A comprehensive study on decreasing the kilovoltage cone-beam ...
Comprehensive Certificate Course for BEAM Plus on Energy Use … · 2016-12-05 · Organisers:...
Transcript of Comprehensive Certificate Course for BEAM Plus on Energy Use … · 2016-12-05 · Organisers:...
Organisers:
Comprehensive Certificate Course for
BEAM Plus on Energy Use (EU) 2016
Honorable Speaker – Dr. Paul Sat
Hong Kong Green Building Council
‘Key elements of energy and carbon audits’
‘Implementation of energy management policy and plan’
‘Case studies in energy efficient system and savings’
28 November 2016
Session 5 – Energy Analysis and Management
Comprehensive Certificate Course for BEAM Plus on Energy Use (EU) 2016
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Supporting organisations:
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Chapter 1
Agenda
•Energy Management (ISO 50001)
•Knowledge-based • Benefits
• Characteristics
• Criteria
• Difficulties
• Barriers
•Way Forwards (ACT-Shop)
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ISO 50001 International Standard
Plan
P.1 Energy policy P.2 Legal and other
requirement P.3 Energy objectives, targets P.4 Energy review P.5 Energy baseline P.6 Energy performance
indicators P.7 Action plans
Do
D.1 Competence, training and awareness
D.2 Communications D.3 Documentation D.4 Operation control D.5 Design D.6 Procurement of energy
services, products, equipment and energy
Check
C.1 Monitoring, measurement and analysis
C.2 Evaluation of compliance of requirements
C.3 Internal audit for compliance C.4 Non-conformities, correction,
corrective, and preventive action
C.5 Control of records
ACT
A.1 Management Review
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Key element of energy and carbon audit
Policy (Energy Act)
• Improve energy efficiency & performance
• Reduce carbon footprint
• Obtain information for regular setting, monitoring and
reviewing objective & target
• Achieve legal & best practice compliance
• Communication and education between tenant,
employees/staffs & stakeholders
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• Energy Baseline
• Year 2005 as the baseline
• Recorded in energy review report and reviewed every
year
• Energy Performance Indicators
• Energy Utilization Index, EUI
• Recorded in energy review report and reviewed every
year
Energy Plan
Energy consumption (kWh or MJ)
Floor area (m2)
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• Management Process (Do & Check)
Implementation of energy management
DATABASE
POLICY
OBJECTIVE & TARGET
ACTION PLAN
AUDIT
MEASUREMENT & VERIFICATION
REVIEW MEETING & REPORT
ANALYSIS
ACT
PLAN
IMPLEMENTATION
DO
CHECK
Knowledge-based
DIAGNOSIS (Retro-Cx)
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Knowledge-based Energy Management
DATA INFORMATION
Benchmarking
1. Energy Use Intensity (e.g. EUI)
2. Performance Indicator (e.g. COP)
Performance Commissioning
1. Fine tune & optimisation (re-tune)
2. Fault Detection
3. Forecasting & proactive control
Modification / Retrofit
1. Saving Estimation
2. M&V
ANALYSIS
DIAGNOSIS
MEASUREMENT & VERIFICATION
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2. Benchmarking
Retrofitting
Testing,
adjusting,
balancing, Modification
1. Performance Commissioning
8
Performance
Energy
Management
Cost not Benefit
O&M Manual
Meas
ure
energ
y
inte
nsi
ty
Design energy intensity
Measure Design
Performance
Pan-Do-Check-Act
Re-tune
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Output Input
Efficiency =
Saving Estimation (DATA
INFORMATION)
How Efficient is
Our Plant?
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Saving = 9,858kWh/year
Saving Estimation (ANALYSIS +
DIAGNOSIS)
How much
can you save?
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Measurement and
Verification Method
Condition 1
Condition 2
Condition 3
Did it work?
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Always open
Always close
Fault Diagnosis Are our systems working?
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Hotels New Development Commercial Bldgs
Existing Bldg A 145
136 (50th%)
2011
2016
How do we compare with others?
Opportunities
(Benchmarking)
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Long Term Planning
Can we have a 10-year plan?
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Benefits
• Knowledge-based vs Experiential-based operation
Experience based Knowledge based ON/OFF
Condition base
Optimization
Performance
time
Breakdown Routine Proactive
• Contractors • Operator/Technician (frontline) • Facility Mgt. (administrator)
• Contractors • Operators/Technician (frontline) • High performance sustainable
building professionals
ON/OFF malfunction Stepwise Performance base
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Characteristic
Action Research
Sources: Swire Properties Ltd
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• Knowledge-based vs Experiential-based operation
Criteria
conventional
Integrated with design & construction
Information
New ideas
Exchange of Information
Professionalism
Working group
Specialist Communication
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Difficulties
Collaboration:
• Designer/Consultants: BMS design & specifications
• Manufacturers: User-friendly products
• Contractors: T&C requirement
• Operators: Culture change
• Owners: Knowledge
Lack of market drives • Not aware benefit of
using data
Software not user
friendly • Proprietary product
High investment • Cost not directly
justified
• Product upgrade
• Staff training
Data missing • Massive data
transmission and
storage problem
Inaccurate data • Sensor malfunction/
improper location &
error
Inconsistent data
format • Bldg. Mgt. Systems
& power metering
systems not
interoperable
Lack of support • Not much demand
Inadequate hardware • Power meters on
equipment/system
base
• Flow meter / DP
sensors
DATA
FACILITIES
BUSINESS
Lack of Specification • There is no any
requirement and
standards for
reference
ACT-shop
Knowledge - Why
Operating Data Not
Commonly Used?
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Barriers Collaboration issues within the Industry
Owner Designer
Operator Contractor
•Inadequate drives for knowledge
based management
•Focus on project cost only
•Lacks BMS/PMS/DMS expertise
•Lacks O&M experiences
•Shortage of construction time
•Inadequate T&C and re-commissioning
concept
•Focus on services reliability for tenants
•Lack of interest and capabilities in
performance analysis
Manufacturer
•Focus on functional operation needs only
•Value of information management not
emphasis
•Lacks of interest in O&M market
•Emphasis on cost competitiveness
ACT-shop
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Voluntary Scheme Energy Audit Template
Central Air-conditioning (A/C)
EUI [(6)+(9)+(14)+(1)] / (2)
Annual COP (3) / [(6)+(9)+(14)+(1)]
Rated COP (7) / [(8)+(12)+(16)+(4)]
A/C – air-conditioning fans
EUI AC fan consumption (1) / AC area
(2)
Annual
COP
Thermal energy consumption (3) /
(2)
Rated
W/l/s
AC fan total rated power (4) *1000
/ AC fan total flow (5)
A/C – chiller/heat pump
EUI Chiller/heat pump consumption (6) / (2)
Annual
COP
(3) / (6)
Rated
COP
Chiller/heat pump total rated capacity (7) /
Chiller/heat pump total rated power (8)
A/C – air-conditioning pump
EUI AC pump consumption (9) / (2)
Annual
COP
(3) / (9)
Rated
W/l/s
AC chilled water pump total rated
power (10) *1000 / AC chilled water
pump total flow (11)
AC condensing water pump total rated
power (12) *1000 / AC condensing
water pump total flow (13)
A/C – heat rejection unit
EUI AC cooling tower consumption (14) /
(2)
Annual
COP
(3) / (14)
Rated
COP
Cooling tower total heat rejection
capacity (15) / cooling tower total
rated power (16)
A/C – central chilled water plant
EUI [(6)+(9)+(14)] / (2)
Annual
COP
(3) / [(6)+(9)+(14)]
Rated
COP
(7) / [(8)+(12)+(16)]
Energy consumption for chiller/heat pump, A/C pump, A/C fan, heat rejection units
Thermal energy consumption for building
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data
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Knowledge-Based Energy Management
Sensors
Analysis Useful
Information
Utilise
Information •Facilitate Research
•Implement Initiatives
Da
ta
Tra
ns
mis
sio
n
Data Bank
BM
S Always close
Saving Estimation M&V Method
Fault Diagnosis Long Term Planning
Opportunities
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BMS BMS BMS BMS
BMS BMS BMS BMS
BMS BMS BMS BMS
BMS BMS BMS BMS
BMS BMS BMS BMS
BMS BMS BMS BMS
BMS BMS BMS BMS
BMS BMS BMS BMS
BMS BMS BMS BMS
BMS BMS BMS BMS
BMS
BMS
BMS
BMS
BMS
Quality of Data
•Accuracy
•Right Form
•Accessibility
Problems:
•Missing data
•Incorrect form of data
•Huge data volume and scale
•Incompetence in analysis
Technical Challenges
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Challenges of Knowledge-Based Energy
Management
• Capital Investment
Value for Information Unknown?
• Technology Development / Investment
Who to Specify?
• Full Understanding of Users
Operator Involvement in Design?
Data Bank
Sensors
Analysis Useful
Information
Utilise
Information
Da
ta
Tra
ns
mis
sio
n
• Professional
Development in
Technology
Capacity Building?
• Drive for Change
Regulations /
Financial
incentive?
BMS
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Building Operator
• Government • Private Sector
Services Provider
In-house Competence
e-O&M Manual
Develop & drive the products / services markets
Saving
Business
knowledge
Beyond Standard
• Detailed databank • Develop competence within the
industry • Standardise energy analysing
method / format • Raise next energy audit standard • Robust benchmarking system
Industry HKIE
BSOMES
ASHRAE
RICS…
Education VTC/IVE
Universities
AC
T SH
OP
Establish Knowledge Sharing Platform
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.
.
.
Run to Life Retrofit Knowledge transfer
Early Replacement
House keeping
General Practices & Regulatory Compliance
Optimization
Continuous Improvement
Chiller
Lighting
Advanced Control
Air-cool Water-cool
Lift Modernization
Retro-Cx
Metering
Work with stakeholders
Routine Inspection
Knowledge-Based Practice Adopt Best Practice Maintenance Requirement
Routine Maintenance
Mandatory Audit
O&M Manual
Basic Need
Saving ~17% Saving >24%
Transformation of the Current Industry
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Chapter 2
Agenda
•ACT-shop
•Database & Analysis
•Benchmarking KPI
•Retro-Commissioning
•Case Studies
•Retrofit
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28
EXISTING BUILDING
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Knowledge Based Energy Management - Roles
Benchmark with others
Any Improvement ?
(EMO identification)
Control Tuning / Set point Reset
System optimization
[skill orientated]
Data Information
Possible Solution
(knowledge-orientated)
Professional Services
Value-added Services
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ACT-shop Objectives
• Actively supporting HK gov’s energy saving plan
支持香港政府的香港都市節能藍圖
• Building up the competence for the industry on retro-commissioning through
建立業界重新校驗的能力
• developing the data/knowledge base
建立數據/知識庫
• developing a systematic approach for retro-commissioning
建立系統化的重新校驗方法
• demonstrating the value of retro-commissioning
顯示重新校驗的價值
• transferring the knowledge and skills to the industry
向業界傳遞知識和技能
• establishing a practical operation & management system
建立實用的營運管理體系
• Promoting the adoption of best practices to the industry
促進業界採用最佳方法
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ACT-shop Methodology
Alignment Meeting
Site
Evaluation
“ACT-Shop”
Data Centre (Capture & Share
Data)
Performance
Interest
1.Schematic/Control
Instrument
LOG sheet / DATA
3.Curves
2.Bldg & System Info
Peer Sharing, Training
1.Papers
2.Guidebooks
3.Standards
Site measurement
Conference Sharing
M&V Evaluation Implementation Data Collection Data Analysis
Meters
Gauge
Competence Concern
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Preliminary Analysis:
“ACT-Shop” – Part I (retro-Cx) 1. Performance line evaluation
2. Peak demand shedding
3. Valve controllability tuning
4. Set-point re-tune
5. Sequencing re-tune
6. Set-point reset
Outdoor Ambient Temperature
Load
Inte
nsi
ty
Val
ve C
on
tro
llab
ility
24:00
Pea
k D
eman
d
0:00
summer
winter
Co
ntr
ol S
et-p
oin
t Re-tune: • Discharge valve • Double regulating
valve, etc.
Thermal Load Intensity
%lo
ad
100% Re-tune: 1. DTCHWS
2. DTA
3. DSP 4. DPWS
5. TAPP,C
6. TAPP,CT
1
2
3 4 5 6
Outdoor Ambient Temperature Thermal Load Intensity
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Performance line evaluation
Lo
ad
In
ten
sity
Outdoor Temp
COP keeps constant
Lo
ad
In
ten
sity
Outdoor Temp
COP increases at part load
Lo
ad
In
ten
sity
Outdoor Temp
COP decreases at part load
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Cooling Load Intensity
Perc
enta
ge o
f Fu
ll Lo
ad A
mp
ere
3 Chillers Zone
2 Chillers Zone 1 Chiller
Zone
100% Full Load
• Good operation
• Poor operation (narrow delta T due to excessive flow
through chillers or insufficient chiller heat transfer capacity)
Sequencing control evaluation
Percentage of Full Load Ampere vs Cooling Load
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Sequencing control evaluation (cont’d) –
Delta T of Chilled Water vs Cooling Load D
elta
T o
f C
hill
ed
Wat
er
3 Chillers Zone 2 Chillers
Zone 1 Chiller Zone
Delta T of Chilled Water Design Value
Cooling Load Intensity
• Good operation
• Poor operation (due to excessive flow through chillers)
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Voluntary Scheme Energy (Elect./Thermal) Consumption
Short-term data logging for year-round assessment
Long-term (1)
(487.2*23.5-545)*243 = 2,649,721
Short-term (1)
(483.2*23.5+49)*243 = 2,771,221
Long-term (2)
(308.2*23.5+357)*52 = 395,184
Short-term (2)
(336.2*23.5+19)*52 = 411,824
Long-term (3)
(144*23.5+2063)*69 = 375,843
Short-term (3)
(179*23.5+1054)*69 = 362,975
Actual Total
3,336,081
Long-term Total (1+2+3)
3,420,748 (error 2.54%)
Short-term Total (1+2+3)
3,546,020 (error 6.3%)
Energy consumption for chiller/heat pump, A/C pump, A/C fan, heat rejection units
Similar for “Thermal Energy consumption”
WD
SD
HD
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“Action” data
1. 30 VAV boxes per floor & 35 floors
2. A min.4 data is required per box
1. 35 AHUs & 4 PAUs
2. A min.10 data is required per
AHU/PAU
1. 4 chillers (15 data per chiller)
2. 5 PCHW CSD pumps & 3
SCHW VSD pumps (6 data per
pump)
3. 9 cooling towers (6 data per
tower)
4. 20 data for main header/riser &
weather data
Terminals (5,600 data)
Airside System (390 data)
Chiller plant System (182 data)
5 minutes
30 minutes
1 hour
12 hours operation per day
604,800 per day
(3,628,800 per week)
9,360 per day
(56,160 per week)
2,184 per day
(13,104 per week)
616,344 per day
(3,698,064 per week)
Once per week
Data interval
Data type
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Performance Assessment
Development of KPI (Air conditioning) Energy consumption by area
EUI
Total A/C energy consumption
Area
Thermal Energy consumption by area
TEUI
Cooling energy consumption
Area
System energy efficiency ratio
EERS
Cooling energy consumption
Total A/C energy consumption
Plant energy efficiency ratio
EERS
Cooling energy consumption
Chiller plant energy consumption
Terminal energy efficiency ratio
EERT(AS)
Cooling energy consumption
Airside energy consumption
CHW transfer efficiency ratio
TERCHW
Cooling energy consumption
CHWP energy consumption
Chiller Coefficient of Performance
COPCH
Cooling energy consumption
Chiller plant energy consumption
HR System transfer efficiency ratio
TERHRS
Cooling energy consumption
HR system energy consumption
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Performance Assessment - KPI benchmarking
Full load EER issue
1
2
3
2 3
1
1 2
3
Bldg-A
Bldg-B
Bldg-C
Bldg-A
Bldg-B
Bldg-C
Bldg-A
Bldg-B
Bldg-C
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Performance Assessment -KPI benchmarking Full load EER issue
EER raise at part load
EER drop at part load
1
2
3
1
2
3
1 2
3
Bldg-A
Bldg-B
Bldg-C
Bldg-A
Bldg-B
Bldg-C
Bldg-A
Bldg-B
Bldg-C
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Performance Assessment - KPI benchmarking
EER raise at part load
EER drop at part load
1
2
3
Chiller Waterside Heat
Rejection 1
2
3
1
2
3
1 2
3
Bldg-A
Bldg-B
Bldg-C
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Performance Assessment - Identification of EMO
1 3
2
2
1 1
2
2
1 1
1
1
1 3
3
2 EER drop at part load
3 2
3
3
2 2
1
3 EER drop at part load
EMO
EMO
EMO
EMO EMO
EMO
EMO
3 EER raise at part load
Bldg-A Bldg-B
Bldg-C
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Re-commissioning Concept
Re-commissioning Re-commissioning is a system process for investigating, analyzing, and optimizing the
performance of building systems through operational and maintenance improvement
measures and ensure their continued performance overtime
Target performance
Re-commissioning mainly taken place at HVAC & lighting and focuses on:
1.Trouble spots
2.Equipment & control performance issue
Building put in
operation
Back to
target
Out
perform
Re-commissioning
Re-commissioning Concept
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Re-commissioning Process
Re-commissioning Process
Power meter
EMS BAS
(HVAC/LGT)
Sensor
kWh 1. Thermal consumption
2. Temperature
3. Flowrate
4. Differential pressure
5. Fan & pump speed
6. Valve & damper opening
Target performance
Actual performance
Design /retrofit intent
1. Maximize Thermal consumption per kWh (COP)
2. Maintain differential temperature
3. Variable flow rate
4. Variable differential pressure
5. Fan & pump speed reduced as per reduced flow &
pressure
6. Valve & damper opening keep on/off align with
thermal demand
Central
services Control
processor
Fine
tuning
Set-point /
criteria
Data Retrofit
Yes Weather
(T, RH%) HKO
No
Data logger
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Performance Assessment
Development of KPI (Air conditioning) Chiller Coefficient of Performance
COPCH
Cooling energy consumption
Chiller plant energy consumption
%Loading
%QE
Chillers Part-load (cooling)
Chillers rated-load (cooling)
Chiller Lift
DTCE
Cond. refrig. T – Evap. Refrig. T
Cond. water temperature
difference
DTCW
Condenser approach
temperature
ATC
Cond. Refrig. T – Cond. Water leaving T
Chilled water temperature
difference
DTCHW
Evaporator approach
temperature
ATE
Chilled Water supply T – Evap. Refrig. T
Wet-bulb ambient
temperature
TWB
Cooling tower approach
temperature
ATCT
Cond. Water entering T – Wet bulb ambient T
Supply air temperature
TSA
Chiller Sequencing Control
Thermodynamic Balance
QC = QE + W
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Rationale behind KPI
COP drops when %load below
60% at different Tcwe
Tc Tcwl
Tcwe
Twb
Te Tchws
Tchwr Tsa
ATC
DTCW
DTCHW
ATCT
DTCE
ATE
(Weather constraint)
Fouling
Fouling
Condensing water flow control
Chilled water flow control
(Dehumidification Requirement)
Design
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Value for Money – Retro-Commissioning
- Need to do
- TOTAL 0-3% SAVING
- <1 year payback
- TOTAL 3-8% SAVING
- 1-3 years payback
- TOTAL 8-10% SAVING
- >3-8 years payback
- TOTAL 10-20% SAVING
ENERGY
MANAGERMENT
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Audit Check (Any fault?)
• Fault detection How Data
Helps
• Time series analysis
• Expert rules Tool
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Case Study: Problem in Air Handling Unit
Setpoint 24℃
Return Air Temp. (deg C)
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10:30
fan on
21:00
fan off
Return Air Temp. from BMS Actual Return Air Temp. by Measurement (deg C)
Temp. rise when fan on
BMS error
Case Study: Problem in Air Handling Unit
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Case Study: Problem in Air Handling Unit
Problem Verification
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Case Study: Problem in Air Handling Unit
Setpoint
24℃
Supply Air Temp (deg C)
Return Air Temp (deg C)
After problem solving
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Re-tune (Case 1)
• Optimise operation How Data
Helps
• Time series analysis
Tool
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Case Study: Optimisation of differential
pressure set point
chiller
chiller
chiller
CC
CC
P
Differential
Pressure Set
Point
1. Lower differential pressure set point
2. Monitor the trend of the following against
time (time series anaysis):
• Actual differential pressure (according to
set point?)
• Modulating valve position of AHU at
critical path (open wider?)
• Chilled water pumps speed (reduced?)
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Case Study: Optimisation of pressure
differential set point
chiller
chiller
chiller
CC
CC
P
Differential
Pressure Set
Point
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
delta-P set SCWP#3-delta-PTime
Set Point Actual Pressure
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
SCWP#3-%HzTime
Pump Speed
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PAU-A4-%ValveTime
Valve Position
Lowest speed reached:
Need to replace a smaller
pump for further saving
Lowest speed reached:
Need to replace a smaller
pump for further saving
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Re-tune (Case 2)
• Optimise operation How Data
Helps
• Engineering Approach
Tool
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ΔT
ΔT , design = 5C
Data of ΔT
high condensing
differential
temperature
Any Deviation?
Design
Real Operation
Underflow
7C
Any Deviation?
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En
teri
ng Cooling
Tower
Cooling
Tower
To BMS
P
PFlowcon
collectorcollector
1m
Le
av
ing
En
teri
ng Cooling
Tower
Cooling
Tower
To BMS
P
PFlowcon
collectorcollector
1m
Le
av
ing
Le
av
ing
T
T
to remove the flow-con:
• higher water flow rate
• lower condensation temperature
• higher chiller efficiency
Underflow
Increase
pressure
Reduce
resistance
More
consumption
lower
7C
4.5C
Problem Identification & Rectification
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Flowcon experiment
CH2
CH3
P P
P
P P P
In the experiment Compressor of CH3 was not running . Modulate CH3’s butterfly valve, and
read the pressure gages.
Flowcon
Flowcon Butterfly valve
Butterfly valve
Test time: 2010-11-08 10:00-10:30
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Differential Pressure across components
CH3
P P P P
手动阀门开度 冷机前 冷机后 Flowcon后 手动阀门后
kPa kPa kPa kPa1(open) 950 850 750 7202/3 950 850 750 7201/2 950 850 750 7201/3 950 850 800 7201/4 960 875 860 7201/5 990 910 900 7201/5- 1000 950 950 7201/5-- 1030 1000 1000 7201/5--- 1050 1020 1020 720
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Flowcon characteristic
Full to 1/3 opening, “Flowcon” work properly with resistance 10m (100kPa)
At & fter 1/4, CHW flow become less, in which “Flowcon” does not work properly with its
resistance only 2m (20kPa) to 0kPa.
From 1 to ½ valve opening, CHW flow maintained, in which “Flowcon” work properly with its resistance 10m (100lPa).
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2/3 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/5- 1/5-- 1/5---
Butterfly valve position
Resi
stan
ce (
m)
Chiller Flowcon Butterfly valve
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CH2
CH3
P P
P
P P P
Flowcon
Flowcon Butterfly valve
Butterfly valve
When Flowcon works at full to half load with butterfly valve
closing, system resistance becomes 22m (220kPa).
When “Flowcon” does not work at light load with butterfly
valve closing, system resistance >>22m.
手动阀门开度 冷机前 冷机后 Flowcon后 手动阀门后
kPa kPa kPa kPa
CH2 1(open) 1050 970 N/A 720
CH3 1/5--- 1050 1020 1020 720
950 850 750
Pump is not allow to reduce P
Pump speed would not be further reduced
Chiller Flowcon experiment result
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Page 69
kPa
Riser A B C D E F
Critical AHU 33.5 35.2 37.4 37.8 35.5 35.8
Target 54 56 57 58 56 56
ΔP ΔP ΔP ΔP ΔP ΔP
Return
Supply
Riser A Riser B Riser C Riser D Riser E Riser F
Design
Real Operation
Vs.
Any Deviation?
Organisers:
Page 70
Restricted by
under-sized AUHs
Renovation of under-
sized AUHs
A B C D E F
Original 85 110 95 95 100 100
Step 1 85 110 90 90 100 100
Step 2 75 110 80 80 80 80
Step 3 70 80 70 70 70 70
Summer time exercise
Winter time ??
P reset Over pressurized
Problem Identification & verification
Organisers:
Page 71
Modification
(Fault detection + Duct static pressure reset
w/o DDC)
• Optimise operation How Data
Helps
• Regression model + expert rules + engineer approach
Tool
Organisers:
Page 72
Re-commissioning Process Phase 3: Renovation Planning & Budget
•Demand on renovation greater improvement opportunities
•Scope & budget
Option 1
Option 2
Organisers:
Page 73
Re-commissioning Process
Phase 3: Renovation Planning & Budget
•Report & Action Plan
•Prioritization
Organisers:
Page 74
• Saving Estimation How Data
Helps
• Regression model + BIN Method
Tool
Retrofit
(Conversion from IGV to VSD control)
Organisers:
Page 75
Retrofit – Saving Estimation
75
Freq
uen
cy (
Hz)
Freq
uen
cy (
Hz)
Outdoor Air Temp Flowrate
Flowrate
Correlate outdoor temp with
frequency by regression
Correlate frequency
with flow rate
Correlate flow rate
with power for existing & retrofitted devices
Year-round Frequency Distribution of outdoor temp.
Saving = 9,858kWh/year
Organisers:
Page 76
Retrofit – Measurement & Verification
76
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
kW
/ton
CSD VSD
Temperature Range
<21.6 to 23.2oC
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
kW
/ton
CSD VSD
Temperature Range
23.3 to 28oC
Condensing water temp range 23.3 to 28 deg C
Condensing water temp range <21.6 to 23.2 deg C
Chiller Loading (%)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
CSD CSD
Temperature Range
28.1 to >30.5oC
Condensing water temp range > 28.1 to 30.5 deg C
Manufacturer claimed saving cannot be identified
Constant Speed Drive Chiller Variable Speed Drive Chiller
Performance indicator to be verified against % loading at particular range of impact factor(s)
Organisers:
Page 77
Energy Management
(Are we achieving our target?)
• Energy management reporting
How Data Helps
• Cumulative frequency plot Tool
Organisers:
Page 78
Remark: FW 2011 Energy Consumption is 24M kWh and sold at 2012
(% change since 2001) (energy used per m2)
Achievement and Target
Organisers:
Page 79
Cost and Benefit
Organisers:
Page 80
Investment, $M Saving, M kWh (%) Payback (yrs)
Air- to water-cooled 70 9.6 (6%) 5.6
Chiller replacement 307 23.7 (10%) 9.7
Lighting replacement 70.5 17.8 (7%) 3.0
HVAC Modification (1) •Automatic tube cleaning •VSD for AHU/PAU/AC pumps •Conversion to PVF •FA demand control •Conversion of cooling tower….
193 30.9 (12%) 4.8
HVAC Modification (2) 40 13 (6%) 2.4
LANDLORD
Database
Organisers:
Page 81
Chapter3 – Carbon
Energy use (Indirect CO2e
emission)
CO2, SOX, NOX,….
Energy use < norm (carbon
offset)
1. Building-to-building
2. Tenant-to-landlord
Renewable energy (Indirect
CO2e emission)
CO2, SOX, NOX,….
OPERATION
Embody carbon
1. HFC refrigerant
2. Water transportation
3. Travel
4. Tree
1. Paper waste
2. Waste water treatment
MANUFACTURING DISPOSAL
1
2
3
4 3
Organisers:
Page 82
Sustainable
Growth
Eco-Cost
Financial Cost
Natural
Capital
Considering Eco-Cost
Capitalism GDP Growth Consumerism
Profit
Maximisation
Business
Case
Organisers:
Page 83
Natural
Capital
Eco-Cost?
DEFINITION Eco-cost is a measure to express the amount of environmental burden of a product on the basis of prevention of that burden. This is the cost which should be made to reduce the environmental pollution and materials depletion in our world to a level which is in line with the carrying capacity of our earth.
Source: Delft University of Technology
to prevent, mitigate or remediate the burden caused to HK G-PASS focuses on 4 impacts
Resource Depletion
Environmental Pollution
Global Warming
Human Health
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
RESOURCE CONSUMPTION
ECOSYSTEM IMPACTS
HUMAN TOXICITY
Organisers:
Page 84
multiple impacts
Organisers:
Page 85
Process/
Materials
Impacts
Eco-
cost
Source: Delft University of Technology
Eco-cost principle
Organisers:
Page 86
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Financial Cost Eco-Cost Total Cost
Electricity Wind Turbine
+ =
How much will you invest in wind
turbine?
A Change in Decision Making?
Organisers:
Page 87
Including Eco-Cost in Financial Considerations
By applying Pollutor-Pay Concept, Eco-cost is reflected in financial cost via •Carbon tax •Eco-tax •Cap and Trade •Trade effluent surcharge •Plastic bag charge •Fine for exceeding emission standard
TOTA
L C
OST
TIME
Fin
anci
al C
ost
Ec
o-C
ost
Fin
anci
al C
ost
Ec
o-C
ost
Fin
anci
al C
ost
Ec
o-C
ost
Fin
anci
al C
ost
Paid by Pollutor
Paid by Society
Organisers:
Page 88
Eco-Cost Creates Value for Low Carbon
Technology
Organisers:
Page 89
Cases: Puma
Net Earn Envir. Profit & loss
2/3 of total
Organisers:
Page 90
3
Outside
Hostel
Famili
es
Colleagu
es
Neighbor
s
2 Restore ecosystem •Food production
•Water recycling
•Bio-diversity
•Natural breeze & sunlight 1 Reduce
consumption •Passive design
•Active system
•Green living
Cases: A Hostel
Cases: A Hostel
Within SPL
Stakeholders Opportunities
elsewhere
Organisers:
Page 91
Total Eco-cost: $60M Offset by green education: $62M
Calculation based on:
• Building life: 30 years
• No of people educated each year: 874
• Occupancy rate: 70%
• % of attendees change behavior after training: 20%
• How long this change lasts: 5 years
Within SPL
Stakeholders Opportunities
elsewhere
Hostel Throughout the whole building lifespan, we target to:
Cases: A Hostel
Organisers:
Page 92
Planning & Concept Design
Detail Design Construction T&C and Handover
Operation De-
commissioning
Life Cycle of Buildings
Target for integrated design & management
Organisers:
Page 93
Eco-Cost
Financial Cost
• Prevention • Mitigation • Remediation
Sustainable
Growth
Eco-Cost
Financial Cost
Natural
Capital
Capitalism GDP Growth Consumerism
Profit Maximisation Business
Case
Act Now!