Comprehensive Photo AlbumShannon Leavey

Period G

Basic Research

Basic research is research done to increase the scientific knowledge base. This is Mr. Crossen’slab room. I don’t know if you’ve heard of him, but he is a teacher here at Feehan. His room can be used for research, and Sahanna is probably curing cancer in the background because she is super smart.

Naturalistic Observation

This is a picture of a security camera from my work. Naturalistic observation is a research technique that’s aim is to observe and record without manipulating the environment. A security camera is used to record the actions of the workers and customers if an incident arises. Also, it can be used to monitor and understand an employee, just like naturalistic observation.

Double Blind Procedure

A double-blind procedure is when both the researcher and the people in the experiment are both naïve about who receives the placebo and who receives the treatment. In this picture, Kendyl, Katie, and I are all naïve about which of them received the placebo and who received the treatment. This is, of course, if I actually had drugged them.

Case Study

A case study is a research method that is used for uncommon symptoms or diseases. In this picture, Shannon’s face is demonstrating uncommon symptoms. She burned her face with a marshmallow, very severely. However, her burn is not what a normal burn usually looks like. So she could be a case study because she has been diagnosed with a new skin disease.

Dendrite

A dendrite receives messages from neighboring neurons. Just like how an answering matching receives messages from your neighbors.

Myelin Sheath

The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that speeds up neural messages (action potential). Coffee can make you jittery and increase the speed of your actions.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The sympathetic nervous system reacts when you are in a stressful situation by slowing down or speeding up different glands. In this picture, Ali’s sympathetic nervous system is reacting. As you know, Ali has been in multiple car incidents. So, when she drives, she knows gets easily scared or nervous. Here, we are pulling out of the Feehan parking lot and she is realizing that she ran something over. So, her sympathetic nervous system is reacting.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

After a stressful situation, your parasympathetic nervous system calms you down. In this picture, there is a bottle of depressant pills. Just like the parasympathetic nervous system, these pills calm you down.

Medulla

The medulla regulates the heart beat. This is a picture of a heart monitor that is used while exercising. This helps monitor your heart beat so that you care exercise safely.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum regulates body balance and alcohol directly affects the cerebellum. In this picture, this bottle of tequila symbolizes how alcohol consumption directly affects your cerebellum.

Amygdala

The amygdala influences fear and aggression. In this picture, I had just yelled at Katie for something. Katie terrifies me when she is mad. So, due to my previous aggression and my current fear of Kate the Great, my amygdala is going crazy.

Occipital Lobe

The occipital lobe is involved in sensation and perception and vision. Here is a picture of glasses that enhance previously poor vision.

Inattentional Blindness

Inattentional blindness is when you are focused so much on one thing that you do not notice other stimuluses'. In this picture, I took a picture of a regular grocery list that is totally rational. If you just looked at this picture, you would just notice that it is a grocery list because due to inattentional blindness, you were not focusing on the actual items. So, you wouldn’t notice the fact that these items have nothing in common and you wouldn’t notice that I wrote your saying, #psychiseverywhere. (This is no insult to your intelligence).

Circadian Rhythms

A circadian rhythm refers to the biological clock of the body. This picture relates to circadian rhythms because they both have to do with time and 24 hour cycles. In this picture, it is demonstrating how our circadian rhythms are easily messed up.

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is when a person (or dog) falls asleep automatically after getting extremely excited/nervous/etc. This is a picture of my friend’s dog who has narcolepsy and I took a picture of her when she fell alseep.

Sleep Apnea

So, I don’t know if you know her, but this is my dear friend Ali Midon. Unfortunately, she suffers from sleep apnea. Here is a picture of her waking up in the middle of the night, don’t be fooled by the light, due to her sleep apnea. Her oxygen tank is behind her. However, you cannot see it due to her own version of a night-time teddy bear, her lacrosse stick. I know it may be shocking to you that Ali is clothed in this picture, because your experience with people with sleep apnea was only with your naked roommate. But don’t be alarmed, not all people diagnosed with sleep apnea are constantly naked.

Object Permanence

Object permanence is when you hide an object from an infant and her or she believes that the object has vanished and no longer exists. In this picture, I was annoying my baby cousin by hiding her favorite toy under a blanket. As you can see, she looks confused, but then she just moved on and started playing with another toy.

Conservation

Conservation is something that a child gains when he or she realizes that quanity doesn’t change when you change the appearance. In this picture, I filled each glass with one cup of water each. So even though the cup on the left looks like there is more water because the glass is thinner, they both still have exactly one cup of water.

Egocentrism

Egocentrism is a child’s difficulty to take another person’s point of view. In this picture, the lacrosse team is at a college game. Ali is demonstrating egocentrism because she has difficulty understanding that even though she can see the game perfectly, the rest of the team cannot.

Longitudinal Study

A longitudinal study is a study of the same participants at one time, and then repeating the study a specific amount of years later. This is a picture of Kate the Great and her mamma, Betty-Ann. If you were to say that they were the same person, you could say that a longitudinal study could have taken the place from the time she was 18 and the time she was 48.

Bottom-Up Processing

Bottom-up processing is when you process something without a previous idea of what you are going to experience. Here, Ali is excitably about to have a relatively large bite of her frosty, and she does not know if it is extremely cold and will give her a brain freeze. She does not know what to expect.

Top-Down Processing

Top-down processing is when you are already given an idea of what you are going to experience. So, when your lovely mother hands you an apple that she says tastes gross and looks gross, you already have a previous thought about the upcoming experience.

Absolute Threshold

Your absolute threshold is the point for when you can detect a stimulus. Here, I could be testing the volume to see at what point I can hear the music by turning the dial one at a time.

Difference Threshold

The difference threshold is when you can feel a noticeable difference. So here in this picture, my stuffed animal Tigger probably could not feel the difference between the one black sock on or off of him.

Rods

The rods in the fovea detect shapes and movement and black and white. This s a picture of the pictures that come in frames from stores. Here these kids probably move around a lot and the picture is in black and white.

Cones

The cones in the fovea detect colors. So, without your cones, you would not be able to detect the colors of these D’Angelo dressings. These are also kind of shaped like cones, which is just an added bonus.

Blind Spot

The blind spot in the eye is where the optic nerve leaves the eye forming a “blind spot” due to the lack of receptors in that spot. Trucks have blind spots as well. In this picture, my car in in the truck’s blind spot. The blind spot of the eye and for trucks relate because they both involve objects going in and out of focus depending on location.

Vestibular Sense

Vestibular sense has to do with your sense of balance. Here is a picture of someone from a magazine who needs balance and coordination in order to achieve in yoga or whatever she is doing in here.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning involves an association between two stimuluses'. This is a picture of my clock at 2:15. I have an association of the time of 2:15 with freedom and relaxation. So when it was 2:15 over vacation, I felt more relaxed at the sight of the time.

Mirror Neurons

Mirror neurons are when you imitate what others are doing because your mirror neurons are firing. Here, Shannon started to play with her hair while telling Abby a funny story. So Abby started to stroke her hair as well and smile.

Positive Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement is trying to increase an action by giving a reward. Here Ali played the best lacrosse game of her life, probably because our FAVORITE teacher came to the game. So, I gave her a hug in order to attempt to increase her skillful play.

Negative Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement is strengthening of a particular behavior by stopping or avoiding a negative condition. Here, Annya and Lindsey are wearing their seatbelts in order to avoid accidents/injuries.

Fixed Ratio

Fixed-ratio is a schedule when the correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses. This is like being paid on a piecework basis, like being paid for how many dresses sewed.

Variable Ratio

Variable-ratio is a reinforcement schedule in which a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is provided. So this basically means that the more times you participate in an action, the better your odds are. So, if you take a lot of foul shots, you have a better chance of scoring.

Fixed Interval Schedule

A Fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is when the correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement. Here is the sticker that says your car was inspected. So every year, you are reinforced with a passing inspection of your car.

Variable Interval

Variable-interval reinforcement is when the correct response is reinforced after carrying lengths of time following the last reinforcement. So, you do not know when the reinforcement is going to come, just like an acceptance letter.

Proactive Interference

Proactive interference is when old information is getting in the way of new information. So, it is hard to learn new vocabulary words when the definitions of words from previous lessons get in the way of your learning.

Recall

Recall is when you have to remember information from your memory without a clue or a choice. So, fill-in-the-blank tests or essay questions are recall-based tests.

Recognition

Recognition is when you need to remember information, but you are given options to choice from. Multiple-choice tests are the best way of describing recognition testing.

Serial Position Effect

The serial position effect is the ability to more easily remember the items at the beginning and end of lists. So, it is easier to remember pizza dough and all the butter.

Savant Syndrome

Savant syndrome is when a person who has mental disabilities has one specific skill that is exceptional. My neighbor has autisim, and she drew this picture. So, she could be an example of someone who has savant syndrome.

Stanford-Binet

The Stanford-Binet intelligence test is more of a traditional test that tests basic intelligence and verbal skills. Here, a scantron is used to test students on items that go along with the Stanford-Binet type of testing.

WAIS

WAIS is different from other intelligence testing because it not only had a verbal scale, but also a performance scale. Performance scales had to do with puzzles, object completion, etc. This is a picture of a puzzle that could be used for WAIS.

Sternberg

Sternberg focused on the triarchicintelligences and how they all work together. They are analytical, practical, and creative. This is just like the catholic faith with the idea of the trinity. One God, three persons. One intelligence level, three types.

Content Validity

Content validity is applied if the test given actually tests the participant on what it is supposed to. So, this book prepares you for the AP exam to make sure you are tested on what you have learned.

Predictive Validity

A test has predictive validity if it tests you on what your behavior will be in the future. Just like the TDA driving test, it tests you to see if you will be a good driver after you leave the test.

Split-Half Reliability

Split-half reliability is applied if the test was split in half and the participant received the same grade. On this math quiz, if the test was split into odds and evens it would not have split-half reliability because I would not have received the same two grades.

Test-Retest Reliability

Test-retest reliability is upheld if the participant takes the test at one point in his/her life and hen retakes in another time and receives the same score. So, if you take the SATs in October and in June, you should get the same grade.

Drive-Reduction Theory

The drive-reduction theory is the theory that we act in ways to reduce our drives. Just like how Cath is eating an apple to satisfy her hunger drive.

Flow

Flow is the point where someone is completely immersed in what he or she is doing that they get their work done without distractions. This is a blanket that my grandma made and in order to complete in in the one week she did, she had to be in flow at multiple times.

Incentive

Incentive is something that motivates our behavior. Just like how a delicious dessert will motivate a kid to clear the table so she can have some of the dessert.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the body’s point of balance. Here is a picture of Alex attempting to balance on a balance beam. She is trying to achieve homeostasis, however, failing.

James-Lange TOE

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that after a stimulus, there is physiological arousal before the state of an emotion. Here, when I hit Ali with my car, my heart started pounding before I had the emotion of fear.

Cannon-Bard TOE

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion is when physiological arousal and the state of the emotion happen at the same time. Here, Ali has the physiological arousal of smiling and feeling happy at the same time when she is looking at her beautiful self in the mirror.

Schachter 2 Factor TOE

The Schachter two Factor theory of emotional emphasizes the idea of a cognitive label. It says that our physiological arousal and our understanding of our emotion happens at the same time before the displayed emotion. It emphasizes the cognitive label because certain physiological arousal is the same for some emotions. We all act differently to different stimulus’. For example, if you were to look at a clown (Olivia is supposed to be a clown, red nose and voted class clown), two people react completely differently. A fast-beating heart could mean fear or excitement. (I am sad to say that this is not staged, Olivia actually was attempting to put a meatball on her nose, just to be funny.)

Facial Feedback

Facial feedback involves the muscles of your face. If you have a pen in your mouth, it puts your facial muscles into a smile. Therefore, you would enjoy what you are doing more because you are smiling. This goes along with the idea that you “fake it till you make it.” Here, Ali was watching her sisters lacrosse game while having a highlighter in her mouth, forcing her to smile. After the game she enjoyed the more than usual.

General Adaption Syndrome

GAS is the idea that the body reacts in three states. They are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. I took a picture f my mom’s shirt on the wear Boston sports clothing day. This symbolizes how all of the first responders must have reacted to the bombings.

Relative Deprivation

Relative deprivation involves the idea that you are worse off than others. Just like the idea that the grass is always greener on the other side.

Type A

Type A is a personality type that involves verbal aggression and competitiveness. This is a picture of Olivia creaming at the referees at a lacrosse game, showing verbal aggressiveness and how competitive she is and how into the game she was.

Type B

Type B is a personality type that is easygoing and relaxed. This is a picture of Meg just relaxing at the lacrosse game, rather than Olivia who was way too into the game.

ID

The ID is the pleasure center of the brain. It can be compared to the “devil” on your shoulders rather than the angel. It is sometimes accoiated with the evil thoughts or compulsive decisions. These monkeys are protesting this by saying “I will speak no evil, hear no evil, see no evil.”

Superego

The superego is the opposite of the ID. It is the reality check in your head and the angel on your shoulders.

Spotlight Effect

The spotlight effect is the idea that everyone is watching everything you do and ridiculing you more than any other individual. Here is a picture of my orange hoes. I display the spotlight effect because I think that people notice my loud and obnoxious hoes more than anyone else's and I sometimes get self-conscious.

TAT

TAT is a projective test where people reveal their feelings and emotions through making up a story for an ambiguous scene. This is a picture that could have been used. It is a rather ambiguous scene that could be interpreted in many different ways.