Computer: Definition and History (Contd.)
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Transcript of Computer: Definition and History (Contd.)
Computer: Definition and History (Contd.)
Lin ZhongELEC101, Rice University
Electromechanical state
• A combination of electrical and mechanical states
• Electromagnetic relay to change mechanical state– Replay is a ON/OFF switch
Tabulating machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerith for 1890 U.S. Census because 1880 census took 7 years to tabulate (manually)– The origin of IBM
– Simple calculation (aggregation)
Turing Bombe
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• Used to break Enigma during WW2
Rotor: 26 mechanical states corresponding to 26 lettersElectrical current flows through a series of rotors if their letter combination makes sense
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Era of electrical states
ENIAC and vacuum tubes
Vacuum tube
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State of vacuum tubes
DiodeTriode (transistor)
Problems with vacuum tube states
• Size• Power consumption• Speed
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Era of charge states
Nobel Prize in Physics, 1956
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Transistors at nanoscale
Sunlin Chou, “Extending Moore’s Law in the Nanotechnology Era” (www.intel.com).
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Size matters
Smallest mass produced transistor 32nm
Intel 40041971
Moore’s Law
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Computing: 60 years agoWiring ENIAC with a new program
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Computing: TodayLiving among computers
“Computers” over $50 that serve me
A difference of 60 years• ENIAC (1946)
– $6 million in 2008 $– 17,468 vacuum tubes– 680 square feet– 27 tons– 15 KW power– Longest continuous period of
operation: 116 hours– 5000 operations per second
• Intel Core i7– ~$300– >730 million transistors– 263 mm²– A few ounces– <100W power– Runs forever– 76,383 MIPS (Million
Instruction Per Second)
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A difference of 10 years
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Samsung S5L8900 412MHz 128MB RAM/8-16GB Flash WiFi, Bluetooth 2.0, 3G 4.7 oz
Intel Pentium MMX 233MHz 64MB RAM/4GB Disk Ethernet 14 pounds
IBM Thinkpad 770 (1998)Apple iPhone (2008)
How about the next 10 years?
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Other states• Resistance
– Negative differential resistance (NDR)• Molecules (Reed & Tour, 1999)• Resonant tunneling diodes (RTD)
• Presence/Absence of electrons– Quantum dots (nanoscale trap)
• Spin of electrons– Spintronics
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Molecular conformation state
Collier et al, 2000
More videos about computer history
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http://www.youtube.com/user/ComputerHistory