Computer Architecture Fall 2017 - SKKU...

1Dongkun Shin, SKKU

Computer Architecture

Fall 2017

2Dongkun Shin, SKKU

Syllabus

• Instructors:

– Dongkun Shin

– Office : Room 85470

– E-mail : [email protected]

– Office Hours: Wed. 15:00-17:30 or by appointment

• Lecture notes

– nyx.skku.ac.kr Courses Computer Architecture (2017 Fall)

– http://nyx.skku.ac.kr/?page_id=1267

• Lecture notes and talks will be given in English.

http://nyx.skku.ac.kr/?page_id=1267

3Dongkun Shin, SKKU

Syllabus (cont’d)

• Main text

– D. A. Patterson and J. L. Hennessy,

Computer Organization & Design, the Hardware/Software Interface, Elsevier, 2013 (5th Edition).

• Grading policy (subject to change)

– Attendance: 5% (I’ll check at random.)

– Midterm exam: 30%

– Final exam: 50%

– Assignment: 15%

– Cheating on tests and other assignments will not be tolerated and you will fail the class.

4th edition

5th edition

4Dongkun Shin, SKKU

출석인정사유

연번 출석인정사유 제출서류

1가족이사망하여상중(喪中)인경우

<배우자, 자녀, 본인 및 배우자의 부모․조부모(7일이내), 본인 및 배우자의 형제자매․백숙부모․형제자매의 배우자(3일이내)>

사망진단서혹은병원의확인서

2학교공식행사(교내각기관이인정하는외부기관행사를포함한다)․교육실습․현장수업․예비군훈련등행사(훈련)참석확인서등으로결석

사유가확인되는경우

행사참석확인서/훈련참석확인서등

3 스포츠단선수로스포츠단이공식인정하는대회에참가하는경우 대회참석확인서

4학기중취업이확정되어출석하지못하는경우,해당수업을담당하는교수가학생에게그에상응하는별도의추가과제를부과하고이를성

실히이행했다고판단하는경우

취업확인서또는재직증명서및출근의무를입증할자료등

5 기타학장이부득이하다고인정하는사유가있는경우출석인정사유확인서

5Dongkun Shin, SKKU

Syllabus (cont’d)

• Course Outline

– 1. Introduction, Motivation, Computer Abstraction & Technology (Chapter 1)

– 2. Performance Measurements & Evaluation (Chapter 1)

– 3. Instruction Set Architecture, MIPS (Chapter2)

– 4. Arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division and Floating Point (Chapter 3)

– 5. Processor Implementation (Chapter 4)

– 6. Memory Hierarchy: Cache, Virtual Memory (Chapter 5)

– 7. Parallel Processors (Chapter 6)

6Dongkun Shin, SKKU

Syllabus (cont’d)

• Assignments– programming assignments

• Branch Predictor (C++)• Cache simulator (C or C++)

• Prerequisites– Digital systems– C programming– System Programming

7Dongkun Shin, SKKU

If you have any questions,

please feel free to interrupt me

in English

or Korean.

8Dongkun Shin, SKKU

What You Will Learn

• How programs are translated into the machine language

– And how the hardware executes them

• The hardware/software interface

• What determines program performance

– And how it can be improved

• How hardware designers improve performance/energy

• What is parallel processing

• Why learn this stuff?

– You want to call yourself a “computer scientist”

– You want to build software people use (need performance)

– You need to make a purchasing decision or offer “expert”

advice

9Dongkun Shin, SKKU

Understanding Performance

• Algorithm

– Determines number of operations executed

• Programming language, compiler, architecture

– Determine number of machine instructions executed per

operation

• Processor and memory system

– Determine how fast instructions are executed

• I/O system (including OS)

– Determines how fast I/O operations are executed

10Dongkun Shin, SKKU

Components of a Computer

• Same components forall kinds of computer

– Desktop, server,embedded

• Input/output includes

– User-interface devices

• Display, keyboard, mouse

– Storage devices

• Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash

– Network adapters

• For communicating with other computers

• Our primary focus: Processor

The BIG Picture


Apple iPad2

Capacitive multitouch LCD screen

3.8 V, 25 Watt-hour battery

Computer board

Apple 1GHz A5 dual-core Processor (512 MB RAM)

Toshiba 16GB NAND Flashpower management chip

Power Management IC

touchscreen line driver


Inside the Processor

• Apple A6


A Safe Place for Data

• Volatile main memory

– Loses instructions and data when power off

• Non-volatile secondary memory

– Magnetic disk

– Flash memory

– Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)


Decimal vs. Binary Notation


Classes of Computers

• Personal computers

– General purpose, variety of software

– Subject to cost/performance tradeoff

• Server computers

– Network based

– High capacity, performance, reliability

– Range from small servers to building sized

• Supercomputers

– High-end scientific and engineering calculations

– Highest capability but represent a small fraction of the overall computer market


Classes of Computers

• Embedded computers

– Hidden as components of systems

– Most prevalent type (cell phones, DTV, car computers, dish washers, toys, videogame consoles..)

– Stringent power/performance/cost constraints

– Designed to run one application, and use a processor core (processor and application-specific hardware on a single chip)

– Annual growth rate of 40% vs. 9% for desktops and servers

• SW is integrated with H/W and delivered as a single system

• Unique application requirements (performance, cost, and power)

• Low tolerance for failure


The PostPC Era


The PostPC Era

• Personal Mobile Device (PMD)

– Battery operated

– Connects to the Internet

– Hundreds of dollars

– Smart phones, tablets, electronic glasses

• Cloud computing

– Warehouse Scale Computers (WSC)

– Software as a Service (SaaS)

– Portion of software run on a PMD and a portion run in the Cloud

– Amazon and Google


The Computer Revolution

• Progress in computer technology

– Underpinned by Moore’s Law

• Makes novel applications feasible

– Computers in automobiles

– Cell phones

– Human genome project

– World Wide Web

– Search Engines

• Computers are pervasive


Uniprocessor Performance


Contributor 1: Technology

• Processor

– logic capacity: about 30% per year

– clock rate: about 20% per year

• Memory

– DRAM capacity: about 60% per year (4x every 3 years)

– Memory speed: about 10% per year

– Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year

• Disk

– capacity: about 60% per year


Technology improvement

• Moore's law

– the number of transistors per integrated circuit would double every 18 months

Growth of capacity per DRAM


Contributor 2: Computer Architecture

• Exploiting Parallelism (Single processor)

– Pipelining

– Superscalar

– VLIW

• Multiprocessor

• Media Instructions (SIMD)

• Cache Memory


Contributor 2: Computer Architecture

Technology Contribution


Superscalar Processors

ALPHA Pentium

Multiple functional units


Multicore Processor

Intel Core i7-970 Architecture


Eight Great Ideas

• Design for Moore’s Law

• Use abstraction to simplify design

• Make the common case fast

• Performance via parallelism

• Performance via pipelining

• Performance via prediction

• Hierarchy of memories

• Dependability via redundancy


Below Your Program

• Application software

– Written in high-level language

• System software

– Operating System

• I/O operations,

• memory and storage allocation,

• Scheduling tasks & sharing resources

– Compiler

• translate a high-level language program into the hardware instructions

• Hardware

– Processor, memory, I/O controllers

Application software

Programs userwrites and runs

Hardware

Systems software

Operating systemcompiler

assembler

User


Levels of Program Code

• High-level language

– Level of abstraction closer to

problem domain

– Provides for productivity and

portability

• Assembly language

– Textual representation of

instructions

• Hardware representation

– Binary digits (bits)

– Encoded instructions and data


Computer System Organization

Control

Datapath MemoryCentral Processing

Unit (CPU)

or “processor”

Input

Output

Datapath performs the arithmetic operationsControl tells the datapath, memory, and I/O devices what to do


Input Device Inputs Object Code


Programs (as Machine Code) are stored in memory


How does a machine code program execute?

• Sequential execution


Processor Fetches an Instruction

• Processor fetches an instruction from memory


Instruction Decode

• Control decodes the instruction to determine what to execute


Instruction Execution

• Datapath executes the instruction as directed by control


Completion

• At program completion the data to be output resides in memory


Output Device Outputs Data


The Hardware/Software Interface

• Why the text sub-title is The Hardware/Software Interface ?

– Hardware needs software to operate

• The instruction set architecture includes everything programmers need to know to make a binary program to work (Instructions, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), registers available, register size, etc.)

• The interface is important since it influences the performance of the computer;

• It also allows a given instruction set to work on different machines

• A given Instruction Set Architecture may have different implementations in hardware.

– Computer Architecture vs. Computer Organization


Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)


Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

• A set of assembly language instructions (ISA) provides a link between software and hardware.

• Given an instruction set, software programmers and hardware engineers work more or less independently. (Abstraction)

• ISA is designed to extract the most performance out of the available hardware technology.

Ins

tru

cti

on

se

t

Software Hardware


Sales of Microprocessors

Instruction set architectures


Computer Architecture

• Architecture: System attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program

• Architecture is visible to a programmer:– Instruction set– Data representation– I/O mechanisms– Memory addressing

• Types of ISA: RISC, CISC, VLIW, Superscalar, CRISC

• Examples:

– IBM370/x86/Pentium/K6 (CISC)

– PowerPC (Superscalar)

– Alpha (Superscalar)

– MIPS (RISC and Superscalar)

– Sparc (RISC), UltraSparc (Superscalar)

– ARM (RISC), Cortex (CRISC)

– Intel Core (CRISC)

CISC and RISC is of no more interest in today’s computer technology.Computers today are truly hybrid systems. RISC architects have adopted a larger set of instructions and CISC architects have realized the benefits of implementing a core set of instructions that can execute in a single CPU cycle


Computer Organization

• Organization: Physical details that are transparent to a programmer, such as

– Hardware implementation of an instruction

– Control signals

– Memory technology used

• Example: System/370 architecture has been used in many IBM computers, which widely differ in their organization.


ARM Architecture Versions

Computer Architecture Fall 2017 - SKKU...

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