Computer Organization. The Five Hardware Units General purpose computers use the "Von Neumann"...
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Transcript of Computer Organization. The Five Hardware Units General purpose computers use the "Von Neumann"...
![Page 1: Computer Organization. The Five Hardware Units General purpose computers use the "Von Neumann" architecture Also referred to as "stored program" architecture.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082821/5697bff21a28abf838cbba8e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Computer Organization
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The Five Hardware Units
General purpose computers use the "Von Neumann" architecture
Also referred to as "stored program" architecture
CPU
MainMemory(RAM)
InputUnit
OutputUnit
SecondaryMemory
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Central Processing Unit
Control unit – directs the operation of the rest of the computer
Arithmetic-Logic Unit – performs calculations and comparisons
Communicates via "system bus" with other components
ControlUnit
Arithmetic-LogicUnit
Central Processing Unit
System bus
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Main MemoryComposed of a sequence of "cells" or "words," each composed of "bits"
Each cell has a numeric address
The contents of any cell can be retrieved or stored in the same amount of time
Thus, "Random Access Memory"
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Input Unit
We need some way to get data from the outside world into the computer
Examples: Keyboard
Mouse
Microphone
Graphics tablet
Scanner
Modem/network card
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Output Units
Likewise, we need a way to communicate to the outside world
Screen
Printer
Speakers
Modem/network interface
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Secondary Memory
High capacity, long-term storage
Examples Hard disks
Optical drives (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM)
Flash drives
Next level is tertiary or archival storage Backup tape drives
Floppy disks
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The Memory HierarchyRegisters – locations in the CPU for current
computations
Cache – very fast memory for frequently used values
Main memory – fast memory used for currently executing programs and their data
Secondary memory – slower (but very large) memory used for long term storage of programs and data
Tertiary memory – slowest (but largest) memory used for backups and archival storage
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Memory Persistence
Volatile memory – memory that only works when electrical power is supplied
Registers, cache, and main memory (RAM)
Non-volatile memory – memory that retains its contents when power is off
Hard drives, flash drives, optical drives, magnetic tape
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Memory access types
Read-write – data can be stored and retrieved any number of times (registers, cache, RAM)
Read-only (ROM) – contents cannot be altered
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Storage DensitiesUnits
1 byte = 8 bits = space to store 1 character
1 Megabyte (MB) = 220 = 1,048,576 bytes
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 230 = 1,073,741,824 bytes
1 Terabyte (TB) = 240 = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
ExamplesA 300 page book holds approximately 1,500,000 characters
DVD-5 format disk holds 4.7 GB of data
30 GB IPod holds 7500 4 minute songs
Dual layer Blu-ray format disks hold 50 GB of data (holds 9 hours of HD video or 23 hours of SD video)
US Library of Congress holds 20 TB of data
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Memory Cost
Prices are retail consumer-oriented
512MB RAM chip – 12 cents per MB
200GB hard disk – 0.054 cents per MB
400GB hard disk – 0.041 cents per MB
(prices gathered on 9/12/06)
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Assignment
How Computers Work, Chapters 1-3 and 5