COMPOUND WORDS IN POLITICAL ARTICLES OF STRATEGIC …verbs. The researcher‟s focus in this study...

COMPOUND WORDS IN POLITICAL ARTICLES OF

STRATEGIC REVIEW MAGAZINE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

I.D.A PARAMASTITI RAHADIYANTI

Student Number : 134214108

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2017

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i






in English Letters

By


Student Number : 134214108



FACULTY OF LETTERS


YOGYAKARTA

2017


ii






in English Letters

By


Student Number: 134214108



FACULTY OF LETTERS


YOGYAKARTA

2017


A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

COMPOUND WORDS IN POLITICAL ARTICLESOF STRATEGIC REVIEW MAGAZINE

ByI.D.A PARAMASTITI RAHADIYANTI

Student~urnber: 134214108

Approved by

StohIsfi'Ca Wedhowerti. S.Pd.. M.Hurn.Advisor

~mardine Ria Lestari,M.S.Co- dvisor

111

September 17, 2017

September 17, 2017

,


A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

COMPOUND WORDS IN POLITICAL ARTICLESOF STRATEGIC REVIEWMAGAZINE

ByI.D.A PARAMASTITI RAHADIYANTI

Student Number: 134214108

Defended Before the Board ofExaminersOn October 16,2017

And Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

I"'C""ii

Name

Chairperson Scolastica Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum.

Secretary Dr.Bemardine Ria Lestari, M.S.

Member 1

Member 2

Member 3

Fransisca Kristanti,S.Pd., M.Hum

Scolastica Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum.

Dr.Bemardine Ria Lestari, M.S.

I~Cf

IV


vii

For the one who has

conquered the mind, the

mind is the best of

friends; but for one who

has failed to do so, his

very mind will be his

greatest enemy.

Bhagavad-gita 6.6, Srila Prabhupada


viii

For My Beloved Parents

and My Brightest Future


ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to say my first gratitude to My God, Sang Hyang

Widhi Wasa for all His blessings to finish this undergraduate thesis. Theprocess

of writing this thesis runs well because of His guidance. I hope that this thesis will

help some people to enrich their knowledge.

Then, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Scholastica

Wedhowerti, S.Pd.,M.Hum for being my thesis advisor. She always motivates and

supports her students to finish their thesis. I also would like to thank my Co-

Advisor, Dr. Bernardine Ria Lestari, M.S for helping to make my thesis better.

Then, I would like to say thanks to my mother, Puji Rahayu, who always

supports and listens to the stories behind the process of writing this thesis, and my

father, I Dewa Putu Hariwangsa, who always gives me motivation. Then, I also

say thanks to my sister, brother, niece and kimoy, my second family who always

prays for the best luck. Then, I also say big thanks for my college friends Joice

and Claudia who always support me.

I.D.A Paramastiti Rahadiyanti


x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ ii

APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI .................................. v

STATEMENT OFORIGINALITY .................................................................... vi

MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................ viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... x

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. xiii

TABLE OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... xiv

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... xv

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ xvi

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study .................................................................... 1

B. Problem Formulation .......................................................................... 2

C. Objective of the Study ........................................................................ 3

D. Definition of Terms ............................................................................ 3

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................... 4

A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................... 4

B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................... 5

1. Morphology ................................................................................... 6

a. Compounding ............................................................................. 7

1) Compound Noun ................................................................... 8

2) Compound Adjective ............................................................. 10

3) Compound Verb ................................................................... 10

2. Semantics ...................................................................................... 11

a. Lexical Semantics .................................................................... 12

b. The Compound Word Meanings ............................................... 12

1) Endocentric Compound ........................................................ 13

2) Exocentric Compound .......................................................... 14

C. Theoretical Framework....................................................................... 15

CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 16

A. Object of the Study ............................................................................. 16

B. Approach of the Study ........................................................................ 17

C. Method of the Study ........................................................................... 17

a. Data Collection .............................................................................. 18

b. Data Analysis ................................................................................. 18


xi

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................... 21

A. Formations of Compound Words ....................................................... 21

1. Compound Nouns ......................................................................... 21

a. Noun and Noun ....................................................................... 21

b. Verb and Noun ........................................................................ 23

c. Adjective and Noun ............................................................... 26

2. Compound Verbs .......................................................................... 29

a. Particle and Verb .................................................................... 29

3. Compound Adjectives .................................................................. 34

a. Adverb and Adjectives ........................................................... 34

B. The Meanings of Compound Words .................................................. 35

1. Endocentric Compound ............................................................... 36

2. Exocentric Compound .................................................................. 37

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 41

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 42

APPENDICES ...................................................................................................

Appendix 1 : The Distribution of Compound Nouns Formations

and Meanings ................................................................................. 46

Appendix 2 : The Distribution of Compound Verbs Formations

and Meanings .................................................................................. 48

Appendix 3 : The Distribution of Compound Adjectives

Formations and Meanings ............................................................. 48


xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. The Difference between Compound and Noncompound ....................... 7

Table 2.2. The Formations of Compound Nouns ..................................................... 8

Table 2.3.The Formations of Compound Adjectives ........................................... 10

Table 2.4.The Formations of Compound Verbs .................................................... 10

Table 3.1. The Distribution of Compound Words ................................................ 18

Table 3.2. The Distribution of Compound Nouns Formations .............................. 19

Table 3.3.The Distribution of Compound Word Meanings .................................. 20

Table 4.1.The Distribution of Compound Words ................................................. 21

Table 4.2.The Distribution of Compound Nouns Formations ............................... 22

Table 4.3. The Distribution of Compound Verbs Formations ............................... 31

Table 4.4. The Formations of Compound Adjectives Formations ......................... 33

Table 4.5. The Formations of Compound Word Meanings ................................... 35


xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1. The internal structure of the word party politics ................................. 23

Figure 4.2. The internal structure of the word policymaker ................................... 24

Figure 4.3. The internal structure of the word bedrock.......................................... 24

Figure4.4. The internal structure of the word World Bank .................................... 25

Figure4.5. The internal structure of the word bottleneck ....................................... 25

Figure4.6. The internal structure of the word choke point ..................................... 26

Figure 4.7. The internal structure of the word ceasefire ........................................ 26

Figure 4.8. The internal structure of the word standpoint ..................................... 27

Figure 4.9. The internal structure of the word viewpoint ....................................... 28

Figure 4.10. The internal structure of the word whistle-blower ............................. 28

Figure 4.11. The internal structure of the word local government......................... 29

Figure 4.12. The internal structure of the word public policy ................................ 29

Figure 4.13. The internal structure of the word hard core ..................................... 29

Figure 4.14. The internal structure of the word red tape ....................................... 30

Figure 4.15. The internal structure of the word hotbed.......................................... 30

Figure 4.16. The internal structure of the word uphold ......................................... 31

Figure 4.17. The internal structure of the word withstand ..................................... 32

Figure 4.18. The internal structure of the word override ....................................... 32

Figure 4.19. The internal structure of the word forthright ..................................... 33

Figure 4.20. The internal structure of the word counter-intuitive .......................... 34

Figure 4.21. The internal structure of the word counter-productive ...................... 34


xiv

ABSTRACT

I.D.A PARAMASTITI RAHADIYANTI.Compound Words in Political

Articles of Strategic Review Magazine.Yogyakarta.Department of English

Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017.

Compounding is one of the processes of word-formation. Compound

words are divided into compound nouns, compound adjectives, and compound

verbs. The researcher‟s focus in this study is compound words in political articles

of Strategic Review Magazine.

In the political articles of Strategic Review Magazine, there are the

compound words which have particular structures and particular meaning. Each

type of compound words is formed by some lexical categories. A compound word

can be interpreted into several meanings. There are several types of compound

word meanings.

There are two research problems in this study. Firstly is the formation of

compound words. Secondly is the meaning of compound words.

The researcher analyzes the formations of compound words with

morphology theory to know the internal structures of compound words. There are

three types of compound words. Those are compound nouns, compound

adjectives, and compound verbs. In the analysis, the researcher uses sample study

to collect the data from Strategic Review Magazine. Based on result, the

researcher found that compound noun has 3formations which are formed by

several lexical categories. Meanwhile, there are 5 formations in compound

adjective and 3 formations in compound verb. The compound noun becomes the

most dominant and the most productive compound in Strategic Review Magazine.

In the analysis of meaning, the researcher uses the semantic theory. There

are two classifications of compound word meanings, which are endocentric

compound and exocentric compound. Endocentric compound is a compound

which meaning can be denoted by its head. Meanwhile, exocentric compound is a

compound which meaning cannot be identified from its parts. Based on the

meaning analysis, endocentric compound is more frequent than exocentric

compound in Strategic Review Magazine.


xv

ABSTRAK

I.D.A PARAMASTITI RAHADIYANTI. Compound Words in Political

Articles inStrategic Review Magazine. Yogyakarta. Program Studi Sastra

Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2017

Kata majemuk merupakan salah satu bentuk dari proses

pembentukan kata. Terdapat tiga jenis dari kata majemuk yaitu kata benda

majemuk, kata sifat majemuk dan kata kerja majemuk. Sasaran dalam studi ini

adalah kata majemuk yang terdapat dalam artikel-artikel Majalah Strategic

Review.

Pada artikel-artikel politik dalam Majalah Strategic Review, terdapat kata-

kata majemuk yang memiliki struktur dan makna tertentu. Setiap jenis kata

majemuk dibentuk dari beberapa leksikal kategori. Dalam satu kata majemuk bisa

diartikan menjadi beberapa kata. Terdapat beberapa jenis makna dalam kata

majemuk.

Terdapat 2 rumusan masalah dalam studi ini. Pertama adalah

pembentukan kata majemuk. Kedua adalah mengartikan makna kata-kata

majemuk dalam Majalah Strategic Review.

Peneliti menganalisis pembentukan kata-kata majemuk dengan teori

morfolologi untuk mengetahui struktur dalam dari kata-kata majemuk. Terdapat

beberapa jenis kata majemuk, diantaranya kata benda majemuk, kata sifat

majemuk, dan kata kerja majemuk. Dalam analisa, peneliti menggunakan

metode sampel studi untuk mengumpulkan data dari Majalah Strategic Review.

Berdasarkan hasil dari analisa, peneliti menemukan 3 bentuk susunan dalam kata

benda majemuk yang dibentuk dari beragam leksikal kategori. Selain itu, terdapat

5 bentuk susunan dalam kata sifat majemuk dan 3 bentuk susunan kata kerja

majemuk. Kata benda majemuk menjadi kata majemuk paling dominan dan

produktif dalam Majalah Strategic Review.

Dalam analisa makna, peneliti menggunakan semantik teori. Terdapat dua

jenis makna dalam kata majemuk yaitu kata majemuk endosentrik dan kata

majemuk eksosentrik. Perbedaan pada dua jenis kata majemuk tersebut adalah

letak dari inti kata majemuk. Inti kata majemuk endosentrik terletak di dalam kata

majemuk tersebut sendiri, namun dalam kata majemuk eksosentrik inti dari kata

majemuk terdapat di luar dari kata majemuk tersebut. Kata majemuk endosentrik

lebih banyak muncul daripada kata majemuk eksosentrik di Majalah Strategic

Review.


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Communication is the activity that people always do in daily life.

Language has an essential role for human life. Language is a tool that people need

as a medium to communicate. The most basic part of a language is a word. Words

play an integral role in human ability to use language creatively (Akmajian, 2001:

11). Word is formed dynamically because it can be added and be expanded into a

new meaning and form. One of the processes of the word formation is

compounding. Compounding is a process of joining two or more words toone

word. Compounding is divided into compound nouns, compound adjectives,

compound verb, and compound adverb.

The researcher‟s focus in this study is compound words in political

journals of Strategic Review Magazine. Strategic Review Magazine is the

magazine of the Indonesian and world journal of leadership, policy, and world

affairs. The magazine consists of some articles contain journals which are written

by several people who are concern about and proficient in politics. All of the

articles are related to critical issues about national and international importance.

The magazine is published quarterly a year.

The researcher takes all four editions of Strategic Review in year of 2016.

Those are January-March 2016, April-June 2016, July-September 2016, and


2

October-December 2016. It is because there are many important issues about

national and international affairs in 2016.

The compound words in political articles of Strategic Review Magazine

have the particular structures and meanings. Each types of compound words are

formed by several lexical categories. There are several meanings of compound

word in Strategic Review Magazine which has can be interpreted into several

meanings. The aim of this study is to analyze the structures and the meaning of

compound words. There are three types of compound words that the researcher

would be discussed. Those are compound nouns, compound adjectives, and

compound verbs. By morphological theory, the researcher analyzes the internal

structures of compound words.

This study also involves semantic theory to analyze the meaning of

compound words. There are two types of compound word meanings that the

researcher would discuss. Those are endocentric compound and exocentric

compound.

B. Problem Formulation

This study uses the following questions to answer problem formulated as

follow:

1. How are compound words in Strategic Review Magazine formed?

2. How are the meanings of compound words distributed in Strategic Review

Magazine?


3

C. Objectives of the Study

This study identifies two objectives of study that the researcher would

like to paraphrase from the problem formulation. The first objective of study deals

the process of compound words formation. The process deals with how the words

are combined. The researcher also explains the internal structures of compound

words in each word.

Secondly, the researcher analyzes from the meaning of compound words.

There are two types of compound word meanings that the researcher would

discuss. Those are endocentric compound and exocentric compound.

D. Definition of Terms

In this part, the researcher gives the explanation and definition to the

terms in order to avoid misunderstanding. The researcher provides the definition

of terms that frequently appear in this study. Compounding is the process of

joining two or more elements (Bauer, 2004: 28).The word is the object which is in

this study would be compounded. The word itself is one of the most basic units of

linguistics structure (Akmajian, 2001:11).

Based on Oxford Dictionary, political means related to the government

or public affairs of a country. Then, the definition of article is a piece of writing

usually dealing with a particular issue or topic, in a newspaper, magazine etc. It means

that the research will deal with a piece of writing in a magazine which is related to

government or public affairs of a country.


4

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

The writer would like to have three reviews to related studies in this

study. The reviews of related studies from other writers are used to compare and

identify the differences and similarities to other study in the different topics.

The first study is by Koresova (2014). The study discusses the compound

nouns that related to healthy life style, fitness, and diet. The object in this study is

is Fitness, Woman’s Health and Shape magazine. In this study, Koresova as the

writer categorizes the types of compound words. The similarities between

Koresova‟s study and this study are from the discussion of study and the object.

This study also analyzes compound nouns, but the researcher adds the analysis

compound adjectives, and compound verbs. This study has the same object with

the following study which using the magazine as the object. Meanwhile, the

difference is from the aspect of the discussion of study. This study concerns about

the terms in health aspect but the following study relates to the terms in politics.

The second study is by Leihitu (2016). In her study she discussed the

analysis of exocentric compound in Oxford Dictionary. There are two main

classifications of the discussion. Those are the formations and the meanings of

compound words. The similarity between Leihitu‟s study and the following study

is the classifications of discussion. However, the following study uses two types

of meaning of compound words while in Leihitu‟s study only discusses exocentric

compound words. Another difference is in the object of the study. The following


5

study is not using the dictionary as the object of the study, but it uses the

magazine.

The third study is a thesis by Noumianty (2016) which discusses

compound words on culinary terms which are found in MasterChef U.S Season 7.

Noumianty‟s thesis analyzes the meanings of compound word. The similarity

between Noumianty‟s thesis and this following study is in the analysis of

compound word meanings. There are two types of the meanings of compound

word, endocentric compound and exocentric compound. She classifies each type

of compound words into attributive and subordinate compound, but the following

only analyzes the types of compound words in endocentric compound and

exocentric compound.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Morphology

Morphology is one branches of linguistic theory which is defined as the

study of word formation. In another definition, morphology is a study which deals

with the internal structure of word forms (Bauer, 2004: 33). By morphology, the

main purpose in this study is to analyze the internal structure of words which are

formed each other. The discussion in morphology is in the morphemes.

The definition of morpheme is the basic units of analysis recognized in

morphology. Morpheme is the smallest unit in language which has meaning.

There are two kinds of morphemes, free morpheme and bound morpheme. A

morpheme is categorized as a free morpheme if it can stand alone as an

independent word in a phrase. For example, in, but, do, stay, and blend. Those


6

morphemes can stand alone independently. Those morphemes don‟t need to be

attached with other morphemes. The second classification is bound morpheme

which is a morpheme that should be attached to another morpheme. This kind of

morpheme is usually the affixes. For example, -ed, -er,-ing, and -s. Those kinds of

morphemes cannot stand alone. They need another morphemes to be attached.

Those morphemes are combined each other to make a new word. The

process of combining the elements to make a new word is usually termed as word-

formation process. There are several kinds of word formation process, for

example affixation, blending, clipping, borrowing, and compounding (Akmajian,

2001:32). The researcher is focusing on word-formation process in compounding.

a. Compounding

Compounding is a part of word formation process. Compounding is a

process of combining some lexical categories (nouns, adjectives, verbs, or

prepositions) (O‟Grady, 1996: 26). In another definition, compound word is the

combination of lexemes into larger words (Scalise, 2010: 5). For example in the

compound word is public policy. Public policy is from the word of public as a

noun and policy as a noun. Those are combined into the new word of public

policy which has the new meaning.

Compound word has the rightmost morpheme which is usually termed as

head (Fromkin, 2009:61). The role of head as the rightmost morpheme is to

determine the category of entire word. For example, address book is noun

compound. Address book is categorized as a noun compound because its

rightmost morpheme book is a noun. Then, capital-intensive is an adjective


7

compound. Capital-intensive has the rightmost morpheme intensive which is an

adjective. The last is overachieve as a compound verb. Overachieve has the

rightmost morpheme achieve which is a verb. The head is also used to identify

the broad meaning of compound.

Compound words are usually written as two words, hyphenated words, and

one word (Akmajian, 2001:33). For instance, bathroom, ape-man, and living

room. Those are compound words which are written in different ways. The

writing of two words compound in English is not consistent. Then, the writing of

hyphenated words is used when a compound has been newly created or not

widely used. The last is writing compound in one word. It is used to compound

words which have gained a certain currency or permanence. Even though

compound words are written in several ways, but English orthography is not

consistent in representing compounds (O‟Grady, 2005: 124).

Compound words in English can be distinguished by the tense and plural

markers which cannot be attached to the first element. The researcher presents

several examples. Those are as follow:

Table 2.1 The Differences Between Compound and Noncompound

Compound word Noncompound word

Drop kicked Dropped kick

Friday nights Fridays night


8

1) Compound Nouns

This kind of compound is the largest sub grouping compound and the

most productive type of compound (Bauer, 2004: 202). Compound noun is also

defined as a fixed expression which is made up of more than one word and

function as a noun (McCharty,2001:28). Compound words can be found in

newspaper, magazine, and dictionary. The noun compound can be formed from

several combinations of lexical categories. The researcher focuses on the

compound words formations of noun+ noun, adjective + noun, and verb + noun.

The most productive formation is noun + noun in compound nouns (Ballard,

2013:58).

The first formation is noun+ noun, for instance policy (N) is combined

with maker (N), and then it becomes policymaker as a noun. The second

formation is adjective + noun, for example local (Adjective) is combined with

government (N). Then it becomes local government as a noun. The last formation

is verb + noun. For example, check (Verb) is combined with point (N), and then it

becomes checkpoint as a noun. The examples of compound word formations with

several lexical categories. Those are as follow:

Table 2.2 The Formations of Compound Nouns

The Lexical Categories Examples

Noun + Noun policymaker

loan shark

arm race

Adjective + Noun local government

red zone

Softbank


9

Verb + Noun chokepoint

ceasefire

viewpoint

2) Compound Adjectives

Compound adjectives are formed by several different patterns. The

compound adjective is formed by several lexical categories (Bauer, 2004: 209).

Compound adjectives are usually written in a hyphen. For example, well-dressed,

never-ending, and shocking-pink. There are several formations of compound

adjectives. Those are Noun + Adjective, Adjective + Adjective, and Adverb +

Adjective. Here are the examples of each formation of compound adjective which

the researcher presents in the table below :

Table 2.3 The Formations of Compound Adjectives


Noun + Adjective capital-intensive

card-carrying

childproof

Adjective + Adjective open-ended

ready-made

double-helical

Adverb + Adjective counter-intuitive

over-qualified

uptight

In this study, the researcher only focuses on one formation of compound

adjectives. The formation is Adverb + Adjective. The first example of formation

of Adverb + Adjective is counter (Adverb) is combined with intuitive


10

(Adjective), and then it becomes counterintuitive (Adjective). Secondly is over-

qualified (Adjective) which comes from over (Adverb) and qualified (Adjective).

Lastly is uptight (Adjective) which is the combination of up (Adverb) and tight

(Adjective).

3) Compound Verbs

The majority of compound verbs in English are not formed by putting two

lexemes together to form a new verb, but by back-formation or conversion from

compound nouns (Adams, 1973: 57). For the back formation, the example is

trickle-irrigate is from the back formation of trickle-irrigation.

Compound verb is formed by several types of lexical categories. Those

are particle + verb, noun + verb, verb + verb, adjective + verb (Bauer, 2004: 207).

Here are the researcher presents the examples of compound verbs which are formed

by several lexical categories. Those are as follow:

Table 2.3 The Formations of Compound Verbs


Particle + Verb underappreciate

overachieve

overeducate

Noun+ Verb carbon-date

block bust

sky-dive

Verb + Verb dare say

trickle-irrigate


11

make do

Adjective + Verb free-associate

double-book

fine-tune

Despite compound verbs are formed by several lexical categories, the

researcher‟s focus in this study is only the formation of particle + verb because it

is the most frequently found. The first example is underappreciate.

Underappreciate (Verb) comes from under (Particle), and then it is combined

with appreciate (Verb). The second example is overachieve (Verb), which is

from over (Particle) and then it is combined with achieve (Verb). The last

example is overeducate (Verb). Overeducate (Verb) is formed by over (Particle)

and educate (Verb).

2. Semantics

Semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words,

phrases, and sentences (Fromkin, Rodman and Hyam, 2009:180). This study deals

with the meaning of the linguistics unit from the smallest one which is

morphemes, then it is followed by words, phrases, and sentences.

There are several subfields in semantics study. Those are lexical semantics

and phrasal or sentential semantics. Lexical semantics is a subfield of semantics

which concerns with the meaning of word. Meanwhile, phrasal or sentential

semantics is a subfield of semantics that deals with syntactic units which are

larger than the word. The researcher‟s focus in this study is compound words.


12

Therefore, the researcher uses the lexical semantics to analyze the meaning of

word.

a. Lexical Semantics

This study deals with the meaning of word. The analysis in lexical

semantics is not only for the words but also including subcategories which are

affixes, phrases, and compound words (Cruse,1986:20). Lexical semantics

identifies how the meanings of lexical units correlate with the structure of

language. It includes the compound words which are formed and attached by

several lexical units.

b. The Compound Word Meanings

Compound words are used to express a wide range of meaning relationship

(O‟Grady, 2005:125). Compound word meaning does not always be predicted

from its parts. For example, White House and white house. White House is not

always white because the meaning of White House is actually the official

residence of the US president in Washington DC. Meanwhile, the meaning of

white house is a house which is painted with white color.

Then, another example is greenhouse and green house. The word

greenhouse has a meaning of a glass enclosed garden. Therefore, the meaning of

greenhouse is not a kind of house. Meanwhile, green house means a house which

is painted with green color.

Compound words have the meanings that are not entirely consistent because

several of them are idiomatic (Fromkin, Rodman and Hyam, 2009:62). For

example, sugar daddy. The meaning of sugar daddy is not a father who brings or


13

sells sugar. Sugar daddy is a rich older man who lavishes gift on a young woman

in return for her company. Another example is road hog. Road hog does not

express a kind of hog, but it is a motorist who drives recklessly or inconsiderately.

In this study, the researcher focuses on identifying the meaning of compound

words by its parts. There are several types of compound words meanings. Those

are :

1) Endocentric Compound

Endocentric compound is a compound which the meaning can be denoted

by its head (O‟Grady, 2005:125). The head of compound is usually termed as the

rightmost morpheme which is placed in right-hand. For example, steamboat.

Steamboat is a kind of boat. Steamboat has a meaning of a boat powered by

steam. The second example is airplane. Airplane is a kind of plane which travels

through the air. Then, the last example is bath towel. Bath towel is a towel to be

used after bathing. Based on the previous examples of endocentric compound, the

meaning can be identified from the rightmost morpheme or the head. The

meaning of compound word is indicated by the head of compound.

Endocentric compound has a particular characteristic that can be identified

from the pluralization. Endocentric compound employs the usual irregular plural.

For example, teeth, feet, men, and leaves. The researcher‟s focus in this study is

identifying the endocentric compound from its elements, especially in the

rightmost morpheme.


14

2) Exocentric Compound

Exocentric compound is a compound which the meaning does not follow

from its parts‟ meanings (O‟Grady, 2005:125). For example, red head. Red head

is not a type of head. It is a person who has red hair. Another example is redneck.

Redneck is not a kind of neck, but it is a working-class white person from

southern US. Based on the previous examples, the meaning of compound word

cannot be identified from its parts.

The pluralization in exocentric compound is different from endocentric

compound. Exocentric compound permits the plural suffix –s. The examples of

pluralization in exocentric compound are tooths, foots, mans, and leafs.

C. Theoretical Framework

The theories that are presented above are used to answer the problem

formulation in this study. The first theory is morphology. Morphology is a study

of word formation. This study discussion is the compound words which belong to

word formation process. Word formation is a process how the words are

combined to create a new word. Word formation deals with the discussion of

morphemes. One of the word formation processes is compounding. Compound

word is one of type of word formation.

Theory of compound is used to differentiate between compound words

and phrases. There are several types of compound words which are compound

nouns, compound adjectives, and compound verbs. The contribution of those

theories is to answer the first problem formulation about the formation of


15

compound words. The formation deals with the internal structures of each type of

compound words. In each type compound words, there are several lexical

categories which are combined to form a new word.

Then, the researcher uses the theory of semantics to answer the second

research question about the meanings of compound word. Semantics is the study

of word meanings. Semantics is classified into several subfields. Those are

lexical semantics and phrasal or sentential semantics. The difference between

them is in the object, words and sentence. Therefore, the researcher uses the

lexical semantics to analyze the meaning of compound words. The meaning of

compound words does not always be predicted from its parts. The researcher uses

theories of endocentric compound and exocentric compound to identify the

compound word meanings. There are two types of compound word meanings.

Firstly is endocentric compound. Endocentric compound is a compound word

which has the meaning can be denoted by its head. Meanwhile, is a compound

which the meaning does not follow from the meaning of its parts. Therefore, the

difference between them is in the analysis of each part.


16

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is Strategic Review Magazine. Strategic Review

Magazine is the magazine about the Indonesian journal of leadership, policy, and

world affairs. The articles of this magazine contain of the opinions of national and

international critical issues in politics which are written by several people who are

concerning in each aspects. It is published in every three months. It means that

there are four editions in a year. The researcher would like to take all of four

editions in year of 2016. Those are January-March 2016, April-June 2016, July-

September 2016, October-December 2016.

In each edition of Strategic Review Magazine, there are eight rubrics. In

this study, the researcher would like to take the data from journals which only

contain of political journals. There are three rubrics of political journals. Those

are Point of View, Indonesia 360, and Global Perspectives. The first part is Point

of Viewwhich is a part which the journals are combined from national and

international issues. The second part is Indonesia 360 which all of journals

discuss national issues. The last part is Global Perspective. Global Perspective

presents journals of international issues from world wide.


17

B. Approach of the Study

To identify the structure and meaning of the compound word, the

researcher uses morphology approach. Morphology is the study of forms of words

(Matthews,1991:1). The data that the researcher uses is compound word from

Strategic Review Magazine. The researcher would like to analyze from the

formation of compound word from lexical categories. There are three types of

compound words. Those are compound nouns, compound adjetives, and

compound verbs.

The researcher also uses semantic approach to analyze the meaning of

compound word. There are two types of meanings, endocentric compound and


C. Method of Study

In this part, it explains study methods. There are two methods of the

study. The first method is data collection. The second method is analysis. Those

are organized as follows:

1. Data Collection

In this research, the researcher conducts with sample study. The

researcher analyzes four editions of Strategic Review Magazine in 2016. The

researcher uses purposive sampling method which selects several parts of data in

the study. The population of this research is the compound words in political

journals of Strategic Review Magazine. The targets of the data are compound

nouns, compound adjectives, and compound verbs which consist of two words.


18

Firstly, the researcher selected the Strategic Review Magazine. Secondly,

the researcher chose all of the articles in 2016 edition. The researcher used

January-March 2016, April-June 2016, July-September 2016, and October 2016-

December 2016. In each magazine, the researcher took the political articles. The

researcher chooses compound nouns, compound adjectives, and compound verbs

which consist of two words.

2. Data Analysis

In this study, the analysis conducts to the variations, the formations and

the meanings of compound words. The researcher analyzed the compound

wordsin political journals in four editions of Strategic Review Magazine.

To answer the first research question about the formations of compound

words, the researcher presents the table of distributions of compound nouns,

compound adjectives, and compound verbs. It is used to know the compound

words which are distributed in Strategic Review Magazine.

Table 3.1 The Distribution of Compound Words

Types of Compound Occurrences Percentage

Noun

Adjective

Verb

Total

Then, the first discussion in the first research question begins with the

most dominant compound words which is compound nouns. The researcher also


19

presents the tables of distributions of compound nouns which are formed by

several lexical categories.

Table 3.2 The Distribution of Compound Nouns Formations

Lexical Categories Occurrences Percentage

Noun + Noun

Adjective + Noun

Verb + Noun

In the analysis of compound nouns, the reseacher arranges the analysis of

formation of the lexical categories from the most frequent to the least frequent in

compound nouns.

N

Adj N

fast track

The researcher also does those steps to analyze compound adjectives and

compound verbs. The researcher adds the tree diagram of compound words to

draw the internal structures of compound words.

To answer the second research question, the researcher presents the table

of the distribution of compound word meanings. The distribution of compound

word meanings involves two types which are endocentric compound and



20

Table 3.3 The Distribution of Compound Word Meanings

Compound Words Meanings Occurences Percentage

Endocentric

Exocentric

Total

In the table 3.3, the researcher explains the distribution of compound

word meanings in Strategic Review Magazine. There are two classifications of

compound word meanings. Those are endocentric and exocentric. The researcher

presents the occurrences of each compounds. Then, the first discussion in the

compound word meanings is begun with the most dominant compound word

which is endocentric compound. Then, it is followed by exocentric compound.


21

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. The Formations of Compound Words

First of all, the researcher presents the distributions of compound words.

There are three types of compound words which are compound nouns, compound

adjectives, and compound verbs. Those are as follows:

Table 4.1 The Distributions of Compound Words

Types of Compound Words Occurrences Percentage

Noun 89 84%

Verb 14 13%

Adjective 3 3%

Total 106 100 %

From the result, it shows that compound noun is the most dominant

compound. There are 89 compound nouns which are distributed in Strategic

Review Magazine and it has the percentage about 84 %. Then, it is followed by

compound verbs. There are 14 compound verbs and it has the percentage about 13

%. The last is compound adjectives which is the least compound words in

Strategic Review Magazine. There are only 3 compound adjectives and it has the

percentage about 3%.


22

1. Compound Nouns

Compound noun is a fixed expression which is made up of more than one

word and function as a noun (McCharty, 2001:28). For example, the word green

house. Green house (Noun) is made up from green (Adjective) and house (Noun).

Compound noun can be formed several lexical categories which are combined

into one word. There are three formations of compound nouns that the researcher

found in Strategic Review Magazine. Those are noun + noun, verb + noun,

adjective + noun. Here, the researcher would present the distributions of

compound nouns formation of lexical categories. Those are as follows:

Table 4.2TheDistributions of Compound Noun Formations


Noun + Noun 45 51 %

Verb + Noun 33 37 %

Adjective + Noun 11 12 %

Total 89 100 %

Based on the result, the formation of noun + noun is the most frequent in

compound nouns. There are 45 compound nouns which has the formation of noun

+ noun. Then, it is followed by the formation of verb + noun which has the

percentage about 37 %/. There are 33 compound nouns which are formed by verb

+ noun. The least frequent formation is adjective + noun which has the percentage

about 12 %. There are 11 compound nouns which are formed by adjective + noun.


23

a. Noun and Noun

1) “JokoWidodo will have to muster the backing of House of Representative

that has found happiness in party politics.”

The morphological process of party politics (N) is party (N), and then it is

combined with politics (N). The word party is a free morpheme because it can

stand alone. Then, the word politics is a derivational word it involves the changes

in syntactic category from politic (Adjective) to politics (N). The root of politics

(N) is politic (Adjective).

N

N N

N Adj Af

party politic -s

2) “General electric....had important implications for regional policymaker.”

The morphological process of policymaker (N) is policy (N), and then it is

combined with maker (N). The first lexeme is policy. The word policy is a free

morpheme because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is maker. The

word maker is derivational word because it involves the changes in syntactic

category from make (Verb) into maker (N).


24

N

N N

N V Af

policy make -er

3) “.....and partnerships that form the bedrock of our strong relations.”

The morphological process of bedrock is bed (N), and then it is combined

with rock (N). The first lexeme is bed. The word bed is a free morpheme because

it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is rock. The word rock is also a free

morpheme.

N

N N

bed rock

4) “It will allow Indonesia to realize.... its ranking in the World Bank index.”

The morphological process of World Bank is world (N) and it is combined

with bank (N). The first lexeme is world. The word world is a free morpheme

because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is bank. The word bank is

also a free morpheme because it can stand alone.


25

N

N N

World Bank

5) bottleneck (This requirement of “pedigree” is likely to act as a

bottleneck....)

The morphological process of bottleneck is bottle (N), then it is combined

with neck (N). The first lexeme is bottle. The word bottle is a free morpheme

because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is neck. The word neck is

also free morpheme because it can stand alone.

N

N N

bottle neck

b. Verb and Noun

1) “....across the Indian Ocean toward the Pacific through the choke point of

Southeast Asia.”

The morphological process of choke point is choke (Verb), then it is

combined with point (N). The first lexeme is choke. The word choke is a free

morpheme because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is point. The word

point is also a free morpheme.


26

N

V N

choke point

2) “....the presence of the intervening force have not reached a ceasefire

agreement or are not honoring it.”

The morphological process of ceasefire is cease (Verb), then it is combined

with fire (N). The first lexeme is cease. The word cease is a free morpheme

because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is fire. The word of fire is

also categorized as a free morpheme.

N

V N

cease fire

3) “Though the US economy remains relatively robust and isolated from a

trade standpoint, it will nonetheless....”

The morphological process of standpoint is stand (Verb), then it is

combined with point (N). The first lexeme is stand. The word stand is a free

morpheme because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is point. The word

point is also categorized as a free morpheme.


27

N

V N

stand point

4) “Including the president...highlighting the apparent rivalries and conflicting

viewpoint within the KMT.”

The morphological process of viewpoint is view (Verb), and it is combined

with point (N). The first lexeme is view. The word view is a free morpheme

because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is point. The word

point is also categorized as a free morpheme.

N

V N

view point

5) “.....in broadcasting allegations by a traitor, “referring to American whistle-

blower, Edward Snowden.”

The morphological process of whistle-blower is whistle (Verb), then it is

combined with blower (N). The first lexeme is whistle. The word whistle is free

morpheme because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is blower. The

word blower is derivational word because it involves the changes in syntactic

category from blow (Verb) to blower (N).


28

N

V N

V V Af

whistle - blow -er

c. Adjective and Noun

1) “...such as the quality of local government also constrain health care

centers.”

The morphological process of local government is local (Adjective), then it

is combined with government (N). The first lexeme is local. The word local is free

morpheme because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is government.

The word government consists of two morphemes. Those are govern and suffix –

ment. The root of government is govern. It is derivational word because it

involves the changes in syntactic category from govern (Verb) to government (N).

N

Adj N

Adj V Af

local govern -ment


29

2) “....requires dedicated public policy interventions to achieve a meaningful

reversal of inequality trends.”

The morphological process of public policy is public (Adjective), then it is

combined with policy (N). The first lexeme is public. The word public is a free

morpheme because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is policy. The

word policy is also categorized as a free morpheme

N

Adj N

public policy

3) “Not only to stop the country‟s prisons from serving as factories producing

hardcore terrorist....”

The morphological process of hardcore is hard (Adjective), and then it is

combined with core (N). The first lexeme is hard. The word hard is free

morpheme because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is core. The word

core is also free morpheme.

N

Adj N

hard core

4) “There was enough slashing of choking red tape that Indonesia got.....”

The morphological process of red tape is red (Adjective), then it is

combined with tape (N). The first lexeme is red. The word red is categorized as a


30

free morpheme because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is tape. The

word tape is also a free morpheme.

N

Adj N

red tape

5) “There are Australians who still see Indonesia as an authoritarian country or

a military dictatorship or as a hotbed of Islamic....”

The morphological process of hotbed is hot (Adjective), and then it is

combined with bed (N). The first lexeme is hot. The word hot is a free morpheme

which can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is bed. The word bed is also a

free morpheme

N

Adj N

hot bed

2. Compound Verbs

Compound verb is a fixed expression which is made up of more than one

word and function as a verb (McCharty,2001:40). Compound verb can be formed

several lexical categories which are combined into one word. The researcher

found on one formations of compound verbs. It is particle + verb. Here, the

researcher would present the distributions of compound verb formation of lexical

categories. Those are as follows:


31

Table 4.3TheDistributions ofCompound Verb Formations


Particle + Verb 14 13 %

Based on the result, there are 14 compound verbs which have the formation

particle + verb. Compound verb with formation particle + verb has the

percentage 13%.

a. Particle and Verb

1) “...those who want to uphold a gender-egalitarian democracy in Indonesia.”

The morphological process of uphold is up (Particle), and it is combined

withhold (Verb). The first lexeme is up. The word of up is a free morpheme which

means towards a higher place or position. Then, the second lexeme is hold. The

word hold is also categorized as a free morpheme.

V

Part V

up hold

2) “The implicit denial that religion may ever legitimize negative behavior

cannot withstand intellectual scrutiny.”

The morphological process of withstand (Verb) is with (Particle) + stand

(Verb). The first lexeme is with. The word with is a free morpheme which can

stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is stand. The word of stand is also a free

morpheme.


32

V

Part V

with stand

3) “Indonesia‟s legitimate security concerns to not give the government a

green light to override fundamental human rights.”

The morphological process of override (Verb) is over (Particle), and it is

combined with ride (Verb). The first lexeme is over. The word over is a free

morpheme which can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is ride. The word ride

is also categorized as a free morpheme.

V

Part V

over ride

3. Compound Adjectives

Compound adjective is a fixed expression which is made up of more than

one word and function as an adjective (McCharty,2001:34). Compound adjective

can be formed several lexical categories which are combined into one word. The

researcher found five formations of compound adjectives in Strategic Review

Magazine. Here, the researcher would present the distributions of compound

adjective formations of lexical categories. Those are as follows:


33

Table 4.4TheDistributions of Compound Adjective Formations


Adverb + Adjective 3 3%

Based on the result, the researcher found the compound adjective with the

formation adverb + adjective. There are only 3 compound adjectives which have

the formation adverb + adjective. Compound adjective becomes the least

compound that is found in Strategic Review Magazine.

a. Adverb and Adjective

1) “Conflict, came out with a forthright caveat: “This is not the time to bring

new actors....”

The morphological process of forthright (Adjective) is forth (Adverb) +

right (Adjective). The first lexeme is forth. The word forth is a free morpheme.

The second lexeme is right. The word right is also categorized as a free

morpheme.

Adj

Adv Adj

forth right

2) “It may seem counter-intuitive, I will draw on lessons from my

involvement....”

The morphological process of counter-intuitive is counter (Adverb), and

then it is combined intuitive (Adjective). The first lexeme is counter. The word


34

counter is a free morpheme because it can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is

intuitive. It is also categorized as a free morpheme.

Adj

Adv Adj

counter intuitive

3) “More actors will not improve counterterrorism efforts, but will likely fuel

counterproductive competition and duplication effort.”

The morphological process of counterproductive is counter (Adverb) , and it

is combined with productive (Adjective). The first lexeme is counter. Counter is a

free morpheme which can stand alone. Then, the second lexeme is productive.

The word productive is also categorized as a free morpheme.

Adj

Adv Adj

counter productive


35

B. The Meanings of Compound Words

In this part, the researcher would like to discuss the meanings of compound

words. The analysis of meaning is divided into two classifications. Those are

based on endocentric compound and exocentric compound. Here, the researcher

presents the distributions of meanings of compound words. Those are as follows:

Table 4.5 TheDistributions of the Compound Word Meanings

Compound Word Occurrences Compound Word Occurrence

s

Endocentric Noun 50 Exocentric Noun 39

Endocentric

Adjective

3 Exocentric Adjective 0

Endocentric Verb 5 Exocentric Verb 9

Total 58 Total 48

Percentage 55% Percentage 45 %

Based on the result, endocentric compound is more dominant than

exocentric compound. There are 58 endocentric compounds which are found in

Strategic Review Magazine. It has the percentage about 55%. Meanwhile, there

are only 48 exocentric compound that are found in Strategic Review Magazine. It

has the percentage about 45%.

1. Endocentric Compound.

Endocentric compound is a compound which the meaning can be denoted

by its head.The examples and formations of endocentric compounds are

presented as follows:


36

a. party politics

The compound word party politics (N) consists of two lexemes, party (N)

and politics(N). Based on Oxford Dictionary, the meaning of party (N) is a

formally constituted political group that contests elections and attempts to form or

take part in a government. Then, the meaning of politics (N) is the activities of

governments concerning the political relations between states. The compound

word party politics (N) has a meaning of politics that relate to political parties

rather than to the good of the general public. The meaning of party politics can be

identified from the head which is politics. This compound word is considered as

an endocentric compound because the meaning can be identified from the head.

b. policymaker (N)

The compound word policymaker (N) consists of two lexemes, policy (N)

and maker (N). The word policy (N) means a course or principle of action adopted

or proposed by an organization or individual. Then, maker (N) has a meaning of a

person or thing that makes or produces something. The meaning of policymaker

(N) is a person who responsible for or involved in formulating policies, especially

in politics. Policymaker is an endocentric compound because the meaning can be

identified from the head in the right-side which is maker.

c. public policy(N)

The compound word public policy (N) consists of two lexemes,

public(Adjective) and policy(N). The word public (Adjective)has a meaning of

open to or shared by all the people of an area or country. Then, the word policy

(N) has a meaning of a course or principle of action or proposed by an


37

organization or individual. Public policy (N) means the principles, often

unwritten, on which social laws are based. Public policy is an endocentric

compound because the meaning can be identified from the head which is policy.

d. counter-intuitive(Adjective)

The compound word counter-intuitive consists of two lexemes, counter

(Adverb) and intuitive(Adj). The word counter means in the opposite direction or

in opposition to. Then, the word intuitive means using or based on what one feels

to be true even without conscious reasoning. The meaning of compound word

counter-intuitive is contrary to intuition or to common-sense expectation. This

compound word has the head in the word intuitive. Therefore, counter-intuitive is

categorized as an endocentric compound.

e. overstate (Verb)

The compound word overstate (Verb) consists of two lexemes, over

(Particle) and state (Verb). The word over has a meaning of higher or more than.

Then, the word state means expressing something definitely or clearly in speech

or writing. The meaning of compound word overstate is state too strongly. This

compound word has a head in the word state. Therefore, this compound word is

categorized as an endocentric compound.

2. Exocentric Compound

Exocentric compound is a compound which the meaning does not follow

from its parts‟ meanings The examples of exocentric compound are presented as

follows:


38

a. bedrock (N)

The compound word bedrock(N) consists of two lexemes, bed (N) and rock

(N) .The word bed (N) means a piece of furniture for sleep or rest, typically a

framework with a mattress. Then, the word rock (N) has a meaning of the solid

mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth and other similar planets.

But, the meaning of bedrock (N) is the fundamental principles on which

something is based. The meaning of this compound word cannot be identified

from its parts. It can be seen from the meaning that bedrock is not a kind of rock.

The meaning cannot be identified from its head. Therefore, bedrock is categorized

as an exocentric compound.

a. bottleneck (N)

The word bottleneck (N) consists of two lexemes, bottle (N) and neck (N).

The meaning of bottle (N) is a glass or plastic container with a narrow neck, used

for storing drinks or other liquid. Then, the meaning of neck (N) is the part of a

person‟s or animal‟s body connecting the head to the rest of body. But, bottleneck

(N) has a meaning of a situation that causes delay in a process or system. The

meaning of this compound word cannot be identified from its parts. It can be seen

from the meaning that bottleneck is not a kind of bottle. The meaning cannot be

identified from the head. Therefore, bottleneck is categorized as an exocentric

compound.

b. whistle-blower (N)

The word whistle-blower (N) consists two lexemes; whistle (Verb) and

blower (N). The meaning of whistle (Verb) is emitting a clear, high-pitched sound


39

by forcing breath through a small hole between one‟s lips or teeth. Then, the

meaning of blower (N) is a person or thing that blows, especially a mechanical

device for creating a current of air used to dry or heat something. The meaning of

compound word whistle-blower (N) is a person who informs on a person or

organization engaged in illicit activity. The meaning of this compound word

cannot be identified from its parts. It can be seen from the meaning that whistle-

blower is not kind of blower. Therefore, whistle-blower is an exocentric

compound.

c. withstand (Verb)

The compound word withstand (Verb) consists of two lexemes, with

(Particle) and stand (Verb). The meaning of with (Particle) is accompanied by.

Then, the meaning of stand (Verb) is having or maintaining an upright position,

supported by one‟s feet. The meaning of compound word withstand is after strong

resistance or opposition to. The head of this compound word is not in the word

stand. The meaning of this compound word cannot be identified from its parts.

Therefore, withstand is categorized as an exocentric compound.

d. override(Verb)

The compound word override (Verb) consists of two lexemes, over

(Particle) and ride (Verb). The meaning of over (Particle) is beyond and falling or

hanging from a point. Then, the meaning of ride (Verb) is sit on and control the

movement. The meaning of compound word override is use one‟s authority to

reject or cancel. The meaning of this compound word cannot be identified from its

parts. Therefore, override is categorized as an exocentric compound.


40

e. underpin (Verb)

The compound word underpin (Verb) consists of two lexemes, under

(Particle) and pin (Verb). The meaning of under (Particle) is extending or

directly below. Then, the meaning of pin (Verb) is hold someone firmly in a

specified position so they are unable to move. The meaning of compound

word underpin is support, justify, or form basis. The meaning of this

compound word cannot be identified from its parts. Therefore, this compound

word is categorized as an exocentric compound.


41

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapter will cover the conclusion of this analysis. There are two

findings that the researcher found in the analysis. Firstly is the formation of

compound word. Secondly is the meaning of compound word.

Firstly is the formation of compound words. The researcher analyzes

three kinds of compound word. Those are compound nouns, compound adjectives,

and compound verbs. Compound nouns become the most dominant and the most

productive compound in Strategic Review Magazine as other magazines. There

are 89 compound nouns and it has the highest percentage about 84%. It is

followed by compound verbs and compound adjectives.

In Strategic Review Magazine, the compound words have several

formations. In compound noun, there are 3formations which are formed by

several lexical categories. There are noun + noun, verb + noun, and adjective +

noun. Meanwhile, there are 1formation in compound adjective which is adverb +

adjective and 1formation in compound verb which is particle + verb.

Secondly is the meaning of compound word. The classification of

meaning is divided into two parts. Those are endocentric compound and

exocentric compound. Endocentric compound is a compound which meaning can

be denoted by its head. Meanwhile, exocentric compound is a compound which

meaning cannot be identified from its parts. In Strategic Review Magazine,

endocentric compound is more dominant than exocentric compound. It has the

percentage about 55%, meanwhile exocentric compound only has 45%.


42

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: The Distribution of Compound Noun Formations and The

Compound Nouns Meanings

No Compound Nouns Formations Meanings

1. Policymaker Noun + Noun Endocentric

2. Human right Noun + Noun Endocentric

3. Firing squad Noun + Noun Endocentric

4. Air space Noun + Noun Endocentric

5. Human capital Noun + Noun Endocentric

6. Asylum seeker Noun + Noun Endocentric

7. Chairwoman Noun + Noun Endocentric

8. Peacekeeping Noun + Noun Endocentric

9. Airlift Noun + Noun Endocentric

10. Sealift Noun + Noun Endocentric

11. Warhead Noun + Noun Endocentric

12. Baseload Noun + Noun Endocentric

13. Tax evasion Noun + Noun Endocentric

14. World War Noun + Noun Endocentric

15. Berlin Wall Noun + Noun Endocentric

16. Groundwork Noun + Noun Endocentric

17. Nation state Noun + Noun Endocentric

18. European Union Noun + Noun Endocentric

19. Euro zone Noun + Noun Endocentric

20. World Bank Noun + Noun Endocentric

21. Fact sheet Noun + Noun Endocentric

22. Human shield Noun + Noun Endocentric

23. Heartland Noun + Noun Endocentric

24. Headquarters Noun + Noun Exocentric

25. Arm race Noun + Noun Exocentric

26. Loophole Noun + Noun Exocentric

27. Kingpin Noun + Noun Exocentric

28. Cornerstone Noun + Noun Exocentric

29. Stakeholder Noun + Noun Exocentric

30. Color Revolution Noun + Noun Exocentric

31. Stonewalling Noun + Noun Exocentric

32. Baseline Noun + Noun Exocentric

33. Bottleneck Noun + Noun Exocentric

34. Pathfinder Noun + Noun Exocentric

35. Sunflower Movement Noun + Noun Exocentric

36. League table Noun + Noun Exocentric

37. Loan shark Noun + Noun Exocentric

38. Benchmark Noun + Noun Exocentric

39. Nitpicking Noun + Noun Exocentric


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40. Linkage Noun + Noun Exocentric

41. Landslide Noun + Noun Exocentric

42. Stockpile Noun + Noun Exocentric

43. Cherry-picker Noun + Noun Exocentric

44. hostage Noun + Noun Exocentric

45. Focal point Adjective + Noun Endocentric

46. Private sector Adjective + Noun Endocentric

47. Dynamic equilibrium Adjective + Noun Endocentric

48. Safeguard Adjective + Noun Endocentric

49. Public house Adjective + Noun Endocentric

50. Fast track Adjective + Noun Endocentric

51. Social assistance Adjective + Noun Endocentric

52. Public policy Adjective + Noun Endocentric

53. White Paper Adjective + Noun Endocentric

54. Cold War Adjective + Noun Endocentric

55. Hardcore Adjective + Noun Endocentric

56. International law Adjective + Noun Endocentric

57. Third World Adjective + Noun Endocentric

58. Red zone Adjective + Noun Endocentric

59. Soft Bank Adjective + Noun Endocentric

60. Red mark Adjective + Noun Endocentric

61. Greenpeace Adjective + Noun Endocentric

62. Blue print Adjective + Noun Exocentric

63. Hotbed Adjective + Noun Exocentric

64. Global player Adjective + Noun Exocentric

65. Blue line Adjective + Noun Exocentric

66. New Order Adjective + Noun Exocentric

67. Right-hand Adjective + Noun Exocentric

68. Shortage Adjective + Noun Exocentric

69. Red tape Adjective + Noun Exocentric

70. Shortcoming Adjective + Noun Exocentric

71. Honest-broker Adjective + Noun Exocentric

72. Deadlock Adjective + Noun Exocentric

73. Broadband Adjective + Noun Exocentric

74. Commonwealth Adjective + Noun Exocentric

75. White House Adjective + Noun Exocentric

76. Whistle-blower Verb + Noun Exocentric

77. Ceasefire Verb + Noun Exocentric

78. Open door Verb + Noun Exocentric

79. Choke point Verb + Noun Endocentric

80. Check point Verb + Noun Endocentric

81. Camp follower Verb + Noun Endocentric

82. View point Verb + Noun Endocentric

83. Buffer zone Verb + Noun Endocentric


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84. Flash point Verb + Noun Endocentric

85. Stand point Verb + Noun Endocentric

86. Watchman Verb + Noun Endocentric

87. ceasefire Verb + Noun Endocentric

88. chokepoint Verb + Noun Endocentric

89. Check point Verb + Noun Endocentric

Appendix 2. The Distribution of Compound Verbs Formations and Meanings

No Compound Verbs Formations Meanings

1. Withstand Particle + Verb Exocentric

2. Uphold Particle + Verb Exocentric

3. Undertake Particle + Verb Exocentric

4. Override Particle + Verb Exocentric

5. Overcome Particle + Verb Exocentric

6. Underpin Particle + Verb Exocentric

7. Off-set Particle + Verb Exocentric

8. Underpin Particle + Verb Exocentric

9. overstate Particle + Verb Endocentric

10. upgrade Particle + Verb Endocentric

11. overreach Particle + Verb Endocentric

12. Underappreciated Particle + Verb Endocentric

13. Overcharge Particle + Verb Endocentric

14. underwrite Particle + Verb Endocentric

Appendix 3. The Distribution of Compound Adjectives Formations and

Meanings

No Compound

Adjectives Formations Meanings

1. Counterintuitive Adverb + Adjective Endocentric

2. Counterproductive Adverb + Adjective Endocentric

3. forthright Adverb + Adjective Endocentric


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