. . . . . : . . . . .

. . (Converged) : , , . , , . , , . . , . () (). , . . . . .1

. , , . , , . . : () (PDA) : , . (removable) , . , . , , . : - . - - , .. , . - , (), .

-(stand-alone) 1970- , , , . , 2

. - : . . , . email- , .

, . . , , . : . . , , , , , . , , . .. Document tracking software . 3

. Site license- . , , , , , .

LAN-, WAN-, WLAN-, / peer-to-peer LANs vs. WANs (LANs) . (WANs) , , . , , .

(LANs) Novell- ShareNet , 30 () (. 1). ( File Locking-) , . 4

(WANs) , , , . , , . , , , (. 2).

, . , : / 5

.

. , . , , , . , , , . , , . , . , . , , , . . , . . . ,

(dedicated) (nondedicated).

. , . . .

, .

6

, , . , , . , . , . , . , , peer-to-peer . , .

. , , , . . , . . , , ; , . D , . , , . , , . , , .

7

() , ; ( ) ? : , . .

,

,

, . .

. , , .

(NOS Network Operation System) , . Q , . .

. : UNIX, NetWere, Linux, Windows NT Server, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2003 Server Windows 2008 Server. , , , , . 8

, . peer-to-peer . : ,

, , . .

peer-to-peer . . , , . Windows 3.11, Windows 9x, Windows NT, Windows XP, Linux Mac OS , peer-to-peer . , .

, -. , , , .

9

, , .M , , .

- (client-server) - (Server-based). (, 10- ). . , . (, , ) . , , . . , , peer-to-peer . ( ), . , peer-to-peer . . .

10

. , . , , . . . , , , , , . .

, .

(Bandwidth)

. , 11

, . . , , , . , . :

bps / Kbps / Mbps / 8 = 1 . b

:

B . MBps 8 Mbps. : simplex, half-duplex full-duplex.

simplex , , , .

half-duplex- , , . , . (walkie-talkie), - , , . .

full-duplex- , , , 100Mbps . - 100Mbps . . , 12

. Broadband . DSL , . , DSL- .

IP , . IP . , , . , , , . IP , . , , , , , . . (MAC), , , , , , . IP , , , , . IP , , . , , . IP 32 (1- 0-).

, 32 8- , . , ,13

, dotted-decimal notation. IP , , ., 192.168.1.5. , 32 , : 11000000101010000000000100000101. . 32- ,

IP

. , . IP . ., IP 192.168.18.57, , , 57, . , , . , . IP A, B, C, D, E :

Class A , Class B , Class C , Class D , multicasting- Class E

IP . IP , 32 .

14

, .

255.0.0.0 Class A , IP 255.255.0.0 Class B , IP 255.255.255.0 Class C , IP

B , , B . Subnetting, . IP .

15

, , IP . , . IP , , , . , IP Properties-. , TCP/IP

, . , Media Access Control (MAC) . , IP , , (MAC) , IP , . IP , , IP . , ,

. . , ,

IP

, , (DHCP) IP , .

(Protocol) , . . . 16

:

() ,

TCP/IP

NENETBEU\NETBIOS

, , .

IPX/SPX

Netware

HTTP/HTTPS

,

FTP SSH

TELNET

-

POP

,

17

IMAP

,

SMTP

,

(DHCP)

. . DHCP . , , , . DHCP : IP address - Subnet mask - Default Gateway ( ) Domain Name System Server Address- Windows. Control Panel/Network Network- Connections/Local Area

Properties TCP/IP Properties.

18

, Windows- 169,254,0,0- 169,254,255,255-. ,

Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA). IP

.

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol- . :

(. ) . ( Ping /? 19

.) IP , . , , . , , (Request Timed Out). :

, IP , .

:

20

, , , , , . , (Trafic), . 6, 12 RJ 45 . , , Uplink Port. UTP , , . . 12 . , . 12-

, , .

, .

(Bridge),

, . .. . UTP 100 , 21

, .

100 , 500 , 4 .

MAC , . , . .

, . ,

,

. , .

(router) , IP

22

, .

(Wireless Access Point)

, . . .

, . . , ,

. - LinkSys 300N.

23

, . , , () . . . . . , . . ,

. , . , . . : (thinnet) (thicknet). , 0.5 -. . 185 -. , 1 - . , . 500 - . . .

TP (Twisted Par)

: UTP STP, . , - 24 ,

, , UTP .

UTP

UTP 4 : UTP 3, UTP 5, UTP 5e UTP 6. , Ethernet 10 / , Gigabit Ethernet

Ethernet Fast

UTP 5 , 100 / 1000 / . , 4 , . , , - , .. . . - , - , - , - . , . UTP 5e- UTP 5- . UTP 6 . . ().

- . - . 25 .

(10 /). . (5-60 ), . , , ; , . , -, . -

, , , , , 200000 /- . - :

Multimode , . (). .

Singlemode. . .

. . .

,

. . , , (., ) (., ). (

): 26

(BUS ) (STAR ) (RING - ) (MESH - ) (HYBRID - ) .

(BUS) , . .

.

, . , . , . , , ,

, . , , , . . , .

(STAR) , 27 (HUB).

, , , , , , , . Ethernet-, ARCnet- Token Ring- , , . .

, .

,

, - . , (Switch), , . , . , , .

(RING) ,

, , . . 28

,

, . . , , . . - IBM- Token Ring- ( ), .

(MESH) , . , . X , (X*(X-1))/2. ., . 5 , 5 * (5-1) / 2 = 10 , 15 . , 50 1225 .

, , , , . (WANs), , , (Router). .

29

(Hybrid) . , . . , .

. , , , (broadcast)

. ,

, ,

. . , , , , .

, . .

30

(Ethernet) . 10 / 100 /, , - 1 /.

IBM , , IEEE 802.3 . , Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection- (CSMA/CD). : . () .

IBM . , . , (MSAU). , , . .

. ., - . , , -: . , . . ,

-.31

FDDI . IBM . , . , -. . 100 / . , . , , , . 500 . , , 100 . , . .

, ethernet- . ethernet - 802.11*(a,b,g,n)CCITTCCITT