication speed.

Clinical Decision Support Systems

computerized clinical decision support systems directly assist the clinician

in making decisions about a specific patient

For example, simple dose-range checking for medications (such as

opiates and insulin), drug-drug interaction checking, and drug-allergy

checking are conceptually straightforward but can catch a critical source of

human error that no amount of personal vigilance will entirely eliminate.

Web Sites & Online Health-Related Forums

Many clinicians, either individually or through their practice group,

maintain a Web site for their practice as a service to their patients.

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Many clinicians use online resources for references and to obtain

continuing medical education. Numerous high-quality medical news Web

sites are available, and most medical journals offer direct access to

current and archived issues to individual subscribers and institutions.

Many online discussion groups are available for health care providers with

similar interests. Almost all function as electronic bulletin boards, where

individuals leave new messages or comments relevant to ongoing

discussion threads (topics).

Mailing lists are discussions delivered directly by e-mail. Any comment

posted to the ongoing dialogue is sent to every subscriber.

Mailing lists can be moderated or unmoderated, private or public, and may

have as few as two or as many as tens of thousands of subscribers. High-

volume lists can produce hundreds of postings each day and can be

received in a digest mode, which gathers the postings into a single

periodic e-mail message.

Internet's closest approximation to a face-to-face conversation takes place

in chatrooms, where participants type text live and it is visible to the whole

group as the discussion unfolds. Although—as with everywhere on the

Internet—it is impossible to conclusively verify the identities of those with

whom one is communicating, quality chatrooms provide moderators,

discussants, or attendants responsible for guiding discussions and

removing disruptive participants. Most chatrooms of interest to health care

providers are hosted by medical Web sites.

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Mobile Computing for Clinicians

Among the most widely used devices are “smartphones,” which combine

the functions of a personal digital assistant (PDA) and a cellular

telephone. The defining features of PDAs and smartphones include their

pocket size and their “instant on” capability without the startup time usual

with devices running a full-fledged operating system. PDAs are designed

for limited data input, although devices for e-mail and other interactive

communications with thumb keyboards or on-screen virtual keyboards

have achieved significant market penetration.

Telemedicine

Telemedicine can be defined as "the use of information and

communications technologies to provide and support health care when

distance separates the participants." Clinicians have been practicing

telemedicine via the telephone since the telephone was invented.

The next generation of telemedicine applications may expand the remote

clinician's capabilities beyond diagnosis to therapeutic interventions.

Telesurgery, remote psychotherapy, and virtual home visits to manage

chronic medical problems have all been demonstrated, although

deployment remains limited. Remote monitoring of chronic medical

conditions using networked medical devices such as blood pressure cuffs

or blood glucose monitors has become increasingly popular.

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Technology in Nursing Education and Communication

Three Types of Computer-based Learning

Distance Education / Distance Learning

Distance Learning Function

Distance learning started several years ago when colleges and tech schools

needed to offer courses to students who lived a significant distance away

from campus. Long distance instruction then utilized video equipment to bring

"in" the professor to a group several miles away who were connected by

video equipment and a T1 line.

Distance Learning Setup

The students could see the professor, hear his lecture, listen to him and ask

questions. The set up was the same as the traditional classroom; the only

difference was that a technician was added to the set up so that he could

monitor that all went well with the video equipment.

eLearning

eLearning Function

eLearning today is Internet learning in which courses have been set up to

train and educate people. Corporations and colleges use eLearning. The

teaching methods involve setting up interactive presentations, embedded

videos, chat devices and links to other websites in addition to traditional

methods: online lectures, notes and tests

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eLearning Setup

While both distance learning and eLearning bring the coursework directly to

the students or employees, traditional distance learning is usually stand

alone, whereas eLearning is a design of connected media elements that are

used as a necessary part of instruction.

Internet

Internet is a global data communication system. It is a hardware and software

infrastructure that provides connectivity between computer systems.

Benefits of CAI in the Health Care Industry

Computer assisted instruction and the health professional.

CAI has been widely studied as an asset an accompanying tool for the health

professional.

Encouraging physicians to counsel their patients to improve their health is a

national health priority. 

Physicians note several barriers to counseling individuals such as, including a

lack of time, expertise, and organizational support. Although doctor–patient

communication is important in health care, medical specialists are generally

not well trained in communication skills. As the demands for practionner care

increases, and the timing with the patient becomes even more limited,

practionners must create innovative ways of assisting their patients beyond

the office. 

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Using computers for collecting data to assist physicians in counseling patients is

a way of improving the utilization of current computer technologies and

behavioral models. Despite the efficacy of computer systems that enhance

prevention, many barriers remain to the incorporation of various health programs

(ex: smoking cessation) outside of research settings.

Computer assisted instruction and the health educator.

It is imperative that health educators understand and believe that computer

assisted instruction is a valuable tool that can enhance traditional instruction

NOT replace it. This internalization will possibly reduce the threat that some

health educators may have towards computer assisted instruction.

Several research studies have found that when CAI and traditional instruction

have been used together, the effects are significantly enhanced. 

Below are several findings from numerous research studies regarding CAI and

traditional instruction:

The use of CAI as a supplement to conventional instruction produces higher

achievement than the use of conventional instruction alone.

Computer-based education (CAI and other computer applications) produce

higher achievement than conventional instruction alone.

Students learn material faster with CAI than with conventional instruction

alone.

Students retain what they have learned better with CAI than with conventional

instruction alone.

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The use of CAI leads to more positive attitudes toward computers, course

content, quality of instruction, school in general, and self-as-learner than the

use of conventional instruction alone.

The use of CAI is associated with other beneficial outcomes, including greater

internal locus of control, school attendance, motivation/time-on-task, and

student-student cooperation and collaboration than the use of conventional

instruction alone.

CAI is more beneficial for younger students than older ones.

CAI is more beneficial with lower-achieving students than with higher-

achieving ones.

Economically disadvantaged students benefit more from CAI than students

from higher socioeconomic backgrounds.

CAI is more effective for teaching lower-cognitive material than higher-

cognitive material.

There are no significant differences in the effectiveness of CAI with male and

female students.

Students' fondness for CAI activities centers around the immediate, objective,

and positive feedback provided by these activities.

CAI activities appear to be at least as cost effective as--and sometimes more

cost-effective than-- other instructional methods, such as teacher-directed

instruction and tutoring.

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Emerging Concerns/Challenges for Computer Assisted Instruction in the

future.

The need for individuals to own or have access to a computer with the

necessary RAM and operating system to effectively utilize a program.

Physical problems that are being reported in individuals as a result of

continued computer usage such as carpal-tunnel syndrome and eye

disorders.

Prohibitive cost of some educational software

Possible lack of human interaction in the learning process (if it is not used in

conjunction with traditional instruction)