Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

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What is CTBT ?

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)

bans all nuclear explosions in all environments, for

military or civilian purposes. It was adopted by the

United Nations General Assembly on 10 September

1996. when it was signed by 71 States, including five

of the eight then nuclear-capable states.

As of February 2012, 157 states have ratified theCTBT and another 25 states have signed but not

ratified it.

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Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (LTBT) ,1963.This Treaty banned nuclear testing in theatmosphere, outer space, and under water,

but underground tests were still permitted. When the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

was being negotiated in 1968, acomprehensive test ban was discussed, butthe international community failed to reachagreement on the issue.

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History


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History

In 1974, the United States and the Soviet

Union signed the Treaty on the Limitation of

Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests, also

known as the Threshold Test Ban Treaty

(TTBT). It established a nuclear "threshold" by

prohibiting the United States and the Soviet

Union from conducting tests that wouldproduce a yield exceeding 150 kilotons.

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History

In 1976, scientists from different countries

formed the Group of Scientific Experts (GSE)

and began conducting joint research into

monitoring technologies and data analysis

methods for the verification of a

comprehensive test ban.

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Articles of the treaty

Article I stipulates the basic obligations of the

Treaty.

Article II provides for the establishment of the

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban TreatyOrganization in Vienna to ensure the Treaty's

implementation as well as providing a forum for

consultation and cooperation.

Article III focuses on national implementation

measures.

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Articles

Article IV is to comprise a global network of monitoringstations (the International Monitoring System), anInternational Data Centre in Vienna, a consultation andclarification process, On-site Inspections, and confidence-building measures.

Article V outlines measures to redress a situation whichcontravenes the CTBT provisions and to ensure compliancewith the Treaty.

Article VI deals with the settlement of disputes that may ariseconcerning the application or the interpretation of the Treaty.

Article VII is concerned with amendments to the Treaty.

Article VIII stipulates when a review of the Treaty will takeplace after its entry into force.

Article IX states that the Treaty is of unlimited duration.

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Articles

Article X deals with the status of the Protocol and theannexes.

Article XI is concerned with signature of the Treaty.

Article XII deals with ratification of the Treaty.

Article XIII is about accession to the Treaty. Article XIV is about the Treaty's entry into force. This will

take place 180 days after the 44 States listed in Annex 2 tothe Treaty have all ratified.

Article XV specifies that the Treaty shall not be subject to

reservations. Article XVI refers to the Depositary of the Treaty.

Article XVII deals with the authenticity of Arabic, Chinese,English, French, and Russian and Spanish Treaty texts.

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Obligations Of The CTBT

Each State Party undertakes not to carry outany nuclear weapon test explosion or anyother nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and

prevent any such nuclear explosion at anyplace under its jurisdiction or control.

Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, torefrain from causing, encouraging, or in anyway participating in the carrying out of anynuclear weapon test explosion or any othernuclear explosion.

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National Positions on Testing and the CTBT

1.United States: The first nuclear explosive test

was conducted by the United States on July 16,

1945. President Clinton had to decide whether

to ask Congress to resume testing. On July 3,

1993, he announced his decision. "A test ban

can strengthen our efforts worldwide to halt the

spread of nuclear technology in weapons," and"the nuclear weapons in the United States

arsenal are safe and reliable.

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2.UNITED KINGDOM

The United Kingdom cannot test because it has

conducted all its nuclear tests for several decades at

the Nevada Test Site and does not have its own test

site. Its last test was held in 1991.

3.FRANCEFrance conducted six tests from September 5, 1995, to

January 27, 1996. On January 29, 1996, Chirac

announced the end to French testing. On April 6, 1998,

France and Britain deposited instruments of ratification

of the CTBT with the United Nations.

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Russia

Several press reports between 1996 and 1999

claimed that Russia may have conducted low-

yield nuclear tests at its Arctic test site at

Novaya Zemlya; other reports stated that U.S.

reviews of the data determined that these

events were earthquakes.

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Obligations

Russia ratified the treaty on June 30, 2000,and has urged the United States to ratify it. In

February 2001, President Vladimir Putin of

Russia and President Kim Dae Jung of the

Republic of Korea issued a joint communique

that said in part that they "appealed to other

countries to ratify the treaty without any

delays and they also appealed to thosecountries whose ratification is needed for it to

come into effect."

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Pakistan:

Pakistan announced on May 28, 1998, that it hadconducted five nuclear tests, and announced a sixth

on May 30.

North Korea:

On February 10, 2005, North Korea declared, "We ...

have manufactured nukes for self-defense to cope

with the Bush Administration's," and on June 9 it

claimed it was building more such weapons.

On May 15, the United States warned that it and other

nations would take punitive action if North Korea

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Nuclear Testing After CTBT Adoption

Three countries have tested nuclear weaponssince the CTBT opened for signature in 1996.

India and Pakistan both carried out two sets of

tests in 1998. North Korea carried out twoannounced tests in 2006 and 2009. Both

North Korean tests were picked up by the

International Monitoring System set up by the

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

Organization Preparatory Commission.

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Proponents Of CTBT Ratification

Establish an international norm that would pushother nuclear-capable countries like North Korea,Pakistan, and India to sign.

Constrain worldwide nuclear proliferation byvastly limiting a country's ability to make nuclearadvancements that only testing can ensure.

Not compromise US national security because theScience Based Stockpile Stewardship

Programserves as a means for maintainingcurrent US nuclear capabilities without physicaldetonation.

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Opponents Of CTBT Ratification

The treaty is unverifiable and that others

nations could easily cheat.

The ability to enforce the treaty was dubious.

The U.S. nuclear stockpile would not be as

safe or reliable in the absence of testing.

The benefit to nuclear nonproliferation was

minimal.

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Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization

(CTBTO)

The CTBTO consists of two organs, the

Preparatory Commission (a plenary body) and

the Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS).

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1.Provisional Technical Secretariat

The PTS began its work on 17 March 1997 and

has an international staff of approximately

270 members from 70 countries. The PTS

cooperates with the host countries in the

development and running of an international

network of 321 monitoring stations and 16

radionuclide laboratories.

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2.Preparatory Commission

The main task of the Preparatory Commission

is to establish a global verification regime as

foreseen in the Treaty so that it will be

operational by the time the Treaty enters into

force.

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Advantages Of CTBT

It makes it very difficult for countries to

develop nuclear bombs for the first time, or

for countries that already have them, to make

more powerful bombs.

It also prevents the huge damage caused by

radioactivity from nuclear explosions to

humans, animals and plants.

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Cont.

The CTBT is essential for nuclear non-proliferation

since it limits the ability of countries that do not

have nuclear weapons to develop these weapons.

The CTBT is also essential for nuclear disarmamentsince it curbs the development of new types and new

designs of nuclear weapons.

The CTBT is crucial in a world in which we see the

resurgence of nuclear energy. A legally binding Treaty

banning nuclear test explosions provide a clear and

visible barrier between prohibited and permitted

nuclear activities. CTBT 23


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Cont.

The CTBT is a strong confidence- and security

building measure internationally, regionally

and bilaterry.

The CTBT also protects against the devastatingeffects of nuclear testing on human health and

the environment.

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Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

Documents

Transcript of Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty