Computer Slides3

8/3/2019 Computer Slides3

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The Ways in which ict is used


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Communication

ApplicationMethods Of Communication Include: Video conferencing

Voice over internet protocol (VOIP) system

emails


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Ways of communicatinginformation

Multimedia presentations

Printing flyers and posters

Use of websites

Music production cartoon animations


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Multimedia presentations

Presentation using animation, video andsound/music are generally much moreinteresting than a presentation done on

slides or paper .

The presentations are produced usingone of the many software packages on

the market and then used with aMultimedia projector so that the wholeaudience is able to see the presentation.


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Advantages of MultimediaPresentation

The use of text , graphics, sound and animation /videoeffects

Interactive /hyperlinks built into the presentation

The fact that it is more likely to hold the audiencesattention

It has its main uses in:

- commercial applications (advertising, journalism,

prsentations, etc.) - entertainment (special effects, video games, fine arts,

etc.)

- education (CBT training, uses in virtual reality training,

etc.)


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Disadvantages Of MultimediaPresentations

The need to have special equipment,which can be expensive

Sometimes the requirement for internet

access with in the presentation, if theuser wisher to access files (e.g. music orvideo) from websites or up-to-date

information (e.g. weather reports ) whichneeds a live connection


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Paper Based presentations

It is always possible to producepresentations in a hardcopy format rather

than a creating multimedia presentations


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Advantages of Paper BasedPresentation

Disabled people do not have to go to thevenue to see the presentations

It is possible to print it out in Braille for

the benefit of blind people.

The recipient can read the presentationat any time they want.

The recipients have a permanent copy ,which they can refer to at any time theywant.


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Disadvantages of Paper Basedpresentations

The presentation needs to be distributedin some way.

There are no special effects (sound,video, animation ).

There are printing cost (paper, ink, etc ).


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Flyers and posters

Flyers and posters can be producedvery easily using one of the manysoftware packages available, most

commonly Word processors anddesktop publishers (DTP).

Usually, the flyer or poster will havephotos which have been taken speciallyor have been downloaded from theinternet


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The following sequence is fairly typical ofhow such a document would be produced

on a computer system

A word processor or DTP application is opened.

The user creates frames, boxes and text boxes.

If necessary, photos are taken, using a camera.

The images are uploaded from the camera, loadedfrom a CD/DVD, scanned from hard-copy photosor downloaded from the internet


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The following sequence is fairly typical ofhow such a document would be produced

on a computer system (Contd)

The photos are saved to a file

The photos are imported or copied and pasted intothe document

The photos are edited and text typed in orimported from a file and then put into the required

style


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Websites

Rather than producing flyers andposters by printing them out, it is possibleto use websites for advertising and

communication


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Advantages Of Websites

The ability to add sound/video/animation

Links to other websites/hyperlinks

Ability to get up-to date information.

The use of hot spots

Buttons to navigate/move around thewebsite

Hit counters to see who has visited thewebsites.


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Disadvantages Of Websites

The fact that websites can be hackedinto and modified or virus introduced

The need for a computer and internet

connection

Its lack of portability compared with apaper-based system

The need to maintain the website once itis set up


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Music Production

The Generation of music and theproduction of music scores can now bedone by computer system with the

appropriate software


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How Music is written &

produced Music notes can be generated from themusic itself by software.

Music samplers and mixers allow theoriginal tracks that were recorded in thestudio to be modified in any way thatproducer wants

Music notes are automatically printed out inthe correct format


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How Music is written &

produced There is no need to understand musicnotation to write a music score.

Electronic organs can mimic any otherinstrument.

Synthesizers combine simple wave formsto produce complex music creations.


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Hardware Devices used for

producing Music Digital Samplers

Digital Mixers

Electronic / Digital Synthesisers

Electronic Keyboards


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Cartoon Animations

Animation can be produced using computerhardware and software. with 3D animation,

Objects are designed on a computer and 3Dskeleton produced.

The Parts of the skeleton are moved by theanimator using key frames


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Cartoon Animations

(Contd)The difference in the appearance of the

skeleton in these key frames is automatically

calculated by the software and is known asTWEENING or MORPHLING

The final stage is to make a realistic image bya technique known as RENDERING.


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How Graphics & Animation Effectsare used in Films & Games

Animation Effects produced by animator usingkey frames ( which define start and end point of a

movement e.g. open the mouth. Use of tweening / morphing (difference in

appreance between key frames are calculatedusing tweening / morphing.

Use of avars (animation variables)

Successive sets of avars control movement ofanimated character.


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How Graphics & Animation Effectsare used in Films & Games

Adding of surfaces to avatars using rendering(realistic image)

Generation of avatars using markers on realmoving objects..

. Or using joystick to manually produce stickmodels

Software prevents need to produce hundreds ofhand drawn sketches


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Role of Computer Software & Hardwarein producing Animation Effects

o Computer Software helps produce more relaism

o Ability to move mouth properly to accuratelymimic speech

o Can store frames straight to dvd ( or similar)

o Speeds up/ simplifies editing process

o Removes need for several artisits to draw

aninmationso Use of tweening speeds up the process


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Role of Computer Software & Hardwarein producing Animation Effects

o Reference to morphing

o Reference to avatars.

o Reference to avars (animation variables)o Reference to rendering


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Satellite and mobile networkcommunication

This section consider three applicationswhich make use of satellite technologyand/or mobile phone network technology:

Mobile phone networks

Embedded web technology (EWT)

Global positioning satellite systems (GPS)


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Mobile phone networks

Mobile phones communicate by usingtowers inside many cells networkedtogether to cover large areas.

The tower allow the transmission of datathroughout the mobile phone network.

Each tower transmits within its own cell.


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Examples

If your are driving a car and get to the edgeof a cell the mobile phone signal starts toweaken.

This is recognized by the network and themobile phone then picks up the signal inone of the adjacent cells.

If a person is making a call or sending atext to somebody in a different country thensatellite technology is used to enable the

communication to take place


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Examples

Mobile phone technology can now beused by computers.

A plug-in device (using one of theavailable USB ports) allows the computerto connect to the mobile phone network,which then allows access to the internet.

This service is usually provided through amonthly contract which gives a downloadlimit.


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Embedded Web Technology

Embedded Web Technology (EWT) is arelatively new development that uses the internetin real time to control or interact with a device inthe home or a device which is part of an

industrial application .

The device must contain an embeddedmicroprocessor for this system to work

The device can be controlled by anauthorized user from a computer anywhere on anetwork or from a web-enabled mobile phone.


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Example

To send instructions to control the ovenremotely (e.g. switch it on at a given time, setthe timings and set the temperature).

From their office before setting off for home.Any device with an embeddedmicroprocessor can be controlled in this way.

Examples include a DVD recorder, awashing machine, a central heating systemetc


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Global positioning satellite (GPS)System

Global positioning satellite (GPS) system are used todetermine the exact location of a number of modes oftransport (e.g. airplanes, cars, ships, etc.) Cars usuallyrefer to GPS as satellite navigation system (sat navs).

Satellites surrounding the Earth transmit signals to thesurface. Computers installed in the mode of transportreceive and interpret these signals. Knowing their position

on the earth depends on very accurate timing.

Atomic clocks are used in the satellites which areaccurate to within a fraction of a second per day.


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Example & Use

In cars, the on-board computer containspre-stored roadmaps.

With these sat nav system the carsexact location, based on satellitepositioning, can be shown on the mapand the driver can also be given verbal

instruction such as: After 100 meterstake the next left turn on to the A12354


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Advantages

The driver does not have to consult papermaps while driving, so it is far safe.

It removes errors, as it can warn drivers

about one way streets, street closures etc.

The system can estimate the time of arrival.

It is also possible to program in the fastestroute, a route to avoid towns, etc

The system can give useful information suchas the location of gas station .


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Disadvantages

If the maps are not kept up to date, theycan give incorrect instructions.

Unless the system is sophisticated, road

closures, due to accidents or road workscan cause problems.

Loss of satellite signals can cause

problems.

If an incorrect start point or end point iskeyed in, the system will give incorrect

information


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Data Handling Applications(Surveys)

Suppose a small business is interested in finding

out information about the buying habits of a

number of customers.

Questionnaires or surveys will be either handedout to people or posted on a website to allowthem to be filled in online.

Paper questionnaires will be filled in either byshading in circles, ticking in boxes or connectingtwo points to select the correct response


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Online Questionnaires

Online Questionnaires would tend to usethe first option (suing Radio buttons)since this is a quick and easy method for

gathering data.


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Paper Surveys

Paper Surveys are then scanned in using opticalmark recognition (OMR) or optical characterrecognition (OCR) method and the information istransferred to a database.

The advantages of doing this rather than checkingeach one by hand are that :

It is faster to get results

There are fewer errors

It is easier to do a statistical analysis

It is less expensive to carry out since it needsfewer people.


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Modeling application

A simulation is the creation of a model ofa real system in order to study the behavior ofthe system. The model is computer generatedand is based on mathematical

representations

The idea is to try and find out whatmechanisms control how a system behavesand consequently predict the behavior of thesystem in the future and also see if it ispossible to influence this future behavior.


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Advantages of Computer

Models They save money Can help find a solution more quickly

Can be considerable safer.

Possible to try out various scenarios in advance .

Some environments make simulations the onlyway to carry out a task beforehand (e.g. outer

space, under sea, chemical processes, nuclearreactors, crash testing cars, etc.)

Examples : A model for showing a shops

profit/loss and a traffic light simulation.


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Traffic light simulation

it is necessary to consider

How and what data needs to be collected

How the simulation is carried out

How the system would work in real life


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Data Collection

The success (or failure ) of a simulation model

depends on how realistic it is, data needs to be

collected by watching traffic for a long period of time.

The number of vehicles passing the junction in alldirections

The time of day for the vehicle count how manyvehicles build up at the junction at different times ofthe day how vehicle movements change at weekends,bank holidays, etc


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Data Collection (Contd)

How long it takes a vehicle to clear the junction

How long it takes the slowest vehicle to pass throughthe junction the movement made by vehicles (e.g. leftturns, right turns, filtering, etc.)

Additional environmental factors, such as whether

there are pedestrian crossings nearby.


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Carrying out the

simulation Data from the above list is entered into thecomputer and the simulation run.

Vary the timing of the lights and see how the trafficflow is affected.

Build up the number of vehicles stopped at part ofthe junction and then change the timing of the lights

to see how the traffic flow is affected.

Increase or decrease traffic flow in all directions.

How emergency vehicles affect traffic flow at


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How the system would work in real time

sensors in/near the road gather data (these can belight/infra red sensors, induction loops, pressuresensors, etc.) the data is usually number ofvehicles passing a particular point

the data is sent to a control box or computersystem

the gathered data is compared to data stored in thesystem (the stored data is based on simulationruns, how the number of vehicles at a junction at aparticular time of day affects the traffic flow, etc.)


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How the system would work in realtime

the control box or computer decides what

course of action to take and ..

- .. sends signals to the traffic lights tochange timing if necessary

- as with any system involving sensors, ADCand DAC interfaces may be needed


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Using The simulation

(Contd) Try out the impact of accidents

Consider passage of emergency vehicles

Effect of adding in pedestrian crossings

Once the simulation is run, the timing of thelights is determined and how they interact sothat the maximum traffic flow is achieved; faultscenarios (e.g. an accident) and their impact

are considered


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Why simulation are used

They are less expensive than having to build thereal thing (e.g. a bridge)

On many occasions it is safer to run asimulation-some real situations are hazardous(e.g. chemical processes).

With simulations, various scenarios can be triedout in advance.


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Why simulation are used (Contd)

It is nearly impossible to try out some task inreal life because of the high risk involved or theremoteness (e.g. in outer space, under the sea,in nuclear reactors, crash testing cars, etc ).

It is often faster to do a simulation than the realthing . Some applications could take yearsbefore a result was known (e.g. climate changecalculations)


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Limitations to use

Simulations They are only as good as the data used and themathematical algorithms representing the real-lifesituations.

They therefore have a limited use in some very

complex applications (e.g. simulating a nuclearprocess).

They can be very expensive to set up and often requirespecialist software to be written.

They frequently require very fast processors/computersystems (which can be expensive to do the necessarynumber crunching; many simulations are made up ofcomplex mathematical functions and use severalthousand data sets.


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Examples of Simulation

Training (E.g. Pilots, drivers etc) Running/ testing chemical plants and nuclear plants

Trying out equipment to be used under sea or in outer

space

Crash testing cars

Financial Simulations (E. stock market predictions based on

various scenarios)

Population growth (i.e. predict how the worlds populationwill increase based on a number of different scenarios

Queues (e.g. simulating queues at supermarket checkout

Weather


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Application using

sensors There is a difference between monitoring andcontrolling applications using a computer andsensors. In both cases, sensors are used to

send data to a computer where the data isprocessed-it is what happen next where thedifferences occur


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MONITORING

To observe a situation for any changes which may occur overtime, using a Monitor.

In MONITORING, the computer simply reviews the data from the

sensors (by comparing it to data stored in memory) and updatesits files and/or gives a warning signal if the values are outsidegiven parameters. No changes to the process are made duringmonitoring.


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Monitoring Example:Monitoring a patients vital signs in a hospital

Sensors read key vital signs (such as pulse/heart rate,temperature, blood pressure, respiration, etc.).

The data from the sensors is converted into digital using an ADC.

The data is stored in the computers memory

The computer compares the data from the sensors with the valuesstored in its memory

The results are output on a screen in the form of graphs and /ordigital read-outs.

An alarm is activated if any of the data is outside acceptableparameters.

The system continues to monitor the patient until the computer is

M i i E l


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Monitoring Examples

Monitoring a patients vital signs in a hospital.

Monitoring a scientific experiment in a laboratory.

A burglar alarm system

Environmental monitoring (e.g. oxygen levels in ariver )

Ad t f i t d


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Advantages of using computers andsensors for monitoring

The computer will not forget to take readings.

The computers response time is much faster, which is particularlyimportant in the patient monitoring example.

Doctors, nurse, scientist, etc. can all get on with other tasks whilethe monitoring is done automatically.

Computers give 24 hours cover every day

The reading will rend to be more accurate

Reading can be taken more frequently if they are done by acomputer and sensors

It could also be safer if what ever is being monitored may havepotential hazards (e.g. children falling into the river whilst attempting

CONTROLLING


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CONTROLLING

Controlling is an important function because it helps tocheck the errors and to take the corrective action.

In CONTROL APPLICATION , the computer again reviewsthe data from the sensors ( by comparing it to data stored inmemory). But if the values are outside the given parameters

it takes action to try and get the values within acceptableranges.

It does this by sending signals to devices controlling theprocess (such as motors, values within acceptable ranges. it

does this by sending signals to devices controlling theprocess (such as motors, valves, etc.).

C l E l


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Control Example :a greenhouse environment Five different sensors could be used to control a greenhouse

environment

Humidity

Moisture

Temperature pH

LightBecause of the number of sensor only. this

sends a signal

C t l E l


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Control Examples

Controlling a chemical process.

Controlling a nuclear reactor.

Controlling a greenhouse environment

Controlling a central heating system. Controlling a chemical process.

Controlling a set of traffic lights.

Ad antages of sing comp ters and


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Advantages of using computers andsensors for controlling

The computer will perform the task on its own.

The system will behave automatically according to the condition.

Not much man power required for the purpose of controlling as

everything is automatically controlled by the system.

All the actions taken by the system will be authentic and up to themark for the given data.

For example: An anti virus based system which updates its database on daily basis when

required.

Examples Of monitoring and control


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Examples Of monitoring and controlapplication

Monitoring: Monitoring a patients vital signs in a hospital Monitoring a scientific experiment in a laboratory

A burglar alarm system

Environmental monitoring (e.g. oxygen levels in a river)

Control: Controlling a chemical process

Controlling a nuclear reactor

Controlling a greenhouse environment Controlling a central heating system

S


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Sensors

A sensor (also called detector) is a device that measures aphysical quantity and converts it into a signal which can beread by an observer or by an instrument.

Numerous types of sensors are used to give real timeinformation to computers.

An analogue to digital converter (ADC) is needed sincesensor data is often in analogue form and computers can

only process digital data.

Source [ICT by Graham Brown and David Watson]

Li t f S ith E l


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List of Sensors with Examples

Sensor type Possible applications

temperature (1)

(2)

used in controlling central heatingsystemsused to control/monitor temperatures inchemical processes

moisture (1)(2)

monitoring of greenhouse environmentany process where moisture is an issue(e.g. production of tablets in apharmaceutical company)

oxygen (1) environment (e.g. measuring oxygen

content in a river to check for pollution)

light (1)(2)

(3)

growth control in a greenhousetraffic lights to detect the presence of avehicleon automatic doors to detect thepresence of a person

Li t f S ith E l


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infra red (1)

(2)

detecting an intruder by breaking an infrared beamcounting (e.g. counting coins as each onebreaks the beam)

pressure (1)(2)

detecting intruder in a burglar alarmsystemsome systems still use these to countvehicles on the road

acoustic (1) picks up sound (e.g. burglar alarm

system)detecting liquids moving in pipes(chemical processes)

motion (1) detecting speed (e.g. radar gunsmeasuring vehicle speed)

Li t f S ith E m l


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pH (1)

(2)(

3)

used to measure acidity in rivers(pollution monitoring)used in greenhouses to monitor soilacidity

used to monitor/control chemical processwhere acidity levels are important

proximity/distance (1) these tend to be versions of the above(e.g. light or infra red)

Mi


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Microprocessors

A microprocessor incorporates the functions of acomputer's central processing unit (CPU) on asingle integrated circuit, or at most a fewintegrated circuits. It is a multipurpose,

programmable device that accepts digital data asinput, processes it according to instructions storedin its memory, and provides results as output.

Examples Using Microprocessor


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Digital Camera

Flash

Aperture (light intensity)

Washing Machine

Loading (i.e. weight of the washing in the

drum) the wash cycle (when to add powder, when

to rinse, etc.)



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Digital Television

Automatically tuning into television stations.

Allow digital signals to be decoded.

Allows interface with many devices.

Types of Processing


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Types of Processing

There are three basic types of processing:

- Batch processing

- real- time (transaction) or online

processing.

- real-time process control

Batch Processing


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Batch Processing

In this process, a number of tasks (or jobs)are all collected together over a set period oftime.

They are then all loaded into the computersystem (in a job queue) and processed in onego (or batch).

Once a batch job begins, it continues until it iscompleted or an error is encountered.

No user interaction is required once execution

begins.

Batch Processing


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Batch Processing

This has the advantage that jobs can beprocessed when computer resources are lessbusy (e.g. during the evening or at night).

thereby utilizing an expensive resource. Batch processing is often used in the following

application areas:

- billing systems (gas, electricity, water, etc.)- payroll systems

- processing cheques

Batch Processing Applications


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Batch Processing Applications -Automatic Stock Control System

- Automatic Stock Control System rely on theuse of barcodes.

- Barcodes now appears on most products sold in

shops

- They allow quick identification of product detailsonce the barcode has been scanned by

barcode reader.

Real time Process Control


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Real-Time process control is also an example ofonline processing, but it is very difficult to real-time(transaction) processing.

This system usually involves sensors and feedbackloops ( e.g. monitoring & control applications).

Real-time Process Control

A i S k C l


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Automatic Stock Control

System (Contd)- Supermarkets use electronic point of sale

(EPOS) terminals which incorporate a barcode

reader that scans the barcode

- Barcode reader retrieve the price of the article and

- Its relay information back to the computer systemallowing it to update its files.

ic



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Barcodereader

Verification

Sort into order ofmaster file

Validation

SortedTransaction

File

Look up pricesCalculate No SoldReorder new goods

Masterfile

Updatedmaster

file Sales reportsOrders

Verification Parity check on barcode

ValidationFormat checks

Range checksCheck digit

Transaction filesTemporary file

It containsdetail of all sales that have occurred inthe last period of processing;

Master filePermanent file

kept up to date by applying the transaction file

Operating systemRealtime transaction

a

ionchecking

da

ais

copiedov

er


Application of Barcodes


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Application of Barcodes

- Library book system

- Administration systems (e.g in hospitals)

- Passport and ID card systems- some Burglar Alarm systems

- Equipment checking systems (safety records onmaintenance of equipment).

- Automatic stock control systems

How Barcodes are used to


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How Barcodes are used tocontrol stock control

- Barcodes are attached to all items sold by

supermarkets

Each barcode is associated with a stock file, which

contain details such as prices, stock levels, productdescription.

The barcodes acts as a primary key in the file.

A customer takes their trolley/basket to the EPOSterminal once they have completed their shopping.

The barcode of each item is scanned at the EPOS

How Barcodes are used to


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How Barcodes are used tocontrol stock control

- If the barcode cannot be read, then the EPOSoperator has to key in the numbers manually.

- The barcode is searched for on the stock file record

by record until a match is found. The appropriate record is accessed.

The price of the item is sent back to the EPOS,

together with a product description. The stock level for the item is found in the record

and is reduced by 1.

- The new stock is written back to the file.

Batch Processing


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Batch Processingapplication- Pay Roll At the end of each pay period ( usually

weekly or monthly ) a company needs topay its employees. Pay roll system are

used to calculate wages and print outpay slops.

The inputs are : employee details fromfile ( E.g. rate of pay , Tax code , Bankdetails, Number of hours worked (oftenobtained from a timesheet ) , anyovertime working , holidays,etc

Continues

Batch Processing


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The processing is done is calculation of :gross pay , any deduction ( Tax, nationalinsurance) net pay etc

The output are : printed pay slips,updating of the employee files, transferto bankers automated clearing service

(BACS) if wages paid into a bankaccounted

Batch Processingapplication- Pay Roll

Benefits for POS for Supermarkets


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Benefits for POS for Supermarkets

More accurate/improved stock control/recordingsystem/automatic reordering/automatic updating of stockfile

Less staff /wages needed

Sales statistics now available

Faster throughput

Itemized receipt

Records every transaction

Records staff work rates

Less pilfering by staff/easer to identify pilering

Less errors

Faster calculations

Links to EFTPOS

Benefits of POS for Supermarkets


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Benefits of POS for Supermarkets

No need to individually price goods/ can change priceeasily

Shop assistants at tills dont need to know prices

Less chances of fraud (cant change price by simply

altering price tag

Fewer staff because of unmanned checkouts.

Benefits of Barcodes to Customers


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Benefits of Barcodes to Customers

Produces an itemized bill

Permits unmanned checkouts/use of handhelddevices whist shopping ( giving a shorter queuing

time)

Less change of errors in final bill

Batch Processing


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Batch Processingapplication- Billing System Because companies send out their bill/invoices

on a pre-determined date,

All the information is gathered together and thenprocessed in one go (batch).

Consider an electricity billing system

The inputs are: customer details (address), chargeper kW ( unit ) of power previous readings, new

readings taken from the electricity meter, bankaccount details ( if using direct debit) etc

Batch Processing application-


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The processing done is calculation of : number ofunits of electricity used (i.e. new reading minusold reading ) customers cost (i.e. units used

times change per unit ) , monthly paymentsmade ( if using direct debit ),outstanding amountowed or carried over to next bill etc.

The output are : bill showing all the details,updating of customer file, production of requestfor payment if not done through direct debit , etc

Batch Processing applicationBilling System

Real-time (Transaction) Processing


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Real Time processing is an example of OnlineProcessing.

When booking seats on a flight or at the theatre.Real Time Processing is required.

The response to a query needs to be very fast inorder to prevent double booking

The seats needs to be marked as unavailable as

soon as booking is conformed. Examples include : Flight Booking, Cinema and

Theatre Booking and use of ATM (Automated tellermachines)

Real time (Transaction) Processing

Real-Time Processing


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Online booking systems rely on the ability toupdate files immediately, thus preventing double

booking , which could happen if the systemresponse time was slow.

Booking systems are used for transport ( Flights,

trains and buses), cinemas and theaters.

Real Time Processingapplication- Online Booking System



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Real Time Processingapplication- Example - Theatre

Booking SystemWe have assumed that the customer has alreadylogged on to the booking website.

The customer clicks on the performance they wishto see.

They enter the date and time of the performanceand the required number of seats.

A seating display at the theatre is then shown onthe screen and the user clicks on where they wouldlike to sit. Or database is searched to check theavailability



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Booking System If the seats are available , the seat numbers areshown together with the total price

If the customer is ok with this, they select confirm

on the screen. The seats are now temporarily set at no longer

available.

The customer than enters their personal details orindicates that they are a returning customer.

The theatre seats are then booked in thecustomers name.



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Booking System The final details are shown on the screen, together

with a reference number .

An email is sent to the customer which they printout as their proof of purchase.

In some cases , this also acts as their printed whenthey go to the theatre an e-ticket.

The database is updated with the transaction.

Real-Time Processing application-


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Booking seats at the cinema is very similar.

Booking flights is slightly more complex since itinvolves airports, etc.

Real Time Processing applicationOnline Booking System

Banking Application


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The use of computer technology hasrevolutionized how banking transactions aredone

Example

- Internet Banking ( e- banking)

- The use of automated teller machines (ATMs)

- Chip and PIN technology

Banking Application

R l Ti P i


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Automated teller machines (ATMs) are places wherecustomers can get cash using their credit or debitcard.


Automated TellerMachines(ATMs)

Sequence at ATM What goes on behind the screens

Customer puts card into ATM Contact is made with banks computer


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Customer puts card into ATM Contact is made with bank s computer

PIN is entered using a keypad. - PIN is checked to see if it is correct- Card is checked to see if it is valid.

A number of options are given :- Change PIN- Top up mobile- See balance- Get money

The customer selects the cash optionA number of cash amounts are shown

The customer accepts one of the optionsor types in a different amount

-The customers account is accessed tosee if they have sufficient funds.- It is checked to see if they arewithdrawing more than their daily limit

The customer is asked if they want areceipt

The card is returned. - Transaction is OK.

Money is dispensed. Customers account is updated

Chip and PIN


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Chip and PIN

Many credit cards are equipped with achip as well as a magnetic stripe

This system is designed to enhance

security since it is better than relyingonly on a signature. When paying foritems using a chip and PIN card, a formof electronic fund transfer (EFT) takesplace

Chip and PIN


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In this example, a customer pays for ameal in a restaurant using a chip and PINcard: The waiter inserts the card in to the chip and PIN

reader.

The restaurants bank contacts the customers

bank. The card is checked to see if it is valid (expire

date, whether stolen card , etc)

If the card is stolen or expired then thetransaction is terminated.

The customer enters the PIN using a keypad .

The PIN is read from the chip on the card and is

com ared to the one ust ke ed in.

If they are the same, then the transaction is


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proceeded.

A check is then made on whether they have

enough funds.

It there are not enough funds available, then thetransaction is terminated. Otherwise, the

transaction is authorized. An authorization code is sent to the restaurant.

The price of the meal is deducted from thecustomers account.

The same amount of money is transferred to therestaurants bank account.

A receipt is produced as proof of purchase.

Library Systems


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Library Systems

Many library systems are computercontrolled. They usually involve the useof barcodes on the books being

borrowed and on the borrowers librarycard

The following describes a computerizedlibrary system based on barcodes .

Library Systems (Contd)


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There are two files:

Book File : this contains a number ofrecords made up of the following fields.

Borrowers' file : this contains a number

of records made up of the followingfields

Barcode Book title Name of Author Datepublished

Number ofBooks

Date due back

BorrowersNumber

Borrowers'Name

BorrowersDetails

Barcode of book borrowed



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When a borrower takes out a book, the books

barcode is scanned. The book details are thenfound on the book file.

The borrowers library card barcode is then

scanned for the borrowers unique number.The book file is linked to the borrowers fileand both files are updated to indicate whichbook has been borrowed and when it is due

back On a daily basis, the borrowers file is

interrogated by the computer to see which

books are overdue for return




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The computer reads a record from the book

file. It compares the date due back with the current

date.

If the date due back is less than (or equal to )the current date (i.e. earlier date).

.using the barcode number of the book.

the book file is linked to the borrowers

file. And the corresponding record is read

from the borrowers file




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The customer details are then found and aletter or email is automatically sent out.

The next record in the book file is then

read until the whole file has been checked



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In Real-Time (transaction ) processing, files areupdated in real time ( e.g. booking flights).

But in Real-Time process control ,physicalquantities (such as temperature) are continually

monitored and the input is processed sufficientlyquickly to influence the input source.

Difference between Real-time Process

Control & Real-time (TransactionProcessing)

Computer Aided Designs (CAD)


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p g ( )

CAD is used in the design and developmentof new products in a variety of applicationsboth at home and on a commercial/industrial

basis. Examples of typical CAD applicationsinclude:- Aerospace

- Architecture

- Car/vehicle design

- Construction (e.g. roads, services, surveying, tunnels,bridges, etc.)

Computer Aided Designs (CAD)


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p g ( )

- Consumer goods (e.g. kettles, toasters, etc.)

- Digital circuits

- Factory layouts (e.g. ergonomics)

- Fashion design

- Garden/landscape gardening

- Heating systems

- Interior designs (houses, offices, etc.)

- Lighting systems (e.g. to get lighting effects at aconcert)

- Machinery design

Requirements for CAD


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q

CAD systems usually require considerable processorpower and a number of input and output devices; forexample:

- large screens

- light pens- devices such as trackerballs, mouse and graphics tablets

- plotters to draw scale and full size drawings

- high specification graphics cards- Spacemouse/spaceball

- some systems support stereoscopic drawings where 3Dspectacles can be worn and the user sees a 3D image

Features in CAD Package


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g

- Wire frame

- 2D and 3D modelling

- Library of parts which can be used in new drawings

- Validation and verification of designs against original

specification

- Ability to link with computer-aided manufacture (CAM)

- Facility to calculate the mass of the actual object once built

- Facility to calculate the cost of producing the article

Features in CAD Package (contd)


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g ( )

- Features such as rotation, colour, zoom, etc.

- Simulation of designs without the need to build aprototype

- Create engineering drawings from solid models

- Import and export to allow the exchange of data withother software packages

- Kinematics (i.e. check moving parts in assemblies dont

interfere with each other)

- Routing of cables and hoses

Advantages of using CAD


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g g

It is easier to modify drawings

A library of parts can be kept

Ability to do automatic costing

Ability to model the design

Can do ergonomic study

Disadvantages of using


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g gCAD- Risk of deskilling

- High training costs to use packages

- Can move work overseas

- One CAD operator can do work of 5 manual

draftsmen

Developments


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p

CAD packages can now be linked to 3D ink jetprinters which produce an actual prototype modelby building up slices/layers in fine powder (e.g.resin) which are bonded by an adhesive from theprint head. The models produced actually work.

This saves time and money since an actual

prototype doesnt need to be made.

Virtual Reality


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y

This is an artificial 3D environment created bya computer system. Very often the userwears data goggles, data helmet or data

gloves to give a feeling of beingthere. Apartfrom feeding sensory input to the user, thesedevices also monitor user actions e.g. datagoggles track eye movement and respond by

sending new video input.

Devices used for Virtual Reality


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Data goggles/helmets these use displayscreens and optical systems that send 3D imagesto the eyes.

Motion sensors measure the position andorientation of the head; this information is sentback to a computer which enables it to adjust theimage being sent to the user.

Data gloves, suits containing sensors andjoysticks are all used to interface with a virtualreality system depending on the application.

Devices used for Virtual Reality


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The CAVE is a VR system which provides theillusion of 3D by projecting images on the wallsand floor of a room. Participants wearing datagoggles can enter the room and freely walk

about. Sensors in the goggles and in the roomcontinually track the participants position andadjust the images based on this information.

Areas of Use


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Marketing- Used in virtual tours around houses and

hotels, kitchen designs, ergonomics, etc.

Design

- Design of chemical and nuclear plants,

ergonomic studies (e.g. factory layouts)helping to develop devices for handicapped

people, etc.

Areas of Use


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Entertainment- Used in films/television as special effects

(e.g. the holodeck in Star Trek:

- The Next Generation and the Braziliantv show Conquista da Tit where the studio

audience wear VR helmets in a space

simulation).- Virtual reality is also used in many computerarcade games.

Areas of Use


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Training- Areas of use include: military training,

medical/dental training, teaching personnel

how to use equipment and- In general areas where training is dangerousand/or expensive e.g. flight simulators, car

driving simulators, operating devices underwater or in outer space, etc.

How we create virtual reality

i f


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images for use on a computer

system When a virtual tour of, for example, a house isshown on a website the images need to befirst created and then manipulated.

The following summarizes how this can bedone (a similar method/technique could be

used for various applications)

How we create virtual reality

i f t


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images for use on a computer

system - take photos with, for example, a digitalcamera

- the photos are taken from a single point

(reference point) - the camera is rotated around the room as a

number of photos are taken

- the images are stitched together usingspecial imaging software

How we create virtual reality images for

t t (C td)


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use on a computer system (Contd)

- photo images are re-sized and re-configuredfor Internet use

- use hotspots on the web page to allow a user

to move around the house (e.g. from room toroom). Integrate plans and maps into theimage to allow user to navigate the house.

- developments such as broadband, largecomputer memories and compression softwarehave allowed virtual tours to be offered on theInternet and/or CD/DVD files.

Advantages of using


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g gvirtual reality it is safer (since techniques can be tried

out in advance without the dangers of thereal operation e.g. maintaining a nuclear

plant where it is possible to try a task on acomputer first to learn how to do it; ifmistakes are made the results would beharmless; e.g. doing a medical task on avirtual patient is much safer in case of

mistakes, etc.)

Advantages of using


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g gvirtual reality - cost savings (no need to build the real

thing which could save large sums ofmoney e.g. testing out a real moon buggy

or building a part of a chemical plant wouldbe very expensive).

it is possible to do tasks which would

normally be impossible (e.g. walking insidea nuclear reactor, doing a task in outerspace, etc.)

Advantages of using virtual reality


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there is a feeling of being there which makesthe training more realistic and can allow anumber of very realistic scenarios to be testedout e.g. how to deal with an emergency on a

chemical plant which could be made to be reallyrealistic!!

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