COMPUTER SIMULATOR FOR A MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM …
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COMPUTER SIMULATOR FOR A MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM NASA-LEWIS Research Center Cleveland Ohio April 21, 19R2 - .%H1 19, 1983 NASA Grant: NAG 3-217 Final Report Donald L. Schilling Chaim Ziegler ; Professor of Electrical Enqineerinq Assoc. Prof, of Computer Science Principal Investigator Co-Principal Investigator (NASA-CB-174533) COMJPOTEfi SIMULATOB FOB A N84-10401 MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM Fanal Beport, 21 Apr. 1982 - 19 Apr. 1983 (City Coll. of the Caty Univ. of New York.) 96 p HC A05/HF AO 1 Unclas CSCL 17B G3/32 15172 i COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The City College Ktew York, N.Y. 10031
Transcript of COMPUTER SIMULATOR FOR A MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM …
COMPUTER SIMULATOR FOR A MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
NASA-LEWIS Research Center
Cleveland Ohio
Apr i l 21, 19R2 - .%H1 19, 1983
NASA G r a n t : NAG 3-217
Final Report
Donald L. Schi l l ing Chaim Zieg le r ;
Professor of Electr ical E n q i n e e r i n q Assoc. P r o f , of Computer Science
P r i n c i p a l Invest igator Co-Principal Invest igator
(NASA-CB-174533) COMJPOTEfi SIMULATOB FOB A N84-10401MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM Fanal Beport, 21Apr. 1982 - 19 Apr. 1983 (City Coll. of theCaty Univ. of New York.) 96 p HC A05/HF AO 1 Unclas
CSCL 17B G3/32 15172i
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS LABORATORY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
The City CollegeKtew York, N.Y. 10031
>r* Oil 1'y 1" ^s ./
Table of Contents
Page
Introduction 1
The Present Simulator 7.
Processing Voice Via The Simulation 25
Users's Guide 3fi
Sample Runs 52
Results 54
Proposed Research f?o the Forthcoming Year 65
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1. Introduction
This project is the result of a joint effort between the
Department of Electrical Engineering at the City College, CUNY;
and the Department of Computer & Information Science at the
Brooklyn College, CUNY.
The goal of this project is to develop a software simulator to
help NASA in the design of the LMSS. The simulator wil] be used
to study the characteristics and implementation requirements of
the LMSS's configuration with specifications as outlined by NASA.
This report represents progress made in implementing the
simulator during the period 4/21/82 - April 19, 1983.
PF POOR
2. The Present Simulator
The basic components of the present simulator were described
previously in the first report (NASA Grant: NAG 3-119). However,
previously, not all the components of the system were operational
and only scenario 1 was implemented.
The current simulation now includes all the components, such
as the interference sources, the S-band channels, the noise
sources, the gateways, a revised master controller for the
simulator, as well as other components which were recently
completed.
The present simulator is now capable of executing all 5
scenarios, which are described below .
2.1 The Communication Scenarios
Through the use of the five scenarios, it is posssible to
study all the different possible combinations of types and modes
of calls. The five scenarios are described below:
(1). Single Hop System:
For those calls which require the communication between two mobile
units, without going through a gateway, we group them together and
form scenario 1. In this scenario, a mobile will generate a call,
for which the call will go up to the satellite, and be transponded
down directly to the destination mobile. This can be seen in
figure 2.1.
(2). Double Hop, Single Gateway System:
For those calls which require communication between two mobile
units by going through a gateway, we group the together and form
scenario 2. In this scenario, a mobile will initiate a call,
which will be transponded by the satellite to a gateway. After
processing by the gateway, the call is once again transponded by
the satellite to the destination mobile. This can be seen in
figure 2.2.
(3). Double Hop, Double Gateway System:
For those calls which have to go through two gateways, we form
scenario 3. In this scenario a mobile will generate a call, which
is transported to a gateway. The gateway fowards the call to the
master control station. The master control station then routes
the call to the destination gateway. Then the call is once again
transponded by the satellite to the destination mobile. This can
be seen in figure 2.3.
(4). Mobile-to-Wireline System
For any call that was initiated by a mobile and was desired to go
through a fixed phone or to a mobile serviced by the cellular
system, we have scenario 4. In this scenario, the call is
initiated by the mobile and transponded by the satellite to a
gateway. Then, the gateway fowards the call into the wireline
network. This can be seen in figure 2.4.
(5). Wireline-to-Mobile System:
If a call is iniated by a fixed phone or mobile in a cellular
system to a mobile in the LMSSfwe resort to scenario 5. In this
scenario a call is received from the wireline telephone network
into a gateway. The call is then transponded by the satellite to
the destination mobile. This can be seen in figure 2.5.
2.2 Output Facilities
Also new in the present simulator is the revised version of
the Master Controller (see 4.1.2, first report). In the present
simulator it is possible to go through a range of values for any
one of the components in the scenario. It is possible to consider
a range of values for up to 14 different components
simultaneously. Previously, if a type 2 measurement was chosen,
the simulator would display a two column table of the input vs
output SNR values, for a given set of system parameters. With the
present simulator it is possible in a type 2 measurement for the
simulator to display up to 15 columns (15 th column is output
signal to noise ratio) , one for each range of component values.
In the present simulator, it is also possible to get plots of the
input vs. .output SNR values for any range of values of the other
components (see section 5, "Sample Runs"). The looping or ranging
feature mentioned above can also be used in a type 1 measurement,
were the input signal, output signal (no disturbances present),
and output signal (with all specified disturbances) are displayed
in a table. It is now possible to consider a type 1 measurement
over a range of values (up to 14 possible ranges of parameters).
Once again, a plotting facility is available for every type I
measurement table displayed (see section 5,"Sample Runs").
The revised master controller function has the following
algorithm:
*************
/SIMULATION MASTER CONTROLLER FUNCTION/:
<initialize simulation master controller function>
DO <range of Specular-to Multipath Power Ratio—UHF Uplink >
<range of Specular-to-Multipath Power Ratio—S-Band Downlink>
<range of Specular-to-Multipath Power Ratio—S-Band Uplink>
<range of Specular-to-Muitipath Power Ratio—UHF Downlink>
<range of carr.-to-interf. power ratio—UHF Uplink Interference>
<range of phase values—UHF Uplink Interference >
<range of carr.-to-interf. power ratio—S-Band Downlink Interf>
<range of phase values—S-Band Downlink Interference>
<range of carr.-to-interf. power ratio—S-Band Uplink Interf.>
<range of phase values—S-Band Uplink Interf.>
<range.of carr.-to-interf. power ratio—UHF Downlink Interf>
<range of phase values—UHF Downlink Interf.>
<RANGE OF SNR >
<calculate SNR>
<calculate standard deviation for white noise>
<perform simulation reset>
<set flag for mobile transmitter>
<PERFORM a simulation run>
<perform master controller instrumentation package>
END <signal to noise ratio>
END /simulation master controller function/
2.3 System Structure
The present modular structure can be seen in the flowchart of
figure 2.5, with its subroutines defined in table 2.7.
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SCENARIO I
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4***************************************************************
****************************************************************
*************** LMSS SIMULATOR ************************************************************************************************
FLOW CH^RT OF LMSS SIMULATOR
MAIM
SELECTSETUP--SETCONMASCON
SETMCRESET —SUBCOM-IMSTRM
ENDS IMSCENAR—>UPCON
RSTUPK — ->GAUSRSTDLK—>GAUSRSTPLTSIGSRC
-SCEM1 — > (2)
ONE-" SCF.N" — >(S)"-SCFN5 — ^> CS)
******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
15
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****************************************************************************************************************************
OMGMAt PAGEOF POOR
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********************************************************************** ******************************************************
***************** *** SCENARIO 1 *** *****************
MSXMTR-
UPMTSC-NOTSElSATLTTNTFSK
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->F.PFLTlLPFLTl
**********************************************************************************************************************************
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*****************************************************************
***************** *** SCENARIO 7 *** *****************
MSXMTR—INTFS1UPMTSC--NOISE1SATLTINTFS2DNSTGCNOISE2GSRCVRGATEGSXMTRINTFS5UPGTSGNOISESSATLTINTFSSDNSTMC--NOISED—MSRCVR--INSTRS
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ORIGINAL PAGE 19OF POOR QUALITY
RSPDIVFMDEMOSIPRRC
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***************** *** SCENARIO 3 *** *****************
(4)
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21
*****************************************************************V •*****************************************************************
(5)
***************** *** STENARTO 4 *** *****************
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************************************************************************************************************************************
ORIGINAL PAGE 13OF POOR QUALITY
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isit**************************************************************
***** *************************************************************
****************
* *
** SCENARIO 5 *** *****************
WNMXTRGATEGSXMTRINTFS5UPGTSCNOISESSATLTINTFSC5
NOTSEfi -------MSRCVR ----- >INSTRS
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**********************************************************************************************************************************
ORIGINAL PAGE ISOF POOR QUALfTY.
23
»**>************************.**$£**.*******************************4^***************************************************************
LMSS SIMULATOR
*******************************************************************
Subprocedures Dictionary:
CHOICECTGCDMSTGCDNSTMCENDSIMFLTRFMDCRIFMDEMOGATEGAUSSGCRCVRGCXMTRGSRCVRGSXMTRGTCCINSTRMINSTRSINTFS1INTFS2INTFS3INTFS^1
IMTFS5INTFSfiMOSCOWMODSIGMSRCVRMSTRCSMSXMTRNOISE1NOTSE?NOISE1NOTSEdNOISESNOISEfiNONLIMPHASEQUADRANDOM
space diversity receiver controllermaster control station to qateway channelS-band downlink satellite channelUHF downlink satellite channeltest if. it is end of simulationquadrature components filteredFM discriminatorFM demodulatorqatewayqausian qeneratorqateway from master control station rcvrqateway to master control station xmtrgateway from sat-eliite rcvrqateway to satellite xmtrgateway to master control station channelupdate simulation. master-control reportupdate simulation sub-control reportinterference sources 1
sources ?sources 3sources 4sources Ssources 5
master control functionof the input sample
i nterferencei nterferenceinterferenceinterferenceinterferencesimulationmodulat i onmobile from satellite rcvrmaster control stationmobile to satellite xmtrnoise qenerator 1noise qenerator ?noise qenerator 3noise qenerator 4noise qenerator 5noise qenerator ^nonlinearity routinecalculation of the phase anqieejaculation of the quadrature componentsrandom number qenerator
24
n fi U J _
HM?r"RSPDIVSATLTSCENARSCEN1SCEN2SCEN?SCEN4SCEN5SELECTSETBSCSETCGCSETFLRSETrONSETFMD
SETGCCSETGCRSETGCXSETGSRSETGSXSETTS 1SETTS?SETTS3SETIS4SETIS5SETTS*!SETMCSETMCSSETMODSETMSRSETMSXSETNG1SETNG?
SETNG4SETNG5SF.TNGSSETNLSETRCFSETRSPSF.TSBfSETSSGSETSUCFETSIJTSETUBT
ropocf- qeneratoc(reinitialization for a simulationspace diversity receiverthe sate!1i tescenario execution selection
1.7
run
scena rioscena r ioscenar i osrena r ioscena r io
345
s e l e c t i o n of c a l l to h«> s i m u l a t e di n i t i a l i z e S-hand u p l i n k s a t e l l i t e channe l
c o n t r o l s t a t i o n to ga teway c h a n n e lthe filter
initialize mast-erinitialization ofi n i t i a l i z e the simulateion control functioninitialization of FMDEMO routineinitialize qatewayinitialize qateway to master 'control station channelinitialize qateway from master control station rcvrinitialize qateway to master control station xmtrinitialize qateway from satellite rcvrinitialize qateway to satellite xmtr
interference sources 1sources ">sources 3sources Asources 5sources fi
i n i t i a l i zei n i t i a l i z ei n i t i a l i z e
interferenceinter ference
initialize interferenceinitialize.interferenceinitialize interferenceinitialize simuation master control functioninitialize master control stationinitialization of modulatorinitialize mobile from satellite rcvri n i t i a l i z e mobile to satellite xmtrinitialize noise qenerator 1in i t i a l i z e noise qenerator ?initialize nois^ generator "*i n i t i a l i z e noisr1 qenerator Ai n i t i a l i z e noisr? qenerator 5initia l i z e noise qenerator f>i n itialization of nonlinearity
of RTFLTR routineof RSPDTV routine
i n i t i a l i z e S-band downlink s a t e l l i t e channeli n i t i a l i z a t i o n of the siqnal qeneratorinitialize UHF downlink satellite channelinitialize S-band to UHF satellite transponderinitialize UHF to S-band satellite transponder
i n i t i a l i z a t i o ni n i t i a l i z a t i o n
OR10WA1- PAGE 18OF POOR QUALITY
25
RF.TliUTRIGSRCSETWNRRETWNXSUBCONUPCONUPGTSCUPMTSCWNRCVRWNXMTR
i n i t iai i za t i on of s imu^ at i on runi n i t i a l i z e UHF up] ink satellite channeli n i t i a l i z e UHF to UHF satellite transpondnrsample generatorinitia]izp wireline network rcvrinitialize wireline network xntrsimulation sub-control functionupdate the simulation control functionS-band uplink satellite rhUHF uplink satellite channelwireline network rcvrwireline network xmtr
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3. Processing Voice Via The Simulation
One of the systems greatest present attributes is its ability
to process voice. The present simulator can be utilized to listen
to any of the following effects on voice (via each of the five
scenarios):
(a). Listen to the effects of noise.
(b). Listen to the effects of interference.
(c). Listen to the effects of modulation.
(d). Listen to the effects of the fading channel.
(e). Listen to the effects of filtering on the voice.
(f). Listen to the effects of the space diversity receiver.
(g). Listen to the effects of the satellite nonlinearity.
(h). Listen to the effects of varying sampling rates.•
(i) . All combinations of the above.
An analysis of a number of the above tests are included within
the report (see section 6.2).
A basic model of how to use the simulation to process voice is
shown in figure 3.1. In this model, an analog to digital
converter samples voice at a rate of at least B kilohertz (minimum
sampling rate for voice bandlimited to 4000 Hz.), producing 12 bit
samples. In the second stage, these 12 bit samples are converted
into Ifi bit integer format (IBM format). These 16 bit integers
are then read by the LMSS simulator. (see section users manual
for simulator voice setup). The output of the LMSS simulator is
then converted from 32 bit floating point form (IBM format) back
into a 12 bit integer format by the fourth stage. In the fifth
stage, a digital to analog converter with the proper hardware
connected, converts the samples into voice. In between each of
the above stages, any type of storage device could have been used
for intermediate storage.
The system outlined above is general, and actual
implementation depends on the particular intermediate systems
involved (stages 1,2,4,and 5).
In figure 3.2 we have a detailed block diagram of the specific
algorithim we used in implementing what was shown in figure 3.1.
The first stage consisted of a 12 bit analog to digital
converter interfaced into a Hewlett Packard 1000 (HP 1000)t
computer system. This system sampled the voice (bandJimited to
4000 Hz) with a sampling rate of 8 Khz, and stored it on tape with
a "WRITT" format (This is an HP utility which stores data onto a
tape in an ultra-condensed coded format, which can only be read by
another HP system). We had to store it in this form because the
system we used didn't have enough storage facilty to do it any
other way. In the next stage, we used another HP 1000, with much
greater storage facility to convert the WRITT format tape into
straight ASCII data. For error control and checking purposes,
data was stored in the format of an integer (1^ bit integer,
represented by 4 characters} followed by a space.
This tape was now to be mounted on the IBM machine. We used
the program shown in figure 3.3 to convert from ASCII into EBCDIC
(IBM) format. We stored the data on a disc. We than used the
LMSS simulator to process the voice samples.
The LMSS simulator has the facility to read in integers
(15-bit) in the format mentioned above. The simulator then
interpolates between these samples if specified by the user, and
then processes them. The output data set is a stream of 12-bit
(IBM format) floating point numbers. Module 3.4 (see figure 3.4)
is then used to convert this 32-bit data stream into a 16 bit
interger data stream (format 16(lx,I4)), with sample values
normalized to plus or minus 2047 (12-bit number). Module 3.5 (see
figure 3.5) is then used to convert the data from EBCDIC to ASCII
format, and stores it on tape. The tape is then read in by module
3. f> (see figure 3.6) using the HP-1000. This module converts data
into the format needed by the digital to analog converter. Then•
finally the D/A converts the samples back to voice.
All the above steps were needed because of code conversions
between machines as well as numerical format (the IBM is a 32-bit
machine while the HP-1000 is a 16-bit machine). Ideally, one
would use the setup of figure 3.1 if the proper equipment is
attainable.
29
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Th is program reao<5 R t^pe in ASCII F o r m a t r nri'i con»e»rT,s 3 T, t n a_!(» MI-£!•*•{,J>it 1 Fo
-//-JOB-— - - . _ . . . . .//STEP1 EXEC PGM=PRESS//SYSPRINT DF) 5YSOUT-A - - _. ./ / S Y h T N Ui) DUI-iNY
-/-/SYSUT-1- Dl>-DBM = ONF,[)TSt3=(-OI.D, PASf?-) ,i.ABEu=( i . NL ) , U// IjlMT t =TAfF , JMIH- 1 1 KVlCIJ-P.U r Bi.KS 3 >: h -Bo , K'Ht:FH-f-'B , l)h'M = 3 , HP I'CD-
• / /SYSUT2 DD DS(M = UYL-.CC.BHC. fAPRI) , IJWI 7 =333O , D ISP= ( , f'.ATl.fi) , --- ....... —// voL=yti?»-&cu'()u:;' , UCB-- (i R.-CL -R?.:I:-) , BL Ksirt -^2.33 , KL- CKM-IJ , I;S
-// S P A C E = ( T R K , (20,5) ,RLSF> - - -./'*
ORKSMAL PAGE ISOF POOR QUALfTY
>; f 'n •i <; t i ' roqr^t i re-aas a f l i p of 32 bit f J O<H G irc-t p c ' T i i t . n f u n o e r s(. ( f ' " r m f\ r, 4 u-. i • . ' . / ) I»{M: r i ' i j u j . u v / ^ » i o c t) ri u t> r V -a t n e m i n t o a i- i i a or 12
- 1 . 011. nnmoer" ; t i n t y a c r s ) . F o r u ^ p i n t h p D / A < j y « « r . u m .
7. // JOB TInE=4rREGIQN=AOOK-8. ------- //ftMAIN L1NES = 50 -- --9. // EXEC FORTGCG
1-O-, - /-/FOR F-. SYR 3 W-IH) -*11. C ###**##»***##^>*»
2-« __________ RFAl I'lAX -- -— ________ _______ -- --13. DlhF.iN' .SIOW XCF77P8) , I X ( 3 2 7 B 8 )
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17. DO 55 J=l ,327GR, -------------------------- IF - < A 8 S < >, ' ( , ]> ) . f i T . r tAX) - MAX = A?. !5(X( J) )
19. 5^ C l J l v i lIvDi-Iw ------ --------- PRINT- 70, dAX ..... - -
21. 70 FORMAT (' ', 'MAX= ' ,E14.7>,2-2-, ---------- j)0 G& -.1=1 r327G8 -------------- -------- - -23. X(J)=X( J)/"1AX24-. ------ ----- X< J)=X( J) *20&6. - - --- ...25. X( J)-X( J ) J-20^7.26, ----- -------- K ( J)=X< J ) * .5- ------ -— ---- - - -
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29. W R I T E (7, 333) ( I X ( J ) , J = 1 , 327138 ). - - :JH3 R J W " A T < ) f > < IX , TA) )
D l . 2 0 0 C O N T I N U E32. STOP -33. i-IND
. - / / G G . F T O i F O O l DD DSW = WYL . CC . BHC . RSI B , D I S P = SHR35. / / G O . F MJ2F001 DD D v S M - W Y L . CC . PUB . XS l B , IJW 17 -3330 r36 . - - - / / D I S P = ( ' M £ v J , C A T L G , C A T L G ) r37. //
39. ' / / G i L H Y S i / 0 DJ) *
OR1OMAL PAGE 13
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1. Th is program t -aKes n Fi le in EBCDIC Format i K i L E l j )2. - f»no - s c o r e s i * . - o n r.ciHP ] n A.SLi 1 format, .3.4.5. // JOB TlME=5rREGION-600K6. //STEP1 EXEC Hi;h-J^BGi£i\ifc'k7. //SYSPH1NI DD SVbl)lir-H& > - - - -//SYSIN DU DUMMY9. //SYSUTi DD DSN=UYL.CC.PUe.FILEll,D15P=SHR,0.- - - - // -— UM"'-SYSUA - -1. / /SYSUT2 DD DSivl = OlME,UwI f = T A P E , DCB= t LRECL = 80 , BLKSIZE = 80 r2. If ))FI\' = 3,til-M(1!)-i' ') ,Ut) t -SJ=K = i:r, M)>.»4,i.ARt:i - ( 1 , Wl ) , 1) I SP= ( Nr W, KFFP3. /*4. //STEPB EXEC PGM = PRESS - . . . . .5. //SYSPRlfar DD SYSOUT=A6.- //SYSIW Df> nilNi-i'Y - - -7. //PYSHM DJ) nS(M = ONEr»lSP=(OI.D»KEEP) ,LA8EL=(1»NL) ,Sni - - / / UNi f-'i Ai-'F,Dr,K-i| RELII -8<>,BI^S)^E-HO,l*Kl'%.Fh = FR9. //SYSUT2 DD DSM-wYt. , Cf!. PUB . i>JAF»A , I IN] r = 33HO , P) SP= ( , C ATLG ) /!0-. / / -UOb=-S£R = SCR002 , DC8= < L RECL = G?33 , BL K:3 T ZE = S233 . RECFM=U r DSORG:i. // spAct-M i RK , i /»r<o. :->) ,1?! s?-:>'2-, /•!,
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4. User's Guide
This user's guide will provide the user with a step by step
explanation of the questions that will be asked during a typical
session with the simulator. References are given in each question
so that the user can refer to the appropriate sections if an in
depth discussion about the topic is desired (references made refer
to the first report, "A Computer Simulator for a Mobile Telephone
System", NASA Grant 3-119).
The following is a typical question-and-answer session with
all the possible questions either being asked or presented in the
explanation. The answers shown here are for a batch version
version for a run. In an actual run, the answers shown would come
out on the same line as the question. However we have seperated
them here onto seperate lines for clarity. For an online session,
merely the question will be prompted unto the user terminal, for
which he would interactively enter his response.
The first question asked prompts the user as to whether the
session is an online or batch session, and is displayed as
follows:
Is this an online session? (Y/N) (1)N
The user should answer a 'Y' if it is an online session, or an
'N' if it is a batch session. In this case the response is "N"
Next, the type of calls that are available in the
communication system are displayed as follows:
ORIGINAL PAGE S&OF POOR
ORIGSNALOF POOR QUALITY
communication system are displayed as follows:
TYPE OF CALL AVAILABLE: (2)1: M1->M2, rural mobile to rural mobile in same UHF beam2: Ml->M3, rural mobile to rural mobile in different UHF beam,in same S-band3: Ml->M4, rural mobile to rural mobile in different UHF beam,in different S-band.4: M1->FC1, rural mobile to fixed in same S-band beam5: Ml->FC2, rural mobile to fixed in different S-band beam<?: FC1->M1, fixed to rural mobile in same S-band beam7: FC2->M1, fixed to rural mobile in different S-band beamINPUT TYPE OF CALL TO BE SIMULATED:
1
Here the type of calls that are available in the
communication system are displayed, each one being designated by
a number from 1 through 7. Right after the list, the user is
prompted to input the type of call he wishes to be simulated by
inputing a number from 1 through 7. In this case, the first call
("1") was chosen. For an explanation of each of these calls, see
section 2.2.
After the user has inputed the type of call to be simulated,
the modes of call available within the type of call selected will
be displayed (refer to section 2.3). In this case, the user chose
to simulate type 1, which is rural mobile calling rural mobile in
the same UHF-beam and S-beam. Correspondingly, the following
choice of modes was displayed:
MODE OF CALL AVAILABLE: (311: M1->M2, hard wired transponder2: Ml->M2, direct switched transponder3: M1->M2, indirect switched transponder4: M1->G1->M2, double hop systemINPUT MODE OF CALL TO BE SIMULATED:
1
Mote that the type of modes that will be displayed depends on
the type of call that is chosen (in this case type 1 was chosen).
A full list of the range of possible modes corresponding to the
OJ?iG!f\SAl
OF POOR QUALITY
type of call chosen is found in section 2.3. (table ?.3.1).
One notes that following the list of modes available, the user
is prompted to input the mode of the call by entering its
corresponding number. In this case the user chose "1", from a
choice of 1 to 4.
Based on the type of call and mode of call selected, the
program will determine which scenario to be simulated (refer to
section 3.3). The questions asked from this point on will vary
depending on the features to be simulated within the scenario.
Even though each of the five scenarios are different, the
questions to be answered for each of them are more or less of the
same nature. Therefore the rest of our discussion will focus only
on those questions that are asked when the single hop system is to
be simulated (which is the case of this particular simulation
run) .
In the next question, the user is asked to choose from the
types of signal sources available. Choice 1, corresponds to a
program generated sinusoid which can be used for making analytical
tests. If choice "1" is chosen, no further questions aout the
signal source are asked and question (4) is then displayed.
Choice "2" corresponds to sampled voice. If type 2 is chosen,
then see section 3.2 for an explanation of procedures to be used.
TYPES OF SIGNAL SOURCES AVAILABLE:1: Program generated single tone sinusoid.2: Sampled voice from tape source.Choose type of signal to be used (II):
1
In the next question,
FREQUENCY OF THE BASEBAND SIGNAL ( LESS THAN 3000 HZ. 1 (4)(IN HERTZ, F7.2):
1000.00 HZ
the user is asked to input the frequency of the baseband signal in
hertz using the format "F7.2". The baseband signal has an upper
limit of 3000 Hz (refer to section 5). '
The next question displayed is as follows:
NOTE: POWER OF THE BASEBAND SIGNAL HAS TO BE LESS OR EQUAL (5)THAN.5 WATTS;SO THAT THE MAXIMUM INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY DEVIATION ISLESS OR EQUAL THAN 12000 HZ
POWER OF THE BASEBAND SIGNALfIN WATTS, F7.2): (*)0.50 WATTS
Here the user inputs the power of the baseband signal in watts
using the format F7.2. The power of the baseband signal has to be
less than or equal to .5 watts, so that the maximum instantaneous
frequency deviation is less than or equal to 12000 Hz (refer to
section 5) .
In the next question that appears
THE CARRIER POWER (IN WATTS, F7.2): (7)1.00 WATTS
the user is asked to input the carrier signal power in watts using
the format F7.2.
The next question appearing,
THE FREQUENCY DEVIATION (IN HERTZ, F8.2): 12000 HZ. (fi)(FIXED FOR NOW)
asks the user to input the frequency deviation in Hertz using the/
format F8.2. Under the current version, the frequency deviation
is fixed at 12,000 Hz in order for the simulator to meet AMPS
specifications (refer to section 5).
The next question is displayed as follows:
How many times the nyquist rate do you want the sampling (9)frequency to be*3 (2 - 4, II):
2
40
Here the user is asked to input the sampling frequency in terms of
a multiple of the Nyquist rate. Acceptable values are from twice
the nyquist rate to four times the Nyquist rate. Twice the
Nyquist rate is the minimum in order for the simulator to
intergrate and differentiate correctly. Four times the Nyquist
rate is the maximum since any increase of the sampling frequency
beyond this point will not improve any significant approximation,
but will prolong run time substantially (refer to section 3.2).
In the next question,
THE CARRIER FREQUENCY (IN HERTZ, F7.?):(NOT USED FOR NOW)
the user is asked to input the carrier frequencyin Hertz using the
format F7.2. Under the current version of the simulator, the
carrier frequency is not used in the simulation.
The nex£ question is displayed as follows:
DO YOU WANT THE COMPRESSOR/EXPANDER IN? Y-YES , N-NO : (11)Y
Here the user is asked whether the compressor/expander (AMPS
specs) are used in the transmitter and receiver (refer to section
5) . This question is answered either with a "Y" (yes) or an "N"
(no) .
The next question appears as follows:
DO YOU WANT THE PRE-EMPHASIS - DE-EMPHASIS FILTERS IN ? (12)Y-YES , N-NO :
Y
Here the user is asked whether pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
filters (AMPS specs) are used in the transmitter and receiver (see
section 5) .
The user is then prompted as to whether or not interference is
present in the UHF uplink sattelite channel. This question is
displayed as follows:
DO YOU WANT A CO-CHANNEL INTERFERER IN THE UPLINK? (1.1)Y-YES,N-NO:
YAre multiple values of the carrier to interference power (14)ratio to be tested? (Y/N):
YInpujt the range of values to be tested (in DB) :Input the initial value (-99 — -(-99,13): (15)
10 DBInput the increment value (01 — 99,13): (16)
10 DBInput the final value (01 ~ 99,13): (17)
70 DBAre multiple values of the interference phase values (18)to be tested? (Y/N):
YInput the range of values to be tested fin degrees):Input the initial value (F6.2) :< (19)
10.00 DEGREESInput the increment value (F6.2) : (20)
5.00 DEGREESInput the final value (F6.2) : (21)
25.00 DEGREES
Note tHe answer to the first of these questions was "Y" (yes).
If the response was "N" (no interference), then the next eight
questions would not have appeared. However, since in this case
the response is yes, they did appear. In the first of these
questions (14) , the user is asked if he wishes to input a range of
values for the carrier to interference power ratio. If the answer
is "Y" (yes), as in this case, then questions 15-17 will follow.
Here, the user inputs the initial value, increment value, and
final value, respectively (in dB, using the format 13) of the
carrier to interference power ratio. If the answer to question
(1^) was "N" (no), then the user would have just been asked to
input one value of the carrier to interference power ratio in the
same format as above. After question I7, the user is asked wether
he wants to
input a range of phase values for the interference source
(question 18). If the response to this is "Y" (yes), then
questions 19-21 will appear, asking the user to input the initial,
incremental, and final value of the phase, respectively (using
format F6.2 , in degrees). If the response to question 18 was "N"
(no), then a question would have appeared asking only one value
for the phase.
In the next question,
IS FADING PRESENT IN THE UPLINK CHANNEL? Y-YES,N-NO: (22)Y
one responds as to whether or not the uplink satellite channel is
a fading channel or not. One responds to the question by either
typing a "Y" for yes or a "N" for no. If the response is no, the
next five questions (questions 23-28) will not appear. However,
as in this.case, if the response is yes, then questions 24 through
28 will definitely appear. If interference is present, as is the
case in the current simulation run, then question 23 will also
appear. If interference were not present in the uplink, then
question 23 would have not been asked. Questions 23-28 are
displayed as follows:
IS THE INTERFERENCE FADED? Y-YES,N-NO: (23)Y
THE UPLINK FADING CHANNEL IS PRESENTTYPES OF FADING CHANNELS AVAILABLE: (24)1: NO SPECULAR COMPONENT (RALEIGH FADING)2: SPECULAR COMPONENT, SHORTEST PATH3: SPECULAR COMPONENT, MEAN PATHINPUT TYPE OF CHANNEL:
2ENTER THE MULTIPATH SPREAD TIME (IN MICROSECONDS, F9.2): (25)
500.00 MICROSECONDSENTER THE DOPPLER SPREAD BANDWIDTH (IN HERTZ, F7.2): f?.fi)
1.00 H7
Are multiple values of the specular to multipath power (27)ratio to be tested"5 (Y/N) :
NENTER THE SPECULAR-TO-MULTIPATH POWER RATIO (IN DB, II): (28)
_ _ 100 DB
In the first of these questions, the user respond1s as to
whether or not the interference is effected by the fading channel.
If it is, it is done so independently of the signal and is added
at the end. If it is not, then the interference is just added to
the faded signal.
In the second of these questions, the user decides which type
of fading is present, by entering a 1 digit number from 1 to 1
corresponding to the type of fading that is present. If (1) is
chosen, then the fading channel will be a Rayleigh distributed one
with no specular component. If H) is chosen, then the channel
will have Rician statistics, with the specular component in the
middle. In other words, the mean path is taken. In the last*
case, (2), the channel has Rician statistics with the shortest
path being taken (refer to section 5).
In the third of these questions (25), the user is asked to
input the total multipath spread time of the fading channel in
microseconds using the format F9.2. In this case, "500.00" was
entered as data.
In question (25) , the user is asked to input the doppler
spread bandwidth of the fading channel in Hertz using the format
F7.2. In this case the number "1.00" was entered as data.
Question (27) will only be asked if the response to question
(24) is either 2 or 3. If the response is 1, t-hen Rayleigh fading
is being used which exhibits no specular component. Question (27)
once again asks wether or not the user wishes to input a range of
values for the specular to multipath power ratios (in dB). In
this case the answer is "N" (no), and thus question (23) appears ,
which asks the user to input only one value of the specular to
multipath power ratio (in dB) using the format 13 (in this case
100 was entered as data). If the response to question (27) was
yes, then three questions asking for the initial, incremental, and
final values respectively (using the same input format as question
(28)) would have been displayed as they have in the questions
asked previously.
The next question,
DO YOU WANT A CO-CHANNEL INTERFERER IN THE DOWNLINK^ (29)Y-YES,N-NO:
YAre multiple values of the carrier to interference power (30)ratio to be tested ? (Y/N) :
NINPUT CARRIER TO INTERFERENCE POWER RATIO IN DB(I3): ' (31)
30 DBAre multiple values of the interference phase values (32)to be tested ' (Y/N):
NINPUT PHASE OF INTERFERENCE IN DEGREES (F7.2): (32.1)
30.80 DEGREES
is the dual of the uplink interference case. The data entry is
exactly the same as it were for the uplink case. Note however, in
this case that the responses to the questions asking if the user
wants to input a range of values are both negative. In this case
the user is only inputing single values (030 dB for the power
ratio, and 30.80 Degrees for the phase).
The next question,
IS FADING PRESENT IN THE DOWNLINK CHANNEL"9 Y-YES,N-NO: (33)Y
is basically the dual of: the uplink case, the only exception
however is the facility for a space diversity receiver. Once
again, if the response to the above question is "N" fno), then
questions 34 through 45 will not be asked. If the response is "Y"
(yes), the next question that will be displayed is:
IS A SPACE DIVERSITY RECEIVER BEING USED? Y-YES,N-NO: (34)Y
If a space diversity receiver is being used (response "Y") , as
is the case for this example, then parameters for 2 fading
channels will have to be set; questions 36 through 40 for the
first channel and questions 41 through 45 for the second channel.
If a space diversity receiver is not being used (response "N"),
then the user will only be prompted to enter parameters for one
channel.
If co-channel interference is present in the down]ink channel*
(response to (29) is "Y"), then the following question will be
displayed:
IS THE INTERFERENCE FADED? Y-YES,N-NO: (35)Y
Here one enters whether or not the interference should be
faded. If yes (as in this case), the user enters a "Y", and if
not, the user enters an "N".
Questions 36 through 40 or questions 33 through &S if a space
diversity receiver is present, are entered in an analagous way as
were the questions for the uplink satellite channel.
THE DOWNLINK FADING CHANNEL IS PRESENTSET PARAMETERS FOR FIRST FADING CHANNEL: (3fi)TYPES OF FADING CHANNELS AVAILABLE:1: NO SPECULAR COMPONENT (RALEIGH FADING)2: SPECULAR COMPONENT, SHORTEST PATH3: SPECULAR COMPONENT, MEAN PATH
46
INPUT TYPE OF CHANNEL:2
ENTER THE MULTIPATH SPREAD TIME (IN MICROSECONDS, F9.2): (37)50(3.00 MICROSECONDS
ENTER THE DOPPLER SPREAD BANDWIDTH (IN HERTZ, F~.2): (38)1.00 HZ
Are multiple values of the specular to multipath power H9)ratio to be tested"5 (Y/N) :
NENTER THE SPECULAR-TO-MULTIPATH POWER RATIO (IN DB, 13): (40)
100 DBSET PARAMETERS FOR THE SECOND FADING CHANNEL: (41)TYPES OF FADING CHANNELS AVAILABLE:1: NO SPECULAR COMPONENT (RALEIGH FADING)2: SPECULAR COMPONENT, SHORTEST PATH3: SPECULAR COMPONENT, MEAN PATHINPUT TYPE OF CHANNEL:
2ENTER THE MULTIPATH SPREAD TIME (IN MICROSECONDS, F9.2): (42)
500.00 MICROSECONDSENTER THE DOPPLSR SPREAD BANDWIDTH (IN HERTZ, F7.2): (43)
1.00 HZAre multiple values of the specular to multipath power (44)ratio to be tested? (Y/N):
NENTER THE SPECULAR-TO-MULTIPATH POWER RATIO (IN DB, 13): (45)
100 DB
In the next question.
Are multiple SNR values to be tested? Y-yes,N-no: (46)Y
the user is asked whether multiple SNR values are to be tested.
If the response is "Y" (yes), then questions 4-7.1 through A-7.3
will appear asking the user to input the range of SNR's (in this
case, the carrier to noise ratio) for the Gaussian noise in the
mobile receiver. If multiple SNR values are not to be tested
(response "N"), then the user will be asked to input only one SNR
value.
Questions 47.1/47.^ would appear as follows:
ORIGINAL PAG£ i/.OF POOR QUALITY
Input the range of SNR values to be tested (in Db) : "Input the initial value of SNR (-99 — +99, 13): (4-7.1)
36 DBInput the increment value (01 — 99, 12): . . (47.2)
4 DBInput the ending value of SNR (-99 — +99, 13): (47.1)
40 DB
In the next question,
IS A SPACE DIVERSITY RECEIVER REQUIRED? (Y/N) (48)Y
the user is asked whether or not a space diversity receiver is to
be used. If it is present (response "Y"), then the user will be
asked (next question) to input the duration of the decision period
which is the duration of the lapse time before a decision is made
to determine which receiver is receiving a stronger signal. If it
is not present (response "N"), then the next question (49) wi31
not displayed.
INPUT DURATION BETWEEN DECISION TIMES FOR THE S.D. RECEIVER(F7.5, IN SECONDS) (49)
0.00020SEC.
The next question is displayed as follows:
Input the approximate duration of simulation in seconds (50)(0.01 - 9.99, F4.2):
0.01 SEC.
Here the user inputs the approximate duration of the input signal
to be tested in seconds using the format F^.B. For now, the
boundary imposed is from 0.01 seconds to 9.99 seconds (refer to
section 4.1).
In the next question displayed,
Type of performance measurement available: (SI)1. Compare recovered output signal to original input signal2. Measure output signal to noise ratio
Input type:1
the user is asked to input the type of performance to be measured.
Under the current version, the user has the choice of choosing
either to compare the recovered output signal to the original
input signal (choice "1"), or (choice "2") to measure the output
signal to noise ratio vs input signal to noise ratio (refer to
section 4.2). If choice 2 is chosen, the user wil] be asked if he
wishes that a plot be displayed of the input vs output SNR values,
asked. However, if choice 1 is chosen, as is the case in this
example, than the following will be the last question displayed:
DO YOU WANT OUTPUT TO BE PLOTTED? (52)Y
Here the user has the option of having the output vs input
signals plotted. If the response to this question is "Y" (yes),
then following the printing of the input vs output signal values
(for each respective SNR value), a graph will be plotted
corresponding to these values. The maximum possible length of the
graph is 2000 lines (per SNR value). If the response is "N" (no),
then just the values without a graph will be printed.
A few lines of the resulting output are printed as follows:
ORIGINAL PAGE 13OF POOR QUALITY
Input signal Output signal (No Noise)
The SNR is0.1000000E0.9972572E0.9890135E0.9752213E0.9557958E0.930S050E0.8994539E0.8fi20588E0.8180044E0.7<^^^720E0.70710T5E0.fi377503E0.5558942E0.455975SE0.32"«3112E
36.010000000000000000000000000000
0.1490450E-02-0.1233029E-0.4559«8fiE-0.5558881S-0.^377543E-0.7071018E
0000000000
00 DB-0.3008653E-0.9639141E-0.7375438E-0.2562992E-0.62053S8E-C1.1081285E-0.14870filE-0.1R09989E-0.12779«7E-0.565190*!E-0.7818813E0.7991531E0.4918778E0.1515125E0.1496630E0.fi825587E0.1189424E0.1904904E0.2853454E0.4043526E0.54fi2040E
0203040505050606060S0305060707070808080808
Output signal (With Noise)
0.6992087E 020.2256493E 040.1755339E 050.6575075E 050.1653216E 060.3328434E 060.5S9S719E 060.9725955E 060.1540994E PH0.23R71T0E 070.3643070E 070.5487024E 070.8145275E 070.U88825E 080.1701875E 080.2384fi59E 080.32*?5^fifiE 080.436fi894E 080.5«99^77E 080.725B918E 080.9018307E 08
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12-4^1-1
PAGE ISOF POOR QUALFTY
5. Sample Runs
One of the biggest advantages of the present simulator is its
ability to span over a range of inputs for the different devices,
as opposed to only entering one value at a time as was the case in
the previous simulation. This facility is illustrated in figure
1. In this particular example, 4 parameters are variables: the
specular to multipath power ratio of the UHF downlink channel, the
carrier to interference power ratio of the UHF downlink co-channel
interfer, the phase values for the UHF downlink co-channel
interferor, and the input signal to noise ratio of the Gaussian
noise source. One can see from figure 1 that every possible
permutation of the above values is exhibited. In this simulation
run, a type one .measurement is chosen with the plotting facility•
on. Thus the output is a list of the input vs. output values of
the system, followed by its corresponding plot. One notes that a
type one output exists for each of the possible permutations as
mentioned above.
Figure 2 illustrates the above mentioned "looping" feature for
a type 2 measurement. In this output, a type 2 measurement of the
input vs. output SNR values and its corresponding plots are
exhibited for every possible permutation of the 7- input
parameters (columns! shown.
In figure 3, the output SNR values are being plotted as a
function of the input SNR values for different values of the
carrier to interference power ratio of the UHF upiink interference
source. Again, the looping facility is exhibited here. One notes
from the output curves, that as the carrier to interference power
ratio gets smaller, the output curves flatten out. At large
values, the curves remain linear above threshold as expected.
Figure 4 illustrates the execution of a double hop system
(scenario 2 in this case). One notes here that both an S-band and
an UHF band uplink channel are set, as well as an S-band and an
UHF band downlink channel.
6. Results
The results of the present simulator are divided into two
sections; The analytical results (section 6.1), and the processed
voice results (section 6.2). In both cases, tests are made using
a single hop system (scenario 1).
6.1 Analytical Results
The system discussed can be seen to have the responses shown
on various plots obtained for several different Rician channels
over a single hop system (scenario 1).
We first analyzed a single hop system over a channel without
fading or ^interference present as a function of the input SNR
values. A pure sinusoid was used as input. The results can be
seen in figure 6.1 (referenced from first report). Note that the
results are analyzed for various combinations of signal processing
stages. These results represent a pure FM system with white noise
present.
We next simulated a single hop system over a Rician channel,
with no interference present, and analyzed the output vs input SNR
values for various values of the specular-to-multipath component
power ratios of the fading channel. The results are summarized in
the plot of figure 6.2. First, we note that when the
specular-to-multipath power ratio of the channel is 100 db, no
real effects of fading can be seen and the output vs input SNR
curve remains a linear one as expected. An analysis of the
various plots, however, does show that as the specular-to-
multipath power ratio is decreased, a flattening out of the linear
curve does occur and the effects of fading become increasingly
destructive.
We next analyzed a single hop system over a Rician channel
with no interference present, with and without a space diversity
receiver present . The results are summarized in figure 6.3. One
observes from this plot that there is a significant improvement
with the space diversiy receiver on.
We next plotted the output signal-to-noise ratio as a function
of the specular-to-multipath power ratio of the fading channel,
with no other disturbances present. We started with a*
specular-to-multipath power ratio of -35 dB (practically Raleigh
fading), and went all the way up to a specular-to-multipath power
ratio of 100 dB. The results are summarized in figure 5.4. Here
we noticed a threshold effect beginning at a specular-to-multipath
power ratio of about +05 dB. The curve moves up very quickly in a
linear fashion from 5 dB to 50 dB, and then flattens out to its
maximum value.
Figure 5.5 considers the effects of interference on the output
signal to noise ratio. One can observe from the plot that an
interference source with a carrier to interference power ratio
ranging from 100 dB all the way down to 20 dB has no major effect
on the output performance. However, as one gets below 20 dB, a
flattening out of the input vs. output SNR curve does occur above
PRECEDING PAGE BUNK NOT FILMED
threshold. As the carrier to interference power ratio is taken
below 8 dB, the flattening out effects become very predominant and
output performance starts getting poor. At 0 dB, the curve
flattens out completely to about .5 dB (Threshold effect).
Figure fi.fi considers results obtained using scenario 2. In
this plot we analyze the input vs. output SNR values of a double
hop system assuming all four channels are Rician fading channels.
The UHF uplink channel, the S-band downlink channel, the S-band
uplink channel, and the UHF "downlink channel are the channels
which are considered. As one can see from the plot, various
permutations of the 4 channels (specular to multipath power ratio
of the fading channel is varied) are considered.
These are just a few of the vast number of results obtainable
with this simulation. Section 5 contains various sample runs*
illustrating some of the various possible results obtainable.
ORIGINAL PAGE ISOF POOR QUALITY
fi.2. Results: Voice
In addition to the analytical results, we were also able to
use the simulation to process sampled voice and actually listen to
it. In particular, the following tests were marie on the voice:
First, we put the sampled voice through the simulation with no
fading, interference, or thermal noise present, or in other words,
"pure FM". The output voice sounded exactly the same as the
input. We listened to the voice (still pure FM) with the
pre-emphasis de-emphasis filters both off and on, and could here a
slight improvement with the latter case. With the expander
compander on or off, difference in voice quality was to slight to»
be heard .
Next, with no other disturbances present, we listened to the
voice as a function of the thermal noise power. Results could be
summarized as follows:
Carrier-to-Noise Speech QualityPower Ratio (dB)
+40 Excellent+35 Excellent+30 Excellent+25 Excellent+20 Excellent+15 Very good+14 Good+12 Good (very light static)+10 Fair (light crackling)+08 Fair-Poor (crackling louder)+05 Poor (crackling loud}+03 Very Poor (Basically only crackling)-02 No sign of voice (only loud crackling
As the above indicates, the quality of voice went from
excellent just above threshold, to poor just below threshold,
consistent with our analytical results as well as theoretical
results.
We then listened to the voice as a function of the sperrular-
to-multipath power ratio (dB) of the fading channel (see sample
run 5.1 for channel parameters), with no other disturbances
present (input carrier-to-noise power ratio at +40dB). Within the
range of specular-to-multipath power ratios from +6 dB and better,
output voice quality was excellent, within the range from -10 dB
through +^ dB, voice quality was good (tonal characteristics of
the voice were altered somewhat). Below -12 dB, voice quality was
fair (tonaj. characteristics altered), with some crackling present.
The above examples are a few of the many possible tests on
voice. Any of the 5 scenarios can be tested on the voice, with
all possible parameter variations. (note that the above tests
correspond to scenario 1).
: _.
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7. Proposed Research for the Forthcoming Year
Because of the present system's very modular structure,
simulation of other modulation techniques over any one of the five
scenarios can he done with relative ease. Since the simulation is
designed in such a way that the inphase and quadrature phase
components of the input signal are being passed through the
components of the system in a parallel fashion, any type of
modulation scheme which can be broken up into these components can
be easily implemented. For example, the present simulator could
be used to test the performance characteristics of duo-binary FM
or tamed FM, both which use less bandwidth than standard FM.
At the same time, one could use the simulation to process
voice using various modulation techniques to see which types
produce the best subjective voice quality. In the report, we
propose to construct a system to allow for simple testing of
actual voice input. This system will allow for simple interfacing
of voice input to the IBM system on which the actual simulation
took place. We plan to build this device using a personal
computer as the controller.
Also because of the systems modular structure, it would be
possible test other types of components or noise sources.
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