Chapter Fourteen – Forensic Toxicology FRSC 8104 Criminalistics II Professor Bensley.
Comprehensive Toxicology - Fourteen-Volume Set electronic resource
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1.01 General Overview of Toxicology D L Eaton and E P Gallagher, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA ª 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1.01.1 Introduction 3 1.01.1.1 Historical Aspects 4 1.01.1.1.1 Pesticides/herbicides/fungicides 5 1.01.1.1.2 Metals 6 1.01.1.1.3 Industrial chemicals 7 1.01.1.1.4 Vapors and gases 8 1.01.1.1.5 Naturally occurring toxins 9 1.01.1.1.6 Drugs 9 1.01.1.2 Dose–Response 10 1.01.1.3 Hormesis 11 1.01.2 Concepts of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion 11 1.01.2.1 Absorption 12 1.01.2.1.1 Absorption of chemicals via the GI tract 12 1.01.2.1.2 Absorption of chemicals across the skin 13 1.01.2.1.3 Absorption of chemicals via the respiratory tract 14 1.01.2.2 Distribution of Toxic Chemicals 15 1.01.2.2.1 First-pass effect 15 1.01.2.2.2 Binding and storage 15 1.01.2.2.3 Barriers to distribution 16 1.01.2.3 Toxicokinetics 16 1.01.2.4 Metabolism of Toxicants 16 1.01.2.4.1 Factors that affect metabolism 18 1.01.2.5 Excretion of Toxic Chemicals from the Body 19 1.01.2.5.1 Urinary excretion 19 1.01.2.5.2 Biliary excretion 19 1.01.2.5.3 Other routes of excretion 19 1.01.2.6 Toxicogenomics and Systems Toxicology 19 1.01.2.6.1 Toxicogenomics 19 1.01.3 Types of Toxic Effect 23 1.01.3.1 General Considerations 23 1.01.3.1.1 Duration of exposure 23 1.01.3.2 Idiosyncratic and Allergic Reactions 24 1.01.3.3 Biochemical and Morphological Effects 25 1.01.3.4 Systemic Toxicology 25 1.01.3.4.1 Toxic responses of the liver 25 1.01.3.4.2 Toxic responses of the kidney 26 1.01.3.4.3 Pulmonary toxicology 26 1.01.3.4.4 Neurotoxicology 27 1.01.3.4.5 Toxic responses of other organ systems 28 1.01.3.5 Mutagenesis 29 1.01.3.5.1 Structure and function of DNA 29 1.01.3.5.2 Germinal mutations 31 1.01.3.5.3 Somatic cell mutations 31 1
