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Compounds used in warfareChemical Warfare

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Prepared by:Zahra Naveed (76)Misharab Liaqat (108) Tayaba Kausar (116)Summer Tahir (60)Nafessa Shoukat (112)

Abstract:From the axe, which originated in 1,000,000 B.C.to todays use of weapons has been varied and incredibly invented.Weapons have changed history and aided in the rise and fall of civilization.

IntroductionWeaponsTypesBiological warfareSurface warfare Chemical WarfareHistory

Weapons:

Such substances or elements used to attack on enemy or to protect yourself in the defense manner.That may rise the civilization or might harm them.

In the ancient history the first weapon was used by the Chimpanzees .

TypesBiological warfare :Biological warfare also termed as Germ Warfare .any of a number of disease-producing agentssuch as bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins, or other biological agentsthat may be utilized as weapons against humans, animals, or plants.

It later termed as Bio-agents.The reason is that the viruses are not self reproductive or required a proper host to reproduce.Biological weapons are commonly referred to as weapons of mass destruction .Bio-agents

Biological Warfare AgentsBiological warfare agents differ greatly in the type of organism or toxin used in a weapons system. Such as: lethality length of incubation infectiousness stability ability to be treated with current vaccines and medicines.

Types of Biological Weapons:There are five different categories of biological agents that could be weaponized and used in warfare or terrorism. These include:BacteriaRickettsiaeVirusesFungiToxins

Surface WarfareIt may be referred to Nuclear weapons or Naval weapons.Nuclear Weapons device designed to release energy in an explosive manner as a result of nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or a combination of the two processes.

Nuclear Weapons Fission weapons are commonly referred to as atomic bombs. Fusion weapons are also referred to as thermonuclear bombs. Such as hydrogen bombs.

Naval WeaponsNaval warfare or weapons are the tactics of military operations conducted on, under, or over the sea.

Chemical WarfareChemical weapon, any of several chemical compounds, usually toxic agents, that are intended to kill, injure, or incapacitate enemy personnel.

Types of Chemical WeaponsChemical weapons are chemical agents. Whether they are: gaseous, liquid,solid. They inflict damage when inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or ingested in food or drink.

Ways to Spread Chemical agents become weapons when they are placed into land mines missile warheads grenades spray tanks, or any other means of delivering the agents to designated targets.

Chemical AgentsThe several types of chemical agents have been developed into weapons. These include choking agents blister agents blood agents nerve agents riot-control agents herbicides.

HistoryChemical weapons were first used in significant amounts in World War I.German troops released Chlorine Gas on unsuspecting French soldiers, choking them and causing panic.The Germans also used Phosgene Gas and introduced Mustard Gas into war in 1917.By 1918, all major world powers had employed chemical weapons.

During World War II, Germany developed nerve agents such as Toman , Soman ,Sarin. After World War II, the British invented VX, a more persistent nerve agent that eventually was deployed by the United States.

Chemical Weapons used in Recent WarsIn Iran-Iraq War Iran initiated the chemical weapons(Mustard Gas) in response to Iraqi use the (Riot control and Toxic) Chemicals.In India-Kashmir War India use the lot of Tear Gas on the unarmed Kashmirs.

There have been dozens of attacks with chlorine gas on Syria By Russia since 2013.

Harassing Agents

Harassing AgentSensory irritantsThat are not intended to kill or injure.Referred as Riot Control Agents (RCAs).

Harassing agent

Types Tear gases Vomiting agents

Tear gases Formally known as alachrymatory agentIncludes pepper sprayCS gasCR gas

Tear gases

Ben Conson and Roger Stougton at middle bury college in 1928.

Composition

2-cholorobenzaldehydeMalononitrile Dibenzoxazepine Acetophenone

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Vomiting AgentSensory irritants Also termed sternators Nose irritants

Vomiting agentVomiting agents were synthesized by a German chemist Wieland in 1915.

Effects

Skin inflammation Bruising Asthma Loss of eyesight Skull facture

Incapacitating agent

Incapacitating agents Nonlethal agents.Mainly include physiological agentsProduce debilitating effects.Permanent injury or loss of life.

Psychological AgentsProduce changes in thought. Causing any major disturbances in the nervous system.Classified as psychomimetic agents.

Composition3-Quinucilidinyl benzilate (BZ)Phencyclidine (SN)Lysergic acid diethylamide (K)

EffectsRestlessness dizziness Staggering vomitingDistractibility

Nerve Agents

Nerve agentsA class ofphosphorus-containingorganic chemicals(organophosphates).That disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs.

Nerve AgentThe most toxic of all weaponized military agentsThey are liquids, not gasStored and transported in liquid state.

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Types of Nerve Agents

GAGBVXGD

Composition of Nerve agentThese chemical used in formation of nerve agentdimethylamidophosphoric dichlorideChlorobenzeneHydrogen cyanideTriethylaminePhosphorus trichloride

EffectsInitial effects of occur within 1-10 minutes"of exposure.DeathWithin 15 minutes for Tabun, Sarin, and "Soman" From 4-42 hours for VX."

Symptoms

ParalysisEyesSweatingNauseaDiarrheaConvulsionComa

Blood Agents

Blood agentCyanide groupPrevent the normal utilization of oxygen

Blood agentAlso known as systematic agents.Inhabit the activity of certain specific enzymes.

Blood agent typesCyanideCyanogen chloride

CyanideCyanogen chloride

CompositionBurning cigarettesPlasticWoolSilk

EffectsLow blood pressureWeakness.Fatigue.Headache.Shortness of breath.

Choking Agents

Chocking AgentA chemical agent designed to impede a victims breathe.

Pulmonary AgentsAlso acid-forming, but work primarily in respiratory tractExamples:Chlorine gasPhosgeneNitrogen oxidesHydrogen chloride

Effects Cause respiratory irritation with cough, dyspnea sore throatsuffocation

Lethal agents

Lethal agents

An agent capable of causing death

Types

Blister/ vesicants agents

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Blisters/vesicants agentsAcid-forming agents that affect mucous membranes and skin; also respiratory tract

Examples:Mustard gasLewisite

Effects

SkinMucous membrane irritation Respiratory distress

Protection EmergencyThese four are:

Physical protectionMedical protection Decontamination

Basic Initial management

Early pre-hospital decontaminationRemoval of infected cloth Immediately wash with waterShelter in placeFocus on air patency

Auto-injectorAnauto-injectoris amedical devicedesigned to deliver a singledoseof a particular (typically life-saving)drug.

Masks

Protective Garments

Chemical agent monitorCAM is a proven product. To detectionofnerve or blister agents or liquid agent contamination.

CWCChemical Weapon Convention is an arms control treaty which outlines the production, stockpiling and uses of chemical weapons and its precursors.

References

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